FORTITUD IiBULLETIN OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGivHISTORICAL BULLETIN VOLUME XXV SUMMER 1995

EL ToRo MUSEUM AIMS AT OFFERING A HISIDRY OF MARINE AVIATION IN THE WEST. . . LINEAGE AND

HONORS PROGRAM PRESERVES THE CORPS' GENEALOGY. . . EARLY AMERICAN PORTRAIT OF MARINE OFFICER

ENRICHES COLLECTION. . . 'PHIL BERKELEY'S FULL LIFE AS A MARINE.. . CORPS' ANNUAL CHRONOLOGY

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited.

PCN 10401220100

FORTIT[JDINTEMotto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era.

Historical Bulletin Volume XXV Summer 1995 No. 1

This quarterly bulletin of the Marine Corps historical program is published for Marines, atthe rate of one copy for every nine on active duty, to provide education and training in theuses of military and Marine Corps history. Other interested readers may purchase single co-pies or four-issue subscriptions from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office. The appropriate order form appears in this issue.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

Marine Corps Htstorical CenterBuilding 58, Washington Navy Yard

901 M Street, SoutheastWashington, D.C. 20374-5040

Telephone: (202) 433-3840

DIRECTOR

BGen Edwin H. Simmons, USMC (Ret)

Secretary to the Director Mrs. Patricia E. Morgan

DEPUTY DIRECTOR

Col Michael J. Monigan. USMC

HISTORICAL BRANCH

Head: Vacant. Histories Section: Mr. Benis M. Frank. ChiefHistorian; Dr. Jack Shulimson; Mr. Charles R. Smith; MajJohn T Quinn II, USMC. Oral History Unit: Mr. Richard

A. long. Reference Section: Mi. Danny J. Crawford; Mr.Robert V. Aquilina; Mrs. Ann A. Ferrante; Miss Lena M. Kal.

jot; Mrs. SheIla Gransblin. Archives: Mr. Frederick J.Graboske; Miss AmyJ. Cantin. PersonalPapers; Mrs.Joyce

C. Hudson, CpI Darian E. Hines, USMC, Official Papers.

MUSEUMS BRANCH

Head/Officer-in- Charge, Air- Ground Museum, Quantico:Col AlfredJ. Ponnwitz, USMC Operations Officer VacantMuseums Section: Mr. Charles A. Wood, Chief Curator, Mr.Kenneth L. Smith-Christmas. MaterialHistory; Mr.John G.Gnffiths, Ordnance; SSgt Mitch Garringer. USMC; LCpIDavid Nieves,Jr., USMC. Restoration; Mr. Michael E. Starn,

Aeronautics; Mr. Ronald J. Perkins. Mr. Ronnie D. Alex.under, Exhibits; Mrs. Nancy F. King, Uniforms; Mrs. Jen-

nifer L. Castro, Registrar; Mrs. Kathryn R. Trout, ProgramsAssistant. Security: SSgt Hurel J. Ward, USMC; Sgt DarylL. Clark, USMC; Sgt Pete K. Basabe, USMC; Sgt DonaldJ. Yusko. USMC; Cpl Jeffrey B. Jones. USMC; LCpI KanayaT Easley, USMC; LCpl Wesley C. Simpson. USMC; LCpI To.bias T Pasky. USMC; PFC David Trelinski, USMC.

MARINE CORPS MUSEUM UNIT. WASHINGTON, D.C

Exhibits: Mr. James A. Fatrfax; Mr. Gordon H. Heim. Ma.rine Corps Art Collection: Mr. John T Dyer, Jr.

SUPPORT BRANCH

Head/Division Executive Officer LiCol Dave Beasley, Jr.,

USMC. Editing and Design Section: Mt. Robert E. Struder;Mr. William S. Hill; Mrs. Catherine A. Kerns Library: Miss

Evelyn A. Englander. Administration: lstLt John T Simp-son, USMC; Sgt Exkchart Rattanachai. USMC; Cpl Jean P.Duckett, USMC; Cpl Todd M. Halacy, USMC; Cpl TraceyW. Thomas, USMC. Security Unit: SSgt Treaty N. Williams.USMC.

Mr. Robert E. StruderSenior Editor/Editor Fortitudine

Memorandum from the Director: Lineage and Honors: Genealogy of the CorpsBGen Edwin H. Simmons, USMC (Ret) 3

Readers Always W"rite: Worton's Secret Mission Led to North China Liberation 8

Acquisitions: Early 19th Century Marine's Portrait Enriches MuseumKenneth L. Smith-Christmas 10

New Books: Somalia, Haiti, and Bosnia Operations Under ScrutinyEvelyn A. Englander 11

Historical Quiz: World War II in ReviewNancy A. Frischmann 11

The Command Museums: El Toro Provides a History ofMarine Aviation in the West

Harry Gann 12

Mentioned in Passing: 'Phil' Berkeley Brought Talent, Integrity to Corps PostsBenis M. Frank 14

Answers to Historical Quiz: World War II in Review 16

Current Chronology of the Marine Corps: '94 Year of Major Training,Humanitarian Relief Efforts

Ann A. Ferninte 17

Declassification Awaits 750,000 Marine Corps File PagesFrederick]. Graboske 19

Somalia Operation Papers BestowedAmyj Cantin 19

Raiders Cartoons Given To Historical CenterJames "Horse" Smith 20

Marine Museums Support Korean War Memorial DebutKenneth L. Smith-Christmas 21

Marine Corps Chronology: May-August 1946Robert V Aquilina 22

African-American Marines History Tops Publications ListBenis M. Frank 24

THE COVER

In the early dawn at Marine Corps Air Station, El Toro, California, plane captains stand bytheir birds in artist Guy Corriero's "Waiting for Pilots," completed in June 1968. A formerenlisted Marine, Corriero teaches advertising art and design at New York State University,Farmingdale. His paintings of Marines in the Far East and at Parris Island, completed asa civilian for the Marine Corps Combart Art Collection, have appeared in numerous exhibi-tions and publications. The new Jay W. Hubbard Aviation Museum at El Toro, located ina refurbished World War II squadron area, is building a reputation, too, with the goal ofbecoming a tangible "History of Marine Corps Aviation in the Western U.S." Museum DirectorHarry Gann provides the facts and figures in his article beginning on page 12. Facts andfigures are also what propel the Lineage and Honors Program, conducted at HeadquartersMarine Corps by the Reference Section of the History and Museums Division. BGen Sim-mons compares the program to a genealogy of the Corps in his article beginning on page 3.

Fortitudine is produced in the Editing and Design Section of the History and Museums Diviston. Thetext for Fortitudine is set in 10-point and 8-point Garamond typeface. Headlines are in 18-point t.i24-point Garamond. The bulletin is printed on 70-pound, matte-coated paper by offset lithography.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

2 Fortitudine, Summer 1995

HEADQ UARTERSUS. MARINE CORPS

Memorandum from the Director

Lineage and Honors:Genealogy of the Corps

BGen Simmons

T HIS PAST WORK YEAR, which ranfrom 1 August 1994 to 3lJuly 1995,

saw the Reference Section of the Historyand Museums Division issuing 45 pairs oflineage and honors certificates. This wasin addition to answering 7,591 research re-quests, completing 21 commemorativenaming actions, responding to many highpriority requests for the Commandant andHQMC staff, and a myriad number ofother tasks.

No project undertaken by the busy five-person section, however, is more importantthan executing the lineage and honorsprogram, the genealogy, so to speak, of theMarine Corps. The streamers that fly fromthe staffs of the colors of every color-

bearing unit in the Marine Corps dependupon it.

The program did not begin formallyuntil 1969. Before that, each unit, moreor less, kept track of its lineage and its ac-cumulation of honors, sometimes a bit op-timistically. Procedures for the program arenow embedded in Section 3008 of MCOP5750.1G, the Manual for the MarineCorps Historical Program. Readers of thatsection will find that "The objective of theUnit Lineage and Honors Program is torecord the history of service of MarineCorps units of battalion/squadron size andlarger which have been issued Type III,Class 1 colors through certificates of line-age and the authentication of battle

honors and awards." The final authenti-cation of the certificates is the signatureof the Commandant of the Marine Corps.The order requires that the certificates beprominently displayed in the headquart-ers of the unit.

STRUCTURE CHANGES in the MarineCorps obviously affect lineage. Units

are activated, redesignated, deactivated,reactivated, located, relocated, and some-times moved to the Marine Corps Reserve.This all shows up on the lineage certifi-cate. The honors certificates embrace bothcampaign and service awards, includingthe several levels of unit citations.

MCO 5060.1G provides directions forrequesting unit streamers. The process in-cludes authentication of streamer entitle-ments by the Reference Section acting forthe Director of Marine Corps History andMuseums. An organization's colors canbear only those streamers attested to bythe official certificate or those receivedsince the issuance of the latest certificate.The Battle Color of the Marine Corps,which bears 49 streamers and silver bandsrepresenting the hundreds of campaign,service, and unit awards made to the Ma-rine Corps since 1775, is borne by theColor Guard of Marine Barracks, Washing-ton, D.C. The Presidential Unit CitationStreamer, for example, with its six SilverStars and two Bronze Stars, represents the33 awards of the presidential citationmade to the Marine Corps from WorldWar II to the present.

During the first years of the formal pro-gram priority was given to providing cer-tificates to Fleet Marine Force units, buta good number of certificates were alsoprepared for non-FMF units. By themid-1980s most units had been suppliedwith at least their initial set of certificates,taking them through the Vietnam War.Then along came Desert Shield andDesert Storm in 1990-1991. Virtually allthe operating forces of the Marine Corpswent to the Persian Gulf. All those cer-tificates had to be brought up to date with

Fortitudine, Summer 1995 3

The Battle Color of the Marine Corps, with 49 streamers and silver bands representinghundreds of campaign, service, and unit awards received since 1775, z carried along-side the National Flag by the Color Guard of Marine Barracks, JVashington, D.C.

these new honors. This lengthy process wasjust beginning—unit awards were still be-ing determined and unit records were stillarriving—when there were fresh expedi-tions, a large one to Somalia and smallerones to Haiti, off-shore Bosnia, and such.

p ROVISIONAL UNITS, that is, unitsprovided for a temporary purpose are

a special problem. There have been many"1st Provisional Marine Regiments" and"1st ProvisionalMarine Brigades," the lat-ter as recent as the Korean War. But theseprovisional units have no antecedents and,in most cases, no descendants. What to dowith their battle honors? In most cases theheadquarters has disappeared, but theircomponent parts still bear the honors. Soit was with the honors gathered by the 1stProvisional Marine Brigade in its brief butspectacular life in the saving of the PusanPerimeter in the Korean War. The 5th Ma-rines, the core ground unit of the brigade,has garnered 10 awards of the Presiden-tial Unit Citation; one of those is forPusan.

Permanent or standing MAGTF head-quarters now do away with the need forprovisional headquarters, but some of the

same problems of lineage and honors arisewhen we organize a Special Marine AirGround Task Force (MAGTF) as we did forHaiti in 1994.

Someone researching the lineage of theI Marine Expeditionary Force might logi-cally conclude that it is the descendant ofthe I Marine Amphibious Corps of WorldWar II, but such is not the case.

The I Marine Expeditionary Force datesback only to its activation on 8 November1969 at Okinawa. It was redesignated asthe I Marine Amphibious Force in August1970 and relocated to Camp Pendleton inApril 1971 with a change back to I Ma-rine Expeditionary Force in February 1988.(See " 'Amphibious' Becomes 'Expedition-ary'," Fortitudine, Spring-Summer 1988.)I MEF was the Marine Corps' senior fieldcommand in the Persian Gulf, August1990 to April 1991, and again in Somalia,December 1992 to May 1993.

T HE TRUE DESCENDANT of World WarII's I Marine Amphibious Corps is the

III Marine Expeditionary Force. I MAC,having fought at Bougainville, became theIII Amphibious Corps in April 1944, intime for its landings at Guam, Peleliu, and

Okinawa. It was III AC that also went toNorth China at the war's end, function-ing as the senior Marine headquarters un-til its deactivation in June 1946.

Its rebirth as the III Marine Expedition-ary Force came on 6 May 1965 at Danang,Republic of Vietnam. There were objec-tions in high places to the term "Expedi-tionary" as being distasteful to theVietnamese with memories of the FrenchExpeditionary Force so a day later thedesignation was changed to "III MarineAmphibious Force." III MAF remained thesenior Marine headquarters in Vietnamuntil its redeployment to Camp Courtney,Okinawa, in April 1971. MAGTFs wouldstay amphibious in designation untilchanged back to expeditionary in Febru-ary 1988 by the then-Commandant, GenAlfred M. Gray.

On the ground side, the 1st Marines andits battalions offer examples of the in-teresting and revealing information con-tained in the certificates of lineage andhonors. Although there had been provi-sional 1st Marine Regiments, today's 1stMarines has as its ancestor the 2d AdvanceBase Regiment activated at the Navy Yardin Philadelphia on 27 November 1913. Assuch it went to Vera Cruz, Mexico, in 1914,and to Haiti in 1915. In 1916 it wasredesignated as the 1st Regiment of Ma-rines and was assigned to the 2d Provision-al Brigade in the Dominican Republic.Deactivated briefly at the end of 1916, theregiment was almost immediately reacti-vated in Philadelphia as part of the FixedDefense Force. Service at GuantanamoBay, Cuba, would be its role in World WarI. After the war, the 1st Marine Regimentalternated between Quantico and theDominican Republic with intermittentdeactivations and reactivations. There wasno 1st Marines from 1930 until 1 March1941 when it was reactivated once againand assigned to the 1st Marine Division.Ahead for the regiment were the PacificWar battles of Guadalcanal, New Britain,Peleliu, and Okinawa, and post-war serv-ice in North China. After coming out ofChina and returning to Camp Pendletonin 1949 the regiment was deactivated.

T HE iST MARINES came to life again inthe summer of 1950, in time to land

at Inchon on 15 September. Service inKorea would continue until April 1955when the regiment returned once again toCamp Pendleton. In August 1965 the regi-

Fortitudine, Summer 1995

Official keepers of the Corps' genealogy are members of the History and MuseumsDivision Reference Section, from left in front, Ann A. Ferrante, Shelia Gramblin, andLena M. Kaljot, and behina' Section Head Danny j Crawford and Robert V Aquilina.

ment began echeloning by battalion intoSouth Vietnam and would stay in-countryuntil its return to Camp Pendleton in May1971. The regiment would go to war oncemore, this time to the Persian Gulf, forDesert Shield and Desert Storm, from Au-gust 1990 until April 1991.

The regiment's up-dated certificates oflineage and honors were signed by thepresent Commandant, Gen Charles C.Krulak, on 14 August 1995. The longstring of honors includes the PresidentialUnit Citation with two Silver Stars, theNavy Unit Commendation with oneBronze Star, and a Meritorious Unit Com-mendation. The list of campaign and serv-ice streamers begins with the MexicanService Streamer and ends, for the present,with the Southwest Asia Service Streamerwith three Bronze Stars.

A look at the certificates of the battal-ions of the 1st Marines will show that thebattalions do not always operate with theirparent regiment and that their lists ofoperational deployments and honors canvary. Battalions wander away from their

parent regiments, particularly as theydeploy in Marine Expeditionary Units andalso as they move back and forth fromtheir home bases in the continental Unit-ed States to be temporarily assigned to the3d Marine Division in Okinawa. The sameis even more true for squadrons as theymove in and out of Marine aircraft groupsand as they are assigned to MAGTFs.

T HE LINEAGE of a squadron is deter-mined by its three-digit numerical

designator regardless of the type of squa-dron it might be. A case in point isVMFA-115. For the uninitiated, the "V"stands for fixed-wing, the "M" for Marine,the "F" for fighter, and the "A" for attack.VMF-115 was activated as a Marine fight-ing squadron on iJuly 1943 at Santa Bar-bara, California. It echeloned intoGuadalcanal during February and March1944 and in April was assigned to MarineAircraft Group (MAG) 12, 1st Marine Air-craft Wing (MAW). The squadron saw ac-tion over the Bismarck Archipelago, thenorthern Solomons, Leyte, Luzon, and the

southern Philippines. After the war it wentto Peiping, China. It was reassigned toMAG-24 in April 1946 and in early 1947was relocated to Ewa (now Naval Air Sta-tion, Barber's Point), Oahu, in what wasstill the Territory of Hawaii, and reassignedto MAG-15.

In March 1949 VMF-115 moved to Eden-ton, North Carolina, and became part ofthe 2d MAW. In August 1949 MarineFighting Squadron 115 became MarineFighter Squadron 115, a small change innomenclature old-timers still grouseabout. The squadron relocated to CherryPoint in March 1950 and inJanuary 1952left for Korea to join MAG-33, operatingon both the East Central Front andWestern Front. In 1955 the squadronreturned from Korea to be based at El Toroas a component of the 3d MAW. At theend of 1956 it was redesignated a MarineAll Weather Fighter Squadron (VMF[AW]115). Two years later it moved to Atsugi,Japan, joining MAG-li. It deployed for-ward to Pingtung, Taiwan, in the fall of1958 during the Formosa Straits crisis,staying there until spring 1959 when itreturned to Atsugi. A short while later itredeployed to Cherry Point where it wasassigned to MAG-24.

VMF(AW) 115 did a tour, April to Au-gust 1962, as a carrier squadron, flyingfrom the deck of the Independence (CVA62). On 1 January 1964 the squadron wasredesignated as a Marine Fighter AttackSquadron (VMFA-115), the designation itstill holds. In July 1965 it deployed toIwakuni, Japan, and was assigned toMAG-13. In October of that year it wentinto South Vietnam, was assigned toMAG-il, and operated from both Danangand Chu Lai.

T HE SQUADRON returned briefly toIwakuni during March 1971 and was

assigned to MAG-15, but, as a result of theCommunist Easter Offensive, went backto Danang in April 1972 and then on toThailand in June where it remained untilits return to Iwakuni in December 1973.

VMFA-115 came home to Beaufort,North Carolina, in August 1977 and wasassigned to MAG-31. Here it remainedduring the 1980s, taking part in manytraining exercises.

VMFA-115's certificate was signed by theCommandant, Gen Gray, on 22 June1990, as was the accompanying honors cer-tificate. As one would expect, the list of

Fortitudine, Summer 1995 5

Among the first documents signed by the 31st Commandant, Gen Charles C. Krulak,upon taking office were the Certificates of Lineage and Honors for US. Marine CorpsForces, Pacific, his immediate past command with headquarters at Camp Smith, Hawaii.

honors is impressive. There are threePresidential Unit Citations, one for WorldWar II and two for Vietnam; seven NavyUnit Commendations, one for World WarII, one for Korea, and five for Vietnam;and four Meritorious Unit Commenda-tions, all for Vietnam.

W ORLD WAR II service is reflected inAsiatic-Pacific Campaign Stream-

er with Silver Star and a Victory Stream-er. A National Defense Service Streamerwith Bronze Star is present, as is a KoreanService Streamer with four Bronze Starsand an Armed Forces ExpeditionaryStreamer with Bronze Star.

The Vietnam Service Streamer has twoSilver and four Bronze Stars (each SilverStar represents five awards) and the Philip-pine Liberation Streamer has two BronzeStars.

Among the foreign decorations are aPhilippine Republic Presidential Unit Ci-tation, a Korean Presidential Citation, theVietnam Cross of Gallantry with PalmStreamer, and the Vietnam MeritoriousUnit Citation Civil Actions Streamer.

All this and more can be gleaned fromthe present pair of VMFA-115 certificates.What kind of planes did the squadron fly?Who were the commanding officers?What were some of the details of itsdeployments and operations? For these, areader must look elsewhere.

A s IT HAPPENS, we have published AHistory of Marine Fighter Attack

Squadron 115 by Capt John C. Chapin,USMCR (Ret). It will tell you, amongmany other things, that Maj John F. Boltof VMF-115 became the first Marine Corpsjet ace with his fifth and sixth kills in July1953 while flying with the U.S. Air Force's51st Fighter Interceptor Wing. The squa-dron adopted the nickname "Able Eagles"in 1952. This got changed to the present"Silver Eagles" in 1959. The squadron flewthe Vought F4U-1 Corsair in the Pacific,the F4U-4 in China, and transitioned intoGrumman F9F-2 Panthers in North Caro-lina in 1949, becoming the first fully jet-equipped squadron in the Marine Corps.Both the F9F-2 and the follow-on F9F-4sand F9F-5s were flown in Korea. The squa-dron's next aircraft was the Douglas F4DSkyray which was used in the FormosaStraits crisis. The next transition was to theMcDonnell F-4B Phantom II in the fall of

1963. The redoubtable Phantom, with theF-4J following the F-4B, would be theworkhorse of the squadron for more thantwo decades. Transition to the F/A-18 Hor-net came in 1985.

Chapin's history was published in 1988;the certificates of lineage and honors in1990. What has the squadron done sincethen? A review of subsequent commandchronologies and the unit history file willtell you that the "Silver Eagles" ofVMFA-115 continue to operate out of Ma-rine Corps Air Station, Beaufort. In 1990,the squadron was awarded the HansonTrophy as the Marine "Fighter Squadronof the Year." The squadron stepped up itsoperational training during the period ofDesert Shield and Desert Storm, but did

not deploy to the Persian Gulf.Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron

162 (HMM-162) is one of the oldest of theCorps' helicopter squadrons, having beenactivated in June 1951 at Santa Ana,California. Its certificates of lineage andhonors were also signed by Gen Gray on22 June 1990. They reflect alternatingdeployments to Japan and North Caroli-na, stationing in Thailand in the summerof 1962 for the Laotian crisis, and move-ment to South Vietnam in January 1963.The squadron came home to New River,North Carolina, in the summer of 1963,but in May of the following year went outagain to Futema, Okinawa. It served afloatin the Princeton (LPH 5) from October1964 until March 1965 when it went back

6 Fortitudine, Summer 1995

The list of honors awarded to US. Marine Corps Forces, PacijIc, in Hawaiz begins withmultiple awards of the Presidential Unit Citation and also numbers decorations byforeign governments, including Philijjpine and Korean Presidential Unit Citations.

into South Vietnam. The squadronreturned to New River inJune 1965. The1970s and 1980s saw busy times forHMM-162 in the Mediterranean, theNorth Atlantic, the Caribbean, and theIndian Ocean areas. From May untilNovember 1983 the squadron was part ofthe multi-national peace-keeping force inLebanon. HMM-162 has a list of honorscomparable to that of the fixed-wingVMFA-115.

ITh SISTER SQUADRON, HMM-161, has apublished squadron history, A History

of Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron161 by LtCol Gary W. Parker, butHMM-162 does not and it is well-deservingof one. Since its certificates were issued inJune 1990, the squadron has been award-ed a Marine Corps Expeditionary Stream-er for its part in Operation Sharp Edge,the evacuation of U.S. and foreign nation-als from Liberia from August 1990 toFebruary 1991. Late in 1993, the squadronprovided off-shore support for OperationRestore Hope in Somalia. In January 1994HMM-162 operated over the Adriatic Seain Operations Provide Promise and DenyFlight in Bosnia.

Any writer wishing to do a history of aMarine squadron or regiment would dowell to start with the certificates of line-age and honors. As just demonstrated, thiswill provide an outline history that can befleshed out with other official records,news clippings, and oral history interviews.The History and Museums Division haspublished a number of fine squadron and

regimental histories and would like to domore. We are looking for volunteer histori-ans, hopefully squadron members or vete-rans, to do some of them.

Until 1990, a Marine Corps Bulletin inthe 5060 series was published each year an-nouncing which units could expect toreceive their new or refurbished certificatesthat year. With all the movement andchanges of units, stemming from the Per-sian Gulf War and later events, it becameimpossible to predict with any degree ofcertitude which units could be researched.The present waiting period is longer thanwe would like it to be, but hundreds ofstreamer requests continue to be authen-ticated even though the number of line-age and honors certificates completed hasfallen off from a previous average of 70pairs a year. The goal now is to provide ev-ery FMF unit with an updated set of cer-tificates by the fast-approaching year 2000.

C OMPILATION OF lineage and honorscertificates demands a detailed

review of a unit's command chronologiesand other pertinent primary records.There are two specific problems that theReference Section faces and which eachMarine Corps unit can assist in over-coming:

The first problem is with commandchronologies that have not been submit-ted by the unit, or, at least, have not beenreceived by the History and Museums Di-vision. For almost every unit there are sig-nificant gaps in the commandchronologies on file. Most of these gaps

have occurred within the last five years.Sometimes we find that the commandchronology has been prepared and sub-mitted but has been held up for some rea-son by an intermediate headquarters.

A second problem occurs when a com-mand chronology is too general and failsto include specific details about a deploy-ment; i.e., when deployed, the name ofthe operation, duration of deployment,strength and composition of unitdeployed, and so on. Computers, for alltheir time-saving benefits, have unfor-tunately led some units to generate "fill-in-the-blanks" type narrative summarieswhich show little change from one six-month period to the next. The rule thatcommand chronologies must be signed bythe unit commander is a good one and itgoes without saying (but we will say it!)commanders should read what they sign.

Filling in the gaps in the commandchronologies may depend in large meas-ure upon how well the unit historian hasmaintained his unit's historical summaryfile. It should include copies of importantmessages and directives dealing with unitdeployments, relocations, redesignations,and so on.

The tempo of present-day deploymentscoupled with changes in Marine Corpsstructure make it more imperative thanever that units in the field and the histori-ans of the History and Museums Divisionwork together closely to memorialize thehistory of the Marine Corps and its com-ponent units. Eli 775E1

Fortitudine, Summer 1995 7

On 30 June in W/ashington, D.C., Gen Carl E. Mundy, Jr., 30thCommandant of the Marine Corps, at left with back to camera,andformer Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Harold G. Over-

street, watch as Gen Charles C. Krulak, the 31st Commandant,accepts the Battle Color of the Marine Corps from new SergeantMajor of the Marine Corps Lewis G. Lee, alongside Overstreet.

Readers Always W/rite

Worton's Secret Mission Led to North China LiberationTAKING JAPAN'S SURRENDER

I was very interested to read RobertAquilina's excellent article in the Winter1994-1995 issue of Fortitudine which re-counted chronological events pertaining tothe Marine Corps occupation duty in Chi-na from October to December 1945. I wasa first lieutenant with the III AmphibiousCorps at that time.

While I heartily commend Mr. Aquili-na on his research and narrative, I wouldlike to add some particulars that he mayhave overlooked. Before his first chrono-logical item — the arrival of the 1st Battal-ion, 7th Marines, at Chinwantao on 1

October—there were preliminary events inwhich I participated.

On 17 September an advance party of20, led by BGen W. Arthur Worton, chiefof staff of the III Phib Corps, departed,under secret orders, from Guam for Chi-na. In addition to the general, the groupconsisted of his aide-de-camp (myself),two intelligence officers, two logisticalofficers, and 12 specialist noncommis-sioned officers and enlisted men.

After a brief stop on Okinawa for con-sultation with Gen Louis Woods, CG ofthe II Marine Aircraft Wing, we headedfor occupied mainland China.

Gen Worton's orders were to reconfirmand lock-in the Chinese NationalistGovernment's cooperation in the MarineCorps' overall mission: i.e., to accept thesurrender of North China by Japanese Im-perial forces; to repatriate the Japanesemilitary and civilians to their homeland;and to keep North China secure from theMaoist armies immediately to the northuntil Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek'sNationalist forces were in strong enoughposition eventually to replace the Marinesin North China.

Our first destination was Shanghai on18 September. Gen Worton's discussionstook two days. Our gtoup was then flownto Tientsin on 20 September in a ChineseAirforce plane. We were met by the chiefof staff of the ranking Japanese militaryauthority in North China, LtGen Gino-suke Uchida, and escorted to our interim"headquarters" at the Astor House Hotelin central Tientsin.

From that moment until 1 October,Gen Worton and his small band negotiat-ed the logistics for the arrival of the mainbody of the III Phib Corps officers andmen; established liaison with the Chineseregional and municipal authorities as wellas the Japanese military and civilianbureaucrats; assumed de facto control ofrail and air traffic into the area; contact-ed local Chinese and non-Chinese civiliangroups; and conveyed our assessments ofthese circumstances to III Phib CorpsHeadquarters on Guam.

These preliminaries led the way for thetroops' arrival on 10 October 1945. Gen

Arthur Worton's well-organized mind,diplomacy, and sophistication, combinedwith his fluency in Chinese and firm senseof purpose, enabled his team to preparethe ground for the successful missionwhose chronology was cited by RobertAquilina. I believe that the Worton ad-vance team's role belongs in that reci-tation.

I am proud to have been Gen Worton'sADC, to have played a part in those ex-traordinary events, and to be a survivingwitness to the accomplishments of the IIIPhib Corps Commanding General, KellerE. Rockey (under whom I had served as a

8 Fortitudine, Summer 1995

Capt Henry Clay Cochrane 's letter to a potential recru it promises pay of $13 monthly.

platoon leader on Iwo Jima), and of hischief of staff, Gen W. Arthur Worton, inthe occupation of North China by the Ma-rine Corps in 194 5-46.

Walter J. P. CurleyNew York City

EDIT[OR'S NOTE: The writer is formerUS. ambassador to Ireland (1975-1977)and France (19S9-1993).

A GLORIOUS BUTAW/FUL W/ARI happily received today the two copies

of the new publication The Right to Fight:African-American Marines in W/orld W/arII. Gosh, you folks do good work! I am soproud that you and your staff consideredmaterial we sent you and included it inthis new pamphlet. I know you agree withme that the individuals mentioned orreferred to in the book were just a few ofthe many Marines, of all colors, who servedpatriotically, courageously, and meritori-ously in World War II and are representa-tive of all who wore the green in thatglorious but awful period.

Perry E. FischerTurlock, California

EDITOR'S NOTE: The writer was a mem-ber of the 8th Marine Ammunition Com-pany in W/orld W'ar II and is the co-authorwith Brooks E. Gray, ofBlacks and WhitesTogether Through Hell: U.S. Marines inWorld War II (Millsmont Publishing,1993).

DEAR RECRUITThe enclosed letter was found among

other old correspondence in my wife's fa-mily home in Cullman, Alabama.

Paul Mann was my wife's great uncle,who probably emigrated as a young manwhen the Mann family came to Americafrom Breslau, Germany, in 1882. We haveno records of him other than this letter.

I find it interesting in this day of faxes,e-mail, and the like, to note that 110 yearsago the commanding officer of the Pen-sacola Marine Barracks corresponded witha potential recruit by a personal, handwrit-ten letter.

Col Ross S. Mickey, USMC (Ret)Kailua, Hawaii

EDITOR 'S NOTE: The manuscriOt letterwill be added to the Henry Clay CochraneCollection at the Marine Corps Historical

Center Cochrane, in command at Pensa-cola when he wrote the letter to Mrs. Mick-ey '.c great uncle, is one of the strongestpersonalities of the Marine Corps in thesecond half of the 19th century. He wascommissioned a second lieutenant at thebeginning of the Civil U'arandaftera longand adventuresome career retired as abrigadier general with a reputation as adynamic public speaker

FOOTNOTE TO HISTORYI retired in 1963 as a master sergeant

with a primary MOS of cryptologic chief,and secondary MOS of cryptographic chiefand communication center chief. Follow-ing my retirement, I worked at the Nation-al Security Agency until [last] year. I

received a 50-year federal government serv-ice award.

On page 612 [of Victory and Occupa-tion, volume 5 of History of US. MarineCorps Operations in W/orld W'ar Ii] thereis the account of the patrol which was es-corting a convoy between Peiping andTientsin when it was ambushed at An-ping [North China, 29 July 1946]. Theywere using itS radios which, according tothe report, lacked the range to keep incontact all the way to Peiping. I have ver-bally "set the record straight," but I do notrecall ever officially writing my views.

I was a radio operator with E/2111,which was billeted at Tunghsien, about 14miles east of Peiping. With F/2/11 at thesame site, we provided radio communica-tions for a daily patrol between Tunghsienand Lang Fang between October 1945 andMarch 1946. I either operated a radio onpatrol or at the base nearly every one ofthose days. I do not recall ever losing con-tact with the patrol unless equipmentfailures occurred with the ancient Jeeps(which was rare). Sometime in March wereceived two brand new TCS mountedJeeps, so equipment failures should nothave occurred after that. The differencewas that we used Morse code rather thanvoice. Morse code mote than doubled therange of a radio of that type. All of ouroperators were trained in Morse code,which was mote efficient in the extremecold because our breath froze the micro-phones. Also, we experimented with vari-ous authorized frequencies and settled onone which worked best for that area andduring daytime.

Therefore, I believe the reasons thepatrol lost touch with its base were: (1) it

was apparently using voice, (2) it was prob-ably using a frequency which didn't workwell in that area at that time of day, and(3) whatever command was furnishing ra-dio communications for that patrol appar-ently had not tested their equipment forthat area at those distances. If my recollec-tions are correct, we didn't mount a patroluntil we had our Jeeps and radios inproper running order each morning.

I was sent home on 3 April 1946. I be-lieve I was the last Morse operator in thecommand. In fact, I was starting to trainsome replacements in Morse code, whichtakes weeks. I was a PFC and was one ofthe senior enlisted communicators in thecommand. There were no school-trainedor experienced officers in communicationsremaining in the command. I reenlistedimmediately upon reaching the states andwas assigned as an instructor in the FieldRadio Operators' Course for several years.

MSgt Harold C. Cramer,USMC (Ret)

Pasadena, Maryland

Fortitudine, Summer 1995 9

Fortitudine MarkingIts 25th Anniversary

Fortitudine, the Bulletin of theMarine Corps Historical Pro-

gram, is celebrating its 25th volumethis year. The successor to a bulle-tin published by the Marine CorpsMuseum, Fortitudine numbers itsown issues from Summer 1971.

The bulletin's first editor wasformer Museum Chief CuratorJackB. Hilliard. He was succeeded be-ginning with the Fall 1977 issue byMaj David N. Buckner, who servedfor three years. Maj Buckner's suc-cessor, historian V. Keith Fleming,Jr., served for two years, beginningwith the Summer 1980 issue. Mr.Fleming's relief was Maj Edward FWells, from the Fall 1982 to the Fall1984 issues. The editor for the past11 years has been the division'ssenior editor, Robert E. Struder.

The bulletin's production staff isunusually well experienced, withcomposition services technicianCatherine A. Kerns giving typeset-ting assistance for 21 years and visualinformation specialist W. StephenHill creating layouts for 12 years.

Acquisitions

Early 19th Century Marine's Portrait Enriches Museum

A RARE EARLY American portrait, ofMarine LtCol Charles Rumsey

Broom, was presented to the Marine CorpsMuseum on 21 June. The gift was be-stowed by William W. Lannon, and eightmembers of his family, and accepted inceremonies by BGen Edwin H. Simmons,Director of Marine Corps History andMuseums, who commented that it is oneof the most significant portraits everdonated to the Marine Corps. The oval oilpainting is a likeness of a Marine officerwho served with distinction on the GreatLakes during the War of 1812 and con-tinued his career for 28 years thereafter.

Charles R. Broom, a native of Wilming-ton, Delaware, came from a military fa-mily. According to the research of Historyand Museums Division staff historiansCharles R. Smith and Richard A. Long,Charles Broom's father, Abraham, heldthe rank of major, most likely in the localmilitia. Charles' eldest brother, James, wascommissioned as a lieutenant in the U.S.Marine Corps in 1810 and was killed whilecommanding the Marine detachment onboard the USS Chesapeake during herlegendary fight with the British frigateHMS Shannon on 1 June 1813. Charles'younger brother, Thomas, was a cadet atWest Point during the War of 1812 andserved in the U.S. Army, mainly as a pay-master, until his retirement.

by Kenneth L. Smith-ChristmasCurator of Material History

Charles Broom was commissioned a se-cond lieutenant of Marines on 27 June1813, 26 days after his brother's death.However, correspondence shows that hehad been given a "brevet" commission byCommo Isaac Chauncey at Sackett's Har-bor, New York, the year before. SinceCharles does not appear as an enlisted Ma-rine on any of the muster rolls for thedetachment there, it is surmised that hetravelled to the area as one of the "younggentlemen" who came seeking militaryservice. He was promoted to first lieu-tenant in 1814 and went on to serve onboard the USS North Carolina and atHeadquarters, Marine Corps, as well as atthe Marine barracks in Washington, NewYork, Philadelphia, and Norfolk. As didhis brother Thomas, Charles served as apaymaster. In 1817, he married Mary E.Hewitt in Baltimore. Their son, JamesBroom (named after Charles' brother)served as a Marine lieutenant at thePhiladelphia Navy Yard in the mid-1830s.Brevet LtCol Charles R. Broom died on 14November 1840 and was buried in Con-gressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

T HE HANDSOME OVAL portrait, paint-ed by an unknown artist, is mount-

ed in a heavy gilt frame and had hung foryears in Mr. Lannon's mother's home onNorth Haven Island, off the coast of

Maine. In 1988, it was brought to the at-tention of then-Curator of SpecialProjects, Richard A. Long, by a recognizedexpert in early American uniforms, JohnS. Du Mont. When contacted by theMuseum several months later, Mrs. Lan-non promised the portrait to the MarineCorps upon her death. Her children ac-knowledged and followed her wishes. Un-fortunately, the connection between theBroom family and Mrs. Lannon has not yetbeen fully established, but according tofamily stories, Charles Broom was a dis-tant relation.

In addition to being a well-executedrepresentative of the period just after theWar of 1812, this portrait is valuable to thecuratorial staff for the information it re-lays. First Lieutenant Broom (as evidencedby the single gold epaulet on his rightshoulder) is pictured wearing a stampedbrass shoulder belt plate on his white buff-leather sword belt. Up to now, we were un-sure of the date of this plate's adoption,when it replaced the two-piece insigniaworn since about 1800. There are no otherknown likenesses showing this particularbelt plate. Now thanks to information der-ived from the painting, we can date adop-tion of this insignia to the period between1814 and 1821, since Broom was promot-ed in 1814 and epaulets were replaced by"wings" in 1821. L111775L1

The donor of Marine LtCol Charles Rumsey Broom 'c portrait,members of his family, and friends gather around the paintingat the Marine Corps Museum presentation: from left, Mrs. Kris-

tina Brewer; Miss Melissa Aubrey; William M. Lannon (kneel-ing); DavidBrown; Christopher Lannon; Mrs. Patsy Brown; Mrs.Karen Lannon; William W Lannon; and James D. Linnon.

New Books

Somalia, Haiti, and Bosnia Operations Under Scrutiny

T HE LIBRARY of the Marine CorpsHistorical Center receives many re-

cently published books of professional in-terest to Marines. Most of them areavailable from local bookstores or libraries.

Intervention: The Use of AmericanMilitary Force in the Post- Cold War WorldRichard M. Haass. Washington, D.C.: Car-negie Endowment, 1994. 250 pp. Inter-vention includes studies of Bosnia,Somalia, Panama, Grenada, Haiti, and theGulf War. Appendices include statementson the subject of intervention by CasparWeinberger, Cohn Powell, George Bush,and Bill Clinton, along with the text ofthe War Powers Resolution. $24.95

Presidential War Power. Louis Fisher.Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kan-sas, 1995. 245 pp. Chronicles the expan-sion of the executive's war power. Theauthor is a specialist in separation of pow-ers at the Congressional Research Service.$29.95

Art of War in World History Edited byGerard Chaliand. Berkeley, California:University of California Press, 1994. Ananthology of writing about war throughthe ages. $30.00 (paperbound)

Carry Me Home. John Del Vecchio.New York: Bantam Books, 1995. 719 pp.By the author of The 13th Valley and ForAll Living Things, one of the foremostwriters on the Vietnam experience. A nov-el of the homecoming of three Vietnamveterans and their post-war life in the com-munity they create for themselves and fel-low veterans on High Meadow in CentralPennsylvania. $22.95

Tailspin: Women at War in the Wake ofTailhook. Jean Zimmerman. New York:Doubleday, 1995. 336 pp. Focus is on theU.S. Navy, and the changing roles of wom-en. $24.95

In the Time of the Americans: TheGeneration That ChangedAmerica's Rolein the World. David Fromkin. New York:A. A. Knopf, 1995. 618 pp. The contri-butions of FDR, Truman, Eisenhower,Marshall, and MacArthur to America'schanging role in the world, and its place

by Evelyn A. EnglanderHistorical Center Librarian

of pre-eminence in post-war internation-al affairs. $30.00

Oxford Companion to World War IIEdited by I. C. B. Dear. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1995. 1,342 pp. One-volume reference work with more than1,700 entries, from extensive essays to con-cise one-paragraph definitions, includesphotographs, diagrams, and maps. Coversstrategy, policy, politics, intelligence, tech-nology, battles, economics, and society. In-cludes a chronology and listing ofplace-name changes. $49.95

To Foreign Shores: US. AmphibiousOperations in World War II. John A. Lorel-Ii. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval InstitutePress, 1995. 362 pp. Covers the develop-ment of U.S. Army, Navy, and MarineCorps amphibious operations in WorldWar II, including ships, landing-craft,ship-to-shore movement, air and gunfiresupport. $38.95

Okinawa: The Last Battle of World WarII. Robert Leckie. New York: Viking, 1995.220 pp. by the author of Helmet for MyPillow, March to Glory. He especially fo-cuses on the soldiers themselves along withtheir commanding officers. $24.95

Historical Quiz

1. Name the two generals who served as Com-mandants of the Marine Corps during WorldWar II.

2. What was the strength of the Marine Corpsat the end of World War II?

3. What is the estimated total number of Ma-rines wounded and killed in action during thewar?

4. Who said, "We're not accustomed to occupy-ing defensive positions. It's destructive tomorale."

5. How many Medals of Honor were awardedto Marines for actions during the war?

6. After shooting down five or more enemy air-

Operation Iceberg.. The Invasion andConquest of Okinawa in World War II—An Oral History. Gerald Astor. New York:Donald I. Fine, 1995. 480 pp. The author,himself a veteran of World War II, hasbased his account on first-hand interviewswith participants in the fighting onOkinawa. $24.95

The War in the Pacific: From Pearl Har-bor to Tokyo Bay. Harry A. Gailey. Nova-to, California: Presidio Press, 1995. 534pp. The author's previous books includePeleliu, 1944 and Howlin' Mad vs. theArmy. He presents a one-volume accountof all the campaigns in the Pacific War,examining in detail the Allied andJapanese naval, land, and air forces. $29.95

The Last Great Victory: The End ofWorld War II, July/August 1945. StanleyWeintraub. New York: Dutton. 729 pp.Chronicles the last months of World WarII from the meetings at Potsdam to thesecret decisions involving the use of theatomic bomb; the torpedoing of the In-dianapolis, and the concentration campsurvivors struggling for survival along withall the others displaced by the war. $35.00

LJ1775L1J

craft, how many Marine aviators became aces?7. Name the island that was captured from theJapanese in 1944, that was also the departurepoint for the B-29 (the Enola Gay) carrying theatomic bomb to be dropped on Hiroshima.8. Out of 2,346 downed enemy aircraft in thePacific during World War II, how many can beattributed to the Marine Corps?9. Who were the first commissioned and en-listed Marines to be awarded the Medal ofHonor in World War II?10. Who said, "Casualties many; Percentage ofdead not known; Combat efficiency: we arewinning:'

(Answers on page 16)

Fortitudine, Summer 1995 11

World War II in Reviewby Nancy A. Frischmann

College of WoosterReference Section Summer Intern

El Toro Provides a History of Marine Aviation in the Westby Harry Gann

Director, MCAS, El Toro Command Museum

I N THE MORE than six years since thecommitment of a World War Il-vintage

squadron area to refurbishment as an avi-ation museum on board Marine Corps AirStation (MCAS), El Toro, California, acommand museum has grown up with thetheme, "The History of Marine Corps Avi-ation in the Western U.S."

In early 1989, then-CommandingGeneral, BGen David V. Shuter, invitedseveral Reserve and retired Marines in theEl Toro area to form a steering committeeto design a volunteer and fundraising sup-port system for the planned facility. Thecommittee moved quickly to establish theMCAS El Toro Historical Foundation, pat- RetiredBGen Jay W Hubbard, USMC (Ret), left, whose personal interest led to the

terned in its founding documents after the creation of the museum, welcomes model donor MSgt Fritz Gemeznhardt, USMC (Ret).

Marine Corps Historical Foundation. Ap-proval as a California non-profit corpora- MCAS El Toro Historical Foundation and Command Museum volunteers help in the

tion was in hand as of 3OJune 1989. Thus, movement ofa Stinson OY1 to new quarters at the refurbished WWII squadron area.

the project was launched.After two years of mostly self-help

building renovations, and of exhibitpreparations, the museum opened as anofficially approved "historical holding" on7 June 1991 and became fully certified asa "command museum" on 6January 1993.

T HE COMPLEX IS headquartered in a4,160-square-foot, single-story T-

Building which houses a serpentinegallery, library-archives, gift shop, mini-

Two former members of the World War II Black Sheep Squadron Marine Fighter Squa- galley, and offices. Adjacent are a

dron 214, visited El Toro andposed in front of the museum's restored F4U-.5N. They 17,000-square-foot hangar and a large

are Col Frank E. Walton, Jr., USMCR (Ret), left, and former Capt Frederick S. Losch. warehouse which has been converted to anexhibit annex and shops. Aircraft are onindoor exhibit in the hangar and annexand in outdoor groupings on the muse-um grounds and at the El Toro and MCASTustin main gates.

The vintage aircraft collection has grownfrom 18 in 1989 to 37 today. Recent addi-tions include an RF-8G Photo Crusader,an OV-10 Bronco, and, one each A-4F, andA-4M Skyhawk. An F/A-iS-A Hornet willsoon join the inventory. All major acces-sions are subcustodies from the MarineCorps Air-Ground Museum at Quantico.Three warbirds—a Mig-15, a TO-i, and anF4F-3—are on temporary loan from theNational Museum of Naval Aviation atPensacola and are subject to recall.

As an educational-recreational-researchfacility, the prime mission of the El Toro

12 Fortitudine, Summer 1995

Museum is to serve Marines and their fa-milies by informing them of the dynamichistory of Marine Corps aviation. However,by virtue of its prime location, just off In-terstate 5 in a mega-metropolitan region,the museum attracts hundreds of other vi-sitors each month for group and individu-al tours.

BECAUSE OF ITS unique flavor andhospitable atmosphere, the museum

has also become a social and special eventcenter of choice for squadrons and for lo-cal military-oriented private associations.

With only a minimal on-site staff, con-sisting of Harry Gann as director-curatorand Marine SSgt Robert Atkinson asNCOIC, it falls to a truly exceptionalgroup of foundation volunteers to restoreand maintain aircraft, provide docent andhosting services, tend to library and ar-chives, and operate a highly successful giftshop. El Toro-based Reserve MobilizationTraining Unit 47 has literally adopted themuseum as a project and provides fre-quent support of each of the aforemen-tioned functions.

One ongoing project of historical in-

The museum bears the name ofBGen JayW Hubbard, founding chairman of theMCAS El Toro Historical Foundation.

terest deserves special mention. Under thedogged direction of airline captain andReserve Col Jerome T. "Birdie" Bertrand,the museum library will soon completeuploading more than 2,500 referencebooks and documents for eventual acces-sion into the database of the Marine CorpsResearch Center at Quantico. As this capa-bility matures, the next step will be ar-chival storage with an electronic retrievalsystem for all Marine Corps western air-bases (MCABWA) documents of histori-cal significance which become excess to theneeds of the command's working files.

A critical, but necessarily longer-termproject which confronts museum staff andvolunteers is the need to check deteriora-tion of aircraft on outdoor display. Sim-ple overhead protection will prolongaircraft skin integrity almost indefinitely,but the fund drive to meet that require-ment will be major.

Retired BGen Jay W. Hubbard and ColBertrand, after five years as foundationchair and vice-chair, were succeeded at lastyear's annual meeting by retired test pilotand Reserve MajGen Kenneth W. Weirand airline pilot and Reserve Col CharlesJ. Quilter II. Meanwhile, the host com-mander, MajGen Peter D. Williams, andthe foundation together intend to con-tinue to operate the museum at its maxi-mum potential.

Persons who wish to contact the muse-um staff or the foundation can do so bycalling: voice mail at (714) 726-4380 or(714) 559-6795 and Fax at (714) 559-4279.

L11775L11

Fortitudine, Summer 1995 13

World War II Marine aces and holders of the Medal of Honor were distinguished guestsduring a Marine Corps Aviation Association meeting. From left are BGen Robert E.Galer BGen Joseph j Foss, LtCol Kenneth A. Walsh, and Col James E. Swett.

US. Air Force History Director D. Richard P Hallion, second from left, toured themuseum with restoration volunteers Elmer Anderson, left, and Marsh Austin and TomDozier and had a close look at work underway on the Lockheed TO-i in the collection.

Mentioned in Passing

'Phil' Berkeley Brought Talent, Integrity to Corps Posts

L TGEN JAMES P. "PHIL" BERKELEY,

USMC, (Ret), 88, died last February13th in Virginia Beach, Virginia. He wasone of only six serving Marine generalofficers who were, in turn, the sons of serv-ing Marine Corps generals.* He was bornin Quarters M-7, Marine Barracks, Ports-mouth, Virginia, the son of RandolphCarter Berkeley, a Marine officer who wasawarded the Medal of Honor for heroismat Veracruz in 1914.

Because his mother died at the time ofhis birth, and his father was a member ofa Marine detachment in one of the shipsof the Great White Fleet during its cruisearound the world, young Phil was broughtup by his grandmother and grandfather,who was in the Navy Pay Corps at thetime. He rejoined his father in 1923, whenthe elder Berkeley commanded the MarineBarracks at Portsmouth.

After public school, the younger Ber-keley was sent to the Severn Academy toprepare for entrance to the Naval Acade-my. Failing the entrance examination, hewas told by his father that he either hadto go to work or join the Marine Corps.He recalled in his oral history, "I didn'twant to go to work, so I enlisted in the Ma-rine Corps."

Initially failing the physical, he finallypassed it and was enlisted on 1 March1927. Following boot camp, he was as-signed to duty in Nicaragua, where hisfather was serving on the 2d MarineBrigade staff in Managua. Young MarineBerkeley subsequently was a corporalbilleted in the north of Nicaragua whenhe was recommended for promotion tosergeant. Then 2d Brigade chief of staff,Col Berkeley blocked it, saying that his sonwas "too young" for the promotion. "Sothat's how much my father's influencehelped me," Gen Berkeley later said. Af-

*The other five are: Gen Charles C. Krulak, sonof LtGen Victor H. Krulak; LtGen Joseph C. Fegars,Jr., son of MajGen Joseph C. Fegan; MajGeri Tho-mas L. Wilkerson, son of MajGen Herbert L. Wilker-son; BGen David M. Mize, son of MajGen CharlesD. Mize; and GenJohn R. Dailey, son of BGen FrankG. Dailey.

by Benis M. FrankChief Historian

Second Lieutenant James Phihibs Ber-keley, newly commissioned and on his wayto China, sat for a portrait in April 1931.

ter serving almost three years as an enlist-ed Marine, he was commissioned a secondlieutenant and was assigned to the BasicSchool at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Fol-lowing graduation in 1931, he was detailedto the Marine Barracks, Norfolk NavyYard, for a short time before sailing forduty with the Marine Detachment,American Embassy, Peiping, China.

I N PEIPING, LtGen Berkeley was as-signed to the 38th Company, a

machine-gun unit whose commander wasCapt John W. Thomason, Jr., who was onhis way to fame as an artist and writer. Af-ter a two-and-a-half-year tour in China,Berkeley returned to the States and assign-ment to the 2d Battalion, 6th Marines, atSan Diego in December 1934. Because hehad been an acting communicationsofficer in China, his battalion commander,LtCol Thomas E. Watson, made him bat-talion communications officer, which, forBerkeley, began a 12-year-plus career inMarine Corps communications.

In 1935, Lt Berkeley reported to the 1stMarine Brigade at Quantico, where hecommanded the brigade's communica-tions platoon. He became a student at theArmy Signal School at Fort Monmouth,

New Jersey, in August 1936. Graduatingin June 1937, Capt Berkeley returned toQuantico where he became the brigadecommunications officer. From 1939 toJune 1941, he commanded the Marinedetachment on board the cruiser W/ichitaand then went back to Quantico as basecommunications officer.

Capt Berkeley was serving in this billetwhen World War H broke out. In March1942, then a major, Berkeley was orderedto Headquarters Marine Corps to becomethe assistant officer in charge of the Com-munications Section in the Division ofPlans and Policies. During this time, hewas involved with the discussions regard-ing the Navajo Code Talker program,which he endorsed. While still in that sec-tion, he accompanied MajGenComdtThomas Holcomb on an inspection tourof Guadalcanal and other South Pacificareas where Marine units were located.

He also visited parts of the UnitedKingdom, Africa, and Italy during theperiod August-October 1943. Accompany-ing him were LtCols Edward Hagenah,Harold 0. Deakin, Norman Hussa, andJohn Scott. All spent a week in Londonon the way to joining the U.S. Navy'sNorthwest African Waters Command toobserve Operation Avalanche, the landingat Salerno in September 1943. LtCol Ber-keley later reported that his LST, whichbeached about two hours after H-hour,came under German artillery fire almostimmediately and was so badly damagedthat it had to withdraw for repairs to itselevator mechanism before it could returnto unload. After the Salerno landing, Ber-keley and his Marine companions met GenGeorge Patton. This meeting was notablein that Patton proclaimed his distaste forand distrust of naval gunfire support, aMarine requirement for successful am-phibious landings.

LTCOL BERKELEY went to war in the Pa-cific, first joining the newly formed

5th Marine Division at Camp Pendletonas division signal officer in February 1944.He commanded the Field Signal Battal-

14 Fortitudine, Summer 1995

ion at Pendleton when the 5th was acti-vated and it was almost just a matter ofcrossing the street to join the new division.As he related in his oral history, "I sort ofwrote my own orders as to how to organizethe signal operation in the 5th Marine Di-vision. We had access to the quartermasterarea and could sort of pick and choosewhat we wanted in the way of equipment

and we decided that we would wantto have the comunicators lined up longbefore the division was activated . . . . So,

when the 5th Division did activate [wehad] a communications outfit that hadbeen in business for about three and a halfmonths at that time." Sometime after thelanding on Iwo Jima and during the oper-ation, LtCol Berkeley became executiveofficer of the 27th Marines. After the di-vision returned to Hawaii, he was namedsignal officer of V Amphibious Corps,serving in that capacity in Hawaii and dur-ing the occupation of Japan.

In October 1945, then-Col Berkeley be-came officer in charge of the dispositionof enemy materiel, and took command ofthe 6th Marines in January 1946. Uponreturning to the United States from Japanin April, he was named an assistant in theoffice of the Secretary of the Navy. Thiswas in the early stages of the unificationeffort, and in the end, Col Berkeley's jobwas to review any paper requiring joint ac-tion sent to the Secretary of the Navy. Af-ter nearly a year at what seemed to be anuneventful and boring job, he was trans-ferred to Buenos Aires, Argentina, to serveas amphibious warfare advisor to the Ar-gentine Naval War College and as advisorto the Argentine Marine Corps.

As an advisor, Col Berkeley workedclosely with the Commandant of the Ar-gentine Marine Corps, helping to reor-ganize it along U.S. Marine Corps lines.After a two-year tour, 1947-1949, Cot Ber-keley returned to the States for assignmentfirst to the Armed Forces Staff College inNorfolk, and then, in 1950, to the NavalWar College in Newport, Rhode Island,where he served as a staff member andlater as assistant head, and then head ofthe Department of Strategy and Tacticsduring a three-year tour. As he recalled,he arrived at the college in January, andassisted in preparing the first-ever Com-mand and Staff course at the junior levelfor lieutenant commanders and majors.He also was the duty expert on amphibi-ous operations, and prepared his presen-

tations by first traveling to the MarineCorps Schools at Quantico to learn whatwas new in doctrine and equipment, andthen incorporating that information in hislectures.

D URING His third year at the War Col-lege, it was visited by the Comman-

dant of the Marine Corps, Gen Lemuel C.Shepherd, Jr., who informed Col Berkeleythat he was to become the new command-ing officer of Marine Barracks, 8th andEye, in Washington, D.C. It was during histour that President Eisenhower began us-ing Camp Shangri-La (later called CampDavid) as a weekend retreat, and Marineswere used for security once again.

In May 1954, Cot Berkeley went toKorea to become chief of staff of the 1stMarine Division. There was no fighting atthis time as the truce was in effect, andthe division left Korea in spring 1955. CotBerkeley was promoted to brigadier gener-al at that time and transferred to Head-quarters Marine Corps, where he wasassigned as Assistant Chief of Staff, G-1,during the commandancy of Gen Ran-dolph McC. Pate. When he began thisthree-year tour in Washington, Gen Ber-keley found a number of personnelproblems in the Corps needing solutions.One was the problem of a surplus ofofficers in certain ranks, a conditionknown as a "hump." The need was toreduce the hump so that the promotionprocess could go on apace, and Congresseventually enacted the so-called "HumpBill," which alleviated the situation.

LtGen Berkeley, former 2d MarDiv andCamp Lejeune commander, retired froma post as CG, Fleet Marine Force Atlantic.

Another personnel matter which came upduring his incumbency arose from aDepartment of Defense study of the per-centage of college graduates in the officers'ranks of each of the Services. The MarineCorps came out at the bottom, whichforced it to begin a college degree programfor officers, enabling them to attendcivilian colleges. The concept of a SergeantMajor of the Marine Corps billet arose andwas approved while Gen Berkeley was G-1.

I N 1958, Gen Berkeley became Com-manding General, Department of the

Pacific, in San Francisco. Of this assign-ment, Gen Berkeley said, "The job itselfwas a representation-type job. The Armyhad a three-star there, the Air Force hada two-star at Hamilton Field, the Navy hada three-star admiral there, the MarineCorps had a two-star there many, manytimes." It was a trans-shipping point andhad an active personnel department, aswell as a supply depot, and the 12th Ma-rine Corps Reserve and Recruitment Dis-trict, which Gen Berkeley also headed. Ashe also said, "My job was to represent theMarine Corps [as a] meeter amd greeter."In Gen David M. Shoup's regime as Com-mandant, the department was deactivat-ed. The Commandant asked Gen Berkeleyto give him 12 good reasons why it shouldstay in business. Geri Berkeley later said:"I gave him what I thought were 12 goodreasons, but didn't buy any of them, andof course he phased it out immediately

In retrospect, I think that GenShoup was right; it didn't serve a great dealof purpose."

In November 1959, Gen Berkeley as-sumed command of the 2d Marine Divi-sion at Camp Lejeune, an assignment hethoroughly enjoyed. He was given a secondhat as commander of the 4th Marine Ex-peditionary Brigade in August the nextyear, when his brother, Col RandolphCarter Berkeley, Jr., who commanded aMarine Aircraft Group at Cherry Point,became his brigade chief of staff. Gen Ber-keley relinquished command of the divi-sion in November 1961 and tookcommand of Camp Lejeune, where he re-mained until July 1963. In this billet, hebecame quite active in base and Jackson-ville community affairs. At that time, hewas given another star as well as commandof Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic, in Norfolk.

During his tour at FMFLant, Gen Ber-keley and his command were deeply in-

Fortitudine, Summer 1995 15

volved in the planning for and executionof Steel Pike, a joint U.S.ISpanish am-phibious landing exercise on the shores ofSpain. As he noted in his oral history in-terview, one of the purposes of Steel Pikewas to "prove the need for the MerchantMarine:' as well as the ability to move largeMarine Corps forces across the Atlantic toland in Europe in what he called "the big-gest maneuver since Operation Overlord,"on D-Day in 1944.

His last official action as a Marine andcommander of FMFLant was to oversee thedeployment of Marines to the DominicanRepublic in April-June 1965. He retiredon 30 June 1965. "The ceremony was overat 1115 and we were airborne for FloydBennett Field at 1125. If you can get outany faster than that, I'll challenge you totry." From New York, he and Mrs. Berkeley

sailed for Europe and came back a yearlater. This was to be the first of many tripstaken to places all over the world duringhis retirement years.

I N SUMMING UP his career, Gen Ber-keley said, "First, oxcarts to jets in my

time. From a twisted pair of telephonewires to the coaxial cable, microwaves andsingle sideband communications. Fromtroops who scorned salads and wrist-watches to elaborate salad bars in messhalls . . . . When I was an enlisted man,I never saw salad in a mess. They wouldn'teat one. Meat and potatoes was all any-body wanted. But if you wore a wristwatch,you were a sissy. I'll never forget, when Iwas in high school in Portsmouth, whenthey did away with the high-collared khakiblouse arid they wore a shirt and a fieldscarf, and my father's chauffeur said, 'I'll

go over the hill before I wear a necktie.Horrible thing to think about.' From alightly armed expeditionary force to apowerful air-ground team . . . . From a

Corps steeped in Naval lore and traditionto one that could well be losing its dis-tinctness and its respect. Loss of personalintegrity. I worry about it. . . . One thingI was brought up on was that you neverlied. . . . And to end it all, I had 38 yearsand four months, a wonderful supportboth of my seniors and my juniors. I hada hell of a good time in 38 years and fourmonths."

Those who knew and served with GenBerkeley have never forgotten his personalintegrity, or his infectious giggle, or hisway of ending his letters, "Give my regardsto those who think well of me." There werevery few who didn't. L111775L1

Southwest Asia HistoryAmong Newest Books

(Continued from page 24)

The final new publication in this groupis Humanitarian Operations in NorthernIraq, 1991: 112'ith Marines in OperationProvide Comfort, the fifth in the "U.S.Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990-1991"series. It was written by LtCol Ronald J.Brown, USMCR, a member of Mobiliza-tion Training Unit (Historical) DC-7 sinceits inception in 1976. A teacher in civilianlife, LtCol Brown was an infantry officerin Vietnam. Mobilized in 1991, he wassent to Saudi Arabia, where he served asdeputy command historian, and thencommand historian, of I Marine Expedi-

Register of His Personal Papers

tionary Force. He volunteered to coverOperation Provide Comfort. In this mono-graph, LtCol Brown relates the dreadfulconditions of the Kurds in Northern Iraqand the international humanitarian effortmounted to rescue them and relieve theirsuffering, well documented in the televi-sion network news programs of the peri-od. Essentially, LtCol Brown tells the storyof the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit(Special Operations Capable) and its role

in the rescue effort in the three monthsin which it and allied forces created a safehaven in northern Iraq, providing emer-gency food and medical aid, and movingmore than 750,000 refugees back to theirhomeland to reestablish normal lives. Thelessons learned in this operation will beput to good use as Marines are more andmore involved in similar humanitarianrelief operations around the world.

Eli 775L1

16 Fortitudine, Summer 1995

JAMES GUTHRIE HARBORD

1866.1947

'p

Answers to the Historical Quiz

World War II in Review(Questions on page 11)

1. 1 Dec 1936—31 Dec 1943, LtGen Thomas Holcomb, and iJan 1944—31 Dec1947, Gen Alexander A. Vandegrift.2. 485,000.3. Killed in action—19,733; wounded in action—67,207; and total—90,709.4. LtGen Holland M. Smith at Iwo Jima, 1945.5. 81.6. 125.7. Tinian. Three days later a second B-29 left the island carrying the bomb tobe dropped on Nagasaki.8. 982.9. lstLt George Cannon was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously by Presi-dent Roosevelt for defending his command post against the Japanese on Mid-way Island. He died on 7 December 1941. Sgt Clyde Thomason was awardedhis Medal of Honor posthumously for leading an assault on Makin Island on17 August 1942.10. Radio message from Col David M. Shoup at Betio (Tarawa) on 21 November1943 to MajGenJulian C. Smith, Commanding General, 2d Marine Division,on board the Maryland (BB 46).

Compilcd byLic,,nn, Coon,I L

US Cop(Rrcd

lEfl[)K)CARTFRS U S MARINE (ORES

The "Current Chronology of theMarine Corps" outlines significant

events and dates in contemporary MarineCorps history. It has been compiled by theReference Section since 1982 by research-ing literally hundreds ofpages ofprimaryand secondary sources each week.

Selected entries from the 1994 MarineCorps Chronology are:

11 Jan—John Bradley, the last survivoramong the servicemen who raised the U.S.flag atop Mount Suribachi on 23 Febru-ary 1945, during the World War II cam-paign to capture Iwo Jima, died in Antigo,Wisconsin, at the age of 70.—Feb—The Marine Corps Toys for TotsFoundation, the chief fund-raising arm forthe Marine Reserve's Christmas gift drive,was the target of a federal investigationinto whether its former president divert-ed money from the nonprofit organizationand engaged in other financial impropri-eties for his personal benefit.17 Feb — Secretary of the Navy John H.Dalton announced the names to be givento five Arleigh Burke class guided-missiledestroyers scheduled to be built. Two ofthe ships would be named for Marines:DDG 75 for Col Donald G. Cook, USMC,a prisoner of war in Vietnam who wasposthumously awarded the Medal ofHonor, and DDG 76 for Col William R.Higgins, who was kidnapped and killedby terrorists in Lebanon in 1988.20 Feb —This date marked the deadline forSerbs and other warring factions nearSarajevo to remove their weapons or placethem under United Nations control.Operation Deny Flight, a force of 4,000from 12 NATO countries, includingVMFA(AW)-251 based in Aviano, Italy,supported the U.N.-mandated no-fly zoneover the skies of Bosnia-Herzegovina.28 Feb—The "U.S. Marine Corps Im-plementation of DOD Homosexual Con-duct/Administrative Separation Policy,"outlined in ALMARS 64/94 and 65/94,took effect. The new policy continued toenforce separation procedures forhomosexual conduct, however, a Marine'ssexual orientation would be considered a"personal and private" matter and that

by Ann A. FerranteReference Historian

Guided missile destroyer DDG 75, wasnamed in honor of the late Marine ColDonald G. Cook, a POW" in Vietnam.alone would not be a bar to continuedservice.—Mar—With no aircraft yet identified toreplace the CH-46 and with possibleprocurement of the V-22 still years away,the Corps began a modernization effort toensure that all CH-46s reach the12,500-hour level, some 4,000 more hoursthan current flight time. It would requirea Dynamic Component Upgrade Programthat would replace the aircraft's rotorheads, drive systems, transmissions, androtor control systems over a five-yearperiod.13 Mar—Gen John Shalikashvili, Chair-man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, visitedsailors and Marines on board the USSPeleliu off the coast of Somalia as theyredeployed. He expressed his gratitude fortheir service during Operation RestoreHope. Some 50 Marines from MarineCorps Security Force Battalion, Atlantic,would remain in Somalia after the U.S.forces withdrawal to provide security forU.S. diplomats who would continue toman a liaison office in Mogadishu.4-25 Apr—More than 500 Marines andsailors teamed up with the Kuwait Armyand British Royal Marines for Exercise Na-tive Fury 94 in Kuwait. The exercise waspart of a 10-year defense pact between theUnited States and Kuwait. It was designedto demonstrate U.S. commitment to sta-bility in the region while conducting mar-itime prepositioning force operations andcombined training.

12 Apr—Operation Distant Runner res-cued Americans from Rwanda. Some 230civilians, including 142 U.S. citizens, flee-ing ethnic bloodshed in Rwanda, wereevacuated to safety through the centralAfrican nation of Burundi by a contingen-cy force of Marines from the 11th MarineExpeditionary Unit (SOC).22 Apr—Former President Richard M.Nixon died at the age of 81 after a stroke.The remains of the nation's 37th Presidentwere transported from the East Coast toMarine Corps Air Station, El Toro, Califor-nia. He was buried at the Richard M. Nix-on Presidential Library in Yorba Linda,California, on 27 April. Marines from Bat-tery B, 5th Battalion, 11th Marines, ren-dered 21-gun salutes at the arrival andinterment ceremonics.25 Apr-11 May—More than 13,000 Ma-rines from four major commands partici-pated in Exercise Agile Provider 94, a jointand combined exercise spread out over sixsouthern states and Puerto Rico. Spon-sored by the U.S. Atlantic Command, theexercise was designed to train more than44,000 soldiers, airmen, Marines, andCoast Guard personnel to operate jointlyin command and control, forcible entry,air and ground operations, and maritimeand special operations.2-26 May—The 13th in its series, ExerciseCobra Gold 94 was held in Thailand. Theexercise was designed to maintain region-al peace through the U.S. strategy ofcooperative engagement and strengthenthe ability of the Royal Thai armed forcesto defend Thailand. The exercise includ-ed joint/combined land and air operationsas well as combined naval/amphibiousoperations. Some 11,000 Thai troops and13,000 U.S. personnel, including elementsof Marine Forces Pacific, participated.lJun—MajGen Carol A. Mutter pinnedon her second star, making her the firstfemale major general in Marine Corps his-tory. Gen Mutter assumed command ofMarine Corps Systems Command, Quan-tico, Virginia, on 3 June.4Jun-13 Aug— Marine Reserve Force con-ducted Exercise Pinnacle Advance, the lar-gest peacetime training exercise in the

Fortitudine, Summer 1995 17

Current Chronology of the Marine Corps

'94 Year of Major Training, Humanitarian Relief Efforts

Marine Corps Reserve's 78-year history. Theexercise involved 16,000 Marines and tookplace at sites in Southern California, Neva-da, and Arizona. It included humanitari-an assistance, peace keeping, combat, andamphibious operations.15-23 Jun—The U.S. Navy and MarineCorps combined with the Russian navyand naval infantry to conduct an historicjoint/combined exercise. USS Dubuque(LPD 8), based out of Sasebo, Japan, andDetachment 1, 3d Marine Division, fromOkinawa, Japan, participated in ExerciseCooperation from the Sea at Vladivostok,Russia. It was designed to advancemilitary-to-military cooperation in a dis-aster relief scenario.—Jut— Marines and civilian employees ofMarine Corps Logistics Base, Albany, Ge-orgia, assisted the people of flood-damaged southwest Georgia, particularlythe Albany area where record floodswreaked havoc and rescues were conduct-ed daily. About 20,000 Albany residentswere evacuated from their homes as aresult of Tropical Storm Alberto.21 Jul—On Guam, the National ParkService unveiled a memorial wall honor-ing the casualties of the fighting thereduring World War II. The ceremony alsohonored more than 1,000 American vete-rans visiting the island as Guam celebrat-ed 50 years of liberation from theJapanese. Gen Carl E. Mundy, Jr., Com-mandant of the Marine Corps, attendedas well as retired former CommandantGen Louis H. Wilson, Jr., who was award-ed the Medal of Honor for heroism onGuam in 1944. Additionally, a War DogCemetery was dedicated on Guam with amonument of a life-sized Dobermansculpture in bronze.21 Jul—The 9th Marines deactivated forthe fourth time in the regiment's 77-yearhistory. Originally formed on 17 Novem-ber 1917 at Quantico, Virginia, the unitparticipated in World War II and the Viet-nam War.

28Jul—Secretary of Defense William Per-ry approved recommendations made bythe Service chiefs to expand career oppor-tunities for military women, a move thatwould almost double the number of oc-cupational opportunities available towomen in the Marine Corps. Women Ma-rines would be eligible to serve in 93 per-cent of all occupational specialties, anadditional 48,000 new positions, effectiveon 1 October.3lJul —The first contingent of 1,200 Ma-rines arrived in Washington state to joinfirefighters in combating blazes across theeastern Cascade range in central Washing-ton. Marines from the 5th and 11th Ma-rines stationed at Camp Pendleton,California, marked the seventh summer ina decade that the military was called uponto assist firefighting efforts. The fire inWashington was one of 26 blazes rangingover eight western states.10-12 Aug —The History and Museums Di-vision was a co-sponsor of the World WarH in the Pacific Conference held in Crys-tal City, Virginia. The conference programincluded academic papers, remembrancesof war veterans, book exhibits, slide andfilm presentations, and displays.19 Aug— More than 500 Pacific-based Ma-rines and sailors deployed to the Repub-lic of Korea to participate in ExerciseUlchi/Focus Lens 94. The purpose of themonth-long exercise was to improve plansfor the defense of the Republic of Korea.The exercise provided the yearly opportu-nity to fully form and train the CombinedMarine Forces Command Staffs, a UnitedNations command component establishedin 1992.20 Sep—Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force Caribbean, builtaround the headquarters of the 2d Ma-rines, landed at Cap Haitien, Haiti, to enda stand-off rebellion between the Haitianmilitary commander and the Haitianpresident. Operation Uphold Democracyincluded 1,900 Marines who were part of

a 20,000-man Army force. After 12 shortdays, the task force was relieved by mem-bers of the 10th Mountain Division.23 Sep—The 1st Marine ExpeditionaryBrigade (MEB) deactivated at a ceremonyat Dewey Square on Marine Corps BaseHawaii, Kaneohe Bay. The 1st MEB wasoriginally activated in 1901 at Cavite,Philippine Islands. It had been located atHawaii since 1953.—Oct—Some 20,000 Pacific-based Ma-rines were on alert and ready to deploy tothe Persian Gulf to battle Iraqi forces thenthreatening Kuwait. Although the threatof an imminent Iraqi attack on Kuwaitreceded, 2,500 Marines were deployed tocontinue to deter Iraq and to train withcoalition partners.13 Oct —The command of Operation SeaSignal, Guantanamo Naval Base, Cuba,changed hands from BGen MichaelJ. Wil-liams to BGen Raymond P. Ayres, Jr. Theoperation was a humanitarian relief effortfor 14,000 Haitian migrants seekingshelter from a military dictatorship and30,000 Cubans stymied by the closing ofa door to the U.S. Hundreds of Marinesfrom units at Camp Lejeune, North Caro-lina, provided security for the base.17-25 Oct —Approximately 1,700 Marinesof the 37th Marine Expeditionary Unit, IIIMarine Expeditionary Force, from Okina-wa,Japan, helped commemorate the 50thanniversary of the battle of Leyte Gulfwhen they reenacted the landing thatreturned Gen Douglas MacArthur to thePhilippines during World War II.10 Nov—28 recipients of the country'shighest military award, the Medal ofHonor, gathered in New Orleans tocelebrate the 2 19th anniversary of the Ma-rine Corps. The 24 Marines and 4 corps-men were also featured in severalcommemorative veterans' activities there.25 Nov-9 Dec— Marines from the III Ma-rine Expeditionary Force participated inExercise Tandem Thrust, a biennial jointmilitary training exercise that stressedrapid response to short-notice crisis in thePacific. The exercise took place on the is-lands of Guam, Tinian, and Farallon deMedinilla in the South Pacific.6 Dec—Secretary of the Navy John H.Dalton announced that an Arleigh Burkeclass destroyer (DDG 79) would be namedin honor of PFC Oscar P. Austin, anAfrican-American Marine who wasposthumously awarded the Medal ofHonor for gallantry in Vietnam.E1 775 LII

18 Fortitudine, Summer 1995

In September, Operation Uphold Democracy brought Company G, 2d Battalion, 2dMarines, out to guard the perimeter of the port of Cap Haitien, Haiti. SPMAGTF-Caribbean was sent to aid in the restoration of the duly-elected Haitian president.

Declassification Awaits 750,000 Marine Corps File Pagesby Fred]. Graboske

Head, Archives Section

Q THER THAN BY ordering Marinesinto hostile situations, the actions

of the President rarely cause a direct andimmediate reaction from the MarineCorps. However, for those of us who dealwith classified documents, the impact ofExecutive Order 12958 is both immediateand long-lasting. It makes major changesto President Reagan's EO on classifica-tion /declassification.

The three levels of classification—Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret—remain the same. The permitted durationof classification has changed. Section 1.6(b) states that, except for special listedcategories, documents must be marked fordeclassification in 10 years or less. Section1.7 (a) specifies that each classified docu-ment must bear the name or position ofthe classifying authority ("multiplesources" is not acceptable) and a concisereason for classification. Section 2.2(b)(2)(B) requires that documents contain-ing classified information from multiplesources must list those sources on thedocument. Thus, a Marine Corps docu-ment derived in part from Navy, Air Fbrce,and DIA information must list those agen-cies as originators of some of the data.

The purpose of these requirements is tomake the declassification job easier. WhenI am reviewing a document classified by"multiple sources," I have to guess whatthose sources might be. Planning andoperational data usually are straightfor-ward, but intelligence is not. Did it comefrom CIA, NSA, DIA, ONI, or some othersource? That burden now is passed tothose of you who create classifieddocuments.

"OADR" no longer is acceptable as adeclassification date. There has been greatpublic and Congressional criticism of theExecutive Branch of the federal govern-ment, and especially the military services,for classifying too much information fortoo long a period. The intent of the Ex-ecutive Order is to end this practice. Bysetting a maximum 10-year duration forclassification (with some exceptions), thePresident indicated his agreement withthose critics and his intention to solve theproblem. I have seen very few USMC

documents that require protection beyond10 years; most can be declassified in less.

T O END THE huge overhang of classi-fied documents from the Cold War,

the Executive Order specifies the declas-sification review of all documents that willbe more than 25 years old five-years fromnow. At the end of this five year period,all documents for which their originatorshave not received exemptions will bedeclassified automatically. Very few of youwill be affected by this provision; Historyand Museums (HD) and Administrationand Resource Management (AR) Divisionscontrol all of the official records of Head-quarters, Marine Corps. I know of nosubordinate component other than theMarine Corps Combat DevelopmentCommand which has classified documentsof this age in its possession. If any of youdo have such documents, contact me im-mediately at the Historical Center so thatwe can begin planning the declassificationprocess. I am the action officer for the Ma-rine Corps for this effort.

This is an appropriate point for anaside. The records manager for the MarineCorps is Linda Goodwin, who works inAR. That office establishes and maintainsthe records disposition schedule for theCorps. All of your records are covered bythis schedule. If the schedule lists certainof your records as permanently valuable,you cannot simply destroy them when thefile cabinets become overloaded. You mustcontact her office for instructions on retir-ing such records to a federal records center,per OPNAV instructions. If you are unsurewhat to do with old records or with boxesof classified documents in your vault, youmust contact her office or mine. I knowof two batches of classified documents,one related to Operation Earnest Will andthe other to Operation Sea Angel, thatdisappeared before they reached HD, tothe detriment of the historical program.

To return to the main topic, Mrs. Good-win's office has provided me a listing ofall batches of classified documents held forthe Marine Corps in the federal recordscenters. The total is approximately 1,800cubic feet, and there are approximately200 cubic feet in our vault here. The Ex-

Fortitudine, Summer 1995 19

ecutive Order requires that we completea minimum of 15 percent in the first year.For us, that is 300 cubic feet, which trans-lates into 750,000 pages. We are confidentin our ability to meet this and the five-year review requirements. In anticipationof these requirements we began reviewingmaterials over a year ago.

Section 3.8(b) of the Executive Order re-quires the establishment of a database ofinformation that has been declassified.This does not mean that we have to scanevery declassified document or that weneed make an entry for each document.Description of a series of records, i.e., "3dMAW Misreps," will suffice. That datamust be entered on the Government In-formation I.ocator System (GILS). The useof GILS by all federal agencies to describetheir documentary holdings is mandatedby 0MB.

T HE RESULT OF THE actions mandatedby the Executive Order will be in-

creased public confidence in the federalgovernment. With the elimination of mostof the huge volume of classified materialfrom the Cold War (the Army alone esti-mates it has 200,000,000 classified pagesto review), the public will perceive thattheir government has become much moreopen. L111775L11

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20 Fortitudine, Summer 1995

Raiders Cartoons Given to Historical Centerby James "Horse" Smith

Historical Center Volunteernia) Herald. The Herald printed andbound the drawings into the first edi-tion of Bless 'em All.

Hedinger died on 19 September1979. The original cartoons were heldby the widow of the publisher, who hadcopyrighted the book, until she donat-ed them to the First Raider BattalionAssociation for use in a second scholar-ship fundraising effort. They were auc-tioned at a 19811982 reunion, with theauthor offering the winning bid.

The Marine Corps Historical Centeris the recipient of most of the originalcartoons by Charles J. Hedinger thatwere featured in the cartoon history ofthe World War lI-era 1st Marine Raid-er Battalion, Bless 'em All, recentlyreprinted by the Marine Corps As-sociation.

The collection is in small part incom-plete because some of the original car-toons were auctioned off in February1952 to raise money for the Edson'sRaiders Scholarship Fund, one of thefirst of its kind following the war.

Hedinger, a member of the battal-ion, participated in the operations onTulagi, Guadalcanal, and New Geor-gia. Following the Tulagi and Guadal-canal landings, the survivors wereaccorded a welcome rest and recreationperiod in Wellington, New Zealand,over the Christmas and New Year's holi-days of 1942. Some of the events of thisperiod are the subjects of cartoons.Hedinger collected 61 of his best effortsand turned them over to the battalioncommunications officer, who also waspublisher of the Titusville (Pennsylva-

A cartoon by Raider Charles Hedinger

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Marine Museums Support Korean War Memorial Debutby Kenneth L. Smith- Christmas

Curator of Material History

T HE MARINE CORPS Museums Branchactively supported several functions

surrounding the dedication of the newKorean War Memorial in Washington,D.C., during the week of 24-29Ju1y. Usinga teamwork approach with both theQuantico-based Air-Ground Museum andthe Washington, D.C-based Marine CorpsMuseum participating, the MuseumsBranch was able to provide exhibitsthroughout the national capital area.

The Quantico Museum's Exhibits Unitstarted work in May on a series of ninemodular exhibits which detailed the majorcampaigns of the Korean War. The textwas drawn, for the most part, from per-manent exhibits in the Korean War han-gar of the Air-Ground Museum. Thedesign mirrored that of the currentlypopular World War II travelling modularexhibits. These new cases were to be shownat the Marine Corps Museum in the Ma-rine Corps Historical Center in Washing-ton, and then put on display for one nightat a Marine Corps Aviation Associationgathering in nearby Arlington, Virginia.

However, a coordinating committeefrom the Department of Defense taskedthe museum with supplying exhibits fora special "military museum" which was tobe located in the "tent city" erected alongthe National Mall in Washington for the

dedication festivities. In response, theMuseums Branch offered up this newmodular series and then built a duplicateseries at Quantico. This second set wenton display in the Historical Center, whilethe original set was arrayed in the Mall's"military museum" on 26 July. The set atthe Center was augmented by Col JohnRogers' sculpture of the "Frozen Chosin"Marine and the chunk of the Inchon seawall which was presented to the Museumin 1980.

In addition to the modular exhibits, theMuseum staff also mounted an exhibit onthe Mall in tribute to Frank C. Gaylord,the sculptor of the figures in the newmemorial. The museum staff had consult-ed with Mr. Gaylord in 1992 on the ap-

pearance of the Marine figures and hadloaned him the appropriate artifacts. InJune 1995, the staff contacted him againto get the full story of his work on thesestatues. Mr. Gaylord provided a series ofphotographs which detailed the artisticprocess, step by step. Selected views werethen enlarged and a free-standing exhibitwhich told the story of the monumentalcreation was built by the Exhibits Unit ofthe Marine Corps Museum in Washington.

M eanwhile, more than 1,000 MarineKorean War veterans and their fa-

milies visited the Quantico Marine Baseon 27 July. Many took the opportunity togo through the Korean War hangar of theAir-Ground Museum and those who didwere treated to a new series of audiotapesplaying the "top ten" tunes of the1950-1954 era. These were recorded for themuseum in May by Thomas Villarial, aMarine Korean War veteran living in near-by Fredericksburg, Virginia. That evening,the modular exhibits from the Museum atthe Historical Center were set up inArlington for three hours for the MCAAfunction.

More than 15,000 visitors saw the ex-hibits on the Mall during the next threedays. In the evenings, veterans were treat-ed to special parades at the Washington,D.C. Marine Barracks, at which they couldalso view a selection of large photographstaken in Korea by the famed pho-tographer, David Douglas Duncan. Thesehad been set up by the Historical Center'sart curator and complemented the relat-ed exhibits just down the street at the Ma-rine Corps Museum. LI11775LIi

Forritudine, Summer 1995 21

Veterans visiting the Marine Corps Museum during the dedication week founda spe-cial exhibition on Marines in the Korean U'ar highlighted by the famous sculptureof the "Frozen Chosin " Marine by ColJohn Rogers, anda chunk of the Inchon sea wall.

Marine Corps Museum exhibits chieffames A. Fairfax surveys the show he mountedhonoring the Korean W'ar Memorial's sculptoi Frank C. Gaylord, in the "military muse-um" tent erected on the Mall in Washington, D.C., for the dedication ceremonies.

Marine Corps Chronology

May-August 1946by Robert V Aquiina

Assistant Head Reference Section

Fortitudine's chronology feature continues with entries fromMay-August 1946, pertaining to postwar Marine Corps ac-

tivities at home and abroad, including developments in the oc-cupations of China and Japan.

1 May—In Washington, Marine Corps Reserve Bulletin No. 1advised all personnel released from active duty service that theycould retain their connection with the Corps through member-ship in the Reserve.2 May—Marine volunteers, commanded by Maj Albert Ar-senault, assisted civilian police in subduing rioting prisoners onAlcatraz Island, California.6 May—The Commandant of the Marine Corps, Gen AlexanderA. Vandegrift, appeared before the Senate Naval Affairs Com-mittee to speak against 5. 2044, a bill to reduce the size of theMarine Corps.10 jun—In China, the III Amphibious Corps headquarters wasdeactivated and most of its staff assigned duties on the staff ofthe 1st Marine Division. The new organization, with a totalauthorized strength of 24,252, was designated Marine Forces,China, with MajGen Keller E. Rockey commanding. At Tsingtao,

The 18th Commandant, Gen Alexander A. Vandegrift, appearedbefore the Senate Naval Affairs Committee in May to speakagainst a proposed postwar reduction in the size of the Corps.

LtGen Keller E. Rockey, seen here in a 1949 photo, became thecommander of Marine Forces, China, in June. The organization,comprising 24,252 Marines, replaced the HI Amphibious Corps.

the headquarters and supporting troops of the 3d Marine Brigademerged with those of the 4th Marines.13 Jun—In Japan, the 2d Marines—responsible for Oita andMiyazaki Prefectures—left Sasebo, Kyushu, bound for Norfolk,Virginia, and eventually to MCB Camp Lejeune, North Caroli-na. The 8th Marines followed soon thereafter.l5Jun—MajGen LeRoy P. Hunt, USMC. turned over his zone,the island of Kyushu, to the Army 24th Infantry Division, con-cluding Marine responsibility for the occupation of Kyushu.

20 Jun—Marine Aircraft Group 31 embarked at Yokosuka forthe U.S., completing the roll-up of Marine aviation in the Pacif-ic and Marine occupation activities in northern Japan.27 Jun —The Division of Reserve was transferred from the Per-sonnel Department and reactivated as a separate division ofHeadquarters Marine Corps.

30 Jun —The active duty strength of the Marine Corps was158,679, of which there were 14,208 officers and 144,471 enlist-ed Marines.30 Jun—The Navy V-12 College Program, a source for Marine

22 Fortitudine, Summer 1995

Marine Pvt William R. Deshler stands guard duty on Bridge No.113 on the Pezping-Mukden Railway in May. Marine guards onthe railways of North China helped to keep the highly populous

Corps officers during the war, was deactivated.ijul—The functions of the office of the Marine Corps Women'sReserve were transferred from the Personnel Department to theDivision of Reserve. The Division of Recruiting was removed fromthe Personnel Department to become a separate division ofHeadquarters Marine Corps.1 Jul — Marine inductees or reservists with 30 months of activeduty became eligible for discharge regardless of the number ofpoints acquired.2 Jul—By this date, all the major elements of the 2d MarineDivision had departed Japan for the United States.l2Jul —The 2d Marine Division docked at Norfolk, Virginia, and

A Marine convoy is assembled with its armed escorts and com-munications van just outside the city limits of Tientsin, alongthe Tientsin-Pezping highway. Once moving, vehicles in the con-

cities of the region supplied with coal and other essentials dur-ing the postwar period of unrest and uncertain government. InJuly seven Marine guards were taken and held by Communists.

proceeded to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, where it arrivedthe following day.13-24 Jul — In China, negotiations were successfully concludedfor the return of seven Marine guards who had been ambushedand captured by Chinese Communists in an area about 15 milesfrom Peitaiho.29Ju1—Near An Ping, China, a motorized patrol from the 11thMarines, escorting a supply convoy, was ambushed, resulting inthe deaths of four Marines and 12 wounded.19 Aug—The Marine Corps Base, Guantanamo Bay was redesig-nated Marine Barracks, Naval Operating Base, Guantanamo Bay.

Eli 7751111

voy will keep a 100-yard interval. On 29 July, near An Ping, amotorized patrol from the 11th Marines, escorting a supply con-voy, was ambushed Four Marines were killed and 12 wounded

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

F OUR NEW TITLES have been added tothe History and Museums Division

publications list. The first is The Right toFight: African-American Marines in WorldWar II, the 17th World War II 50th an-niversary commemorative pamphlet print-ed to date. This history was written byBernard C. Nalty, a former Marine Corpsand Air Force historian, who recently re-tired. He is the co-author of Central Pa-cific Drive, Volume 3 of the Histoiy of US.Marine Corps Operations in World War 11;author of Cape Gloucester: The Green In-ferno, another title in the World War IIcommemorative series; and co-author ofa 13-volume series, Blacks in the UnitedStates Armed Forces: Basic Documents.The Right to Fight . . . tells the story ofthe recruitment of African-Americans intothe Marine Corps in 1942 and their train-ing at a segregated boot camp, MontfordPoint, in westernmost Camp Lejeune,North Carolina. Mr. Nalty relates the ac-tivation of two Marine African-Americandefense battalions, the 51st and 52d, anda host of ammunition and depot compa-nies which supported Marine divisions incombat in the Pacific war. In telling thisstory, he doesn't gloss over the fact thatyoung African-Americans had to fight for"The Right to Fight," and rightfully to callthemselves "Marines:'

Two of the four new titles are occasion-al papers. The first, Project 100,000, byCapt David A. Dawson, is a reprint of his

by Benis M. FrankChief Historian

thesis written for his master of arts degreeawarded by Kansas State University. Thispaper plows new ground and destroyssome old stereotypes about the Marineswho came into the Corps under the aegisof Secretary of Defense Robert S.

McNamara's "Project 100,000." This pro-gram came into being because the Viet-nam War caused real manpower strainsand forced the Services to accept into theirranks men of lower mental ability. Usingofficial published documents, primaryMarine Corps records, and personal inter-views, Capt Dawson demonstrated thatthe presence of "new standards" men

accounted for only a tiny part of ahuge disciplinary problem" during the lat-

ter years of the Vietnam era. CaptDawson's original and incisive analysis mayvery well prove to be of utmost importanceto Marine Corps manpower and trainingspecialists as they develop their plans forthe Marine Corps of the 21st century.

T HE SECOND occasional paper is JamesGuthrie Harbord 1866-1947: Reg-

ister of His Personal Papers. This publica-tion was compiled by LtCol Merrill L. Bart-lett, USMC (Ret), author of many articlesand books, the most recent being Lejeune:A Marine's Life and, coauthored with ColJoseph H. Alexander, USMC (Ret), SeaSoldiers of the Cold War: AmphibiousWarfare in the Age of the Superpowers,1945-1991. The papers in this collection arelimited to that correspondence relating tothe Marine Corps. MajGen Harbord com-manded the Fourth Marine Brigade,American Expeditionary Force (AEF), inFrance from May to July in 1918 and forthe middle two weeks of July he com-manded the 2d Division, of which thebrigade was a part. Gen Harbord main-tained old friendships with Marines fromthe AEF and often helped his former com-rades in a variety of professional and per-sonal matters. The entries in this registerreflect this relationship. The acquisitioneffort for the papers in the Harbord reg-ister was supported by a grant from theMarine Corps Historical Foundation.

(Continued on page 16)

24 Fortitudine, Summer 1995

HEADQUARTERS, U.S. MARINE CORPSMARINE CORPS HISTORICAL CENTER

BUILDING 58, WASHINGTON NAVY YARD901 M STREET, SOUTHEAST

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20375-5040

African-American Marines History Tops Publications List