BURUNDI - United Nations Development Programme...national consultations in Burundi. These are youth unemployment, the quality of social services, inequalities, vulnerability to shocks,

BURUNDIMillenniuM DevelopMent Goals RepoRt 2012

suMMaRY

august 2013

Tous Unis dans l’Action

BURUNDI

United Nations system in Burundi and Government of Burundi 2012

The United Nations system in Burundi has been supported national efforts for over forty years in designing and implementing sustainable development policies and programmes.

This National Report, the third in a series, assesses the progress made by the country towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It is the outcome of close cooperation between the United Nations and the government of Burundi.

Photos credits: ©UNDP Burundi/Aaron.Nsavyimana © UNDP Burundi/Aude.Rossignol

Design, layout and printing by Phoenix Design Aid A/S, Denmark ISO 14001/ISO 9000 certified. The opinions and recommandations expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations.

Copyright ©2013

United Nations system in Burundi BNUB CompoundChaussée d’UviraP.O. Box 1490, Bujumbura, BurundiWebsites: www.bi.one.un.orgwww.bi.undp.org

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development PlanningAvenue de l’Indépendance no.1 P.O. Box 224, Bujumbura, Burundi

All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part provided the intended use is for non-commercial purposes with the attribution of authorship to rights holders. This publication was issued on August 2013

suMMaRY

BURUNDIMillenniuM DevelopMent Goals RepoRt 2012


BURUNDI

At the 55th ordinary session of the United Nations General Assembly

from 6 to 8 September 2000 in New-York, 189 countries approved

the Millennium Development Declaration. This declaration is a

global vision where developed and developing countries work

together for the advancement of everyone, particularly the most

disadvantaged nations. At the highest political level, participants

committed to setting goals which, once achieved, would end

extreme poverty around the world by 2015. In order to set up

a development framework to measure progress, the vision was

translated into eight Millennium Development Goals, 18 targets

and 48 indicators. In 2007, this monitoring framework was revised to

include four new targets determined by member states at the 2005

World Summit. Additional indicators to monitor progress as regards

new targets were also defined. These targets, along with a calendar,

constitute a true pact between the major world economic players.

The poorest countries, for their part, committed to making progress

in terms of domestic policies and governance and ensuring better

accountability to their citizens. The richest nations committed

in turn to providing support through a “global partnership for

development”.

The adoption of the Millennium Declaration raised high

expectations in Africa, particularly as, in addition to defining strategic

development guidelines for the world in general, it placed primary

importance on issues affecting the continent. The Declaration called

for a response to the particular needs of Africa, a continent where

the most vulnerable populations are concentrated, with the aim to

achieving sustainable peace and development, eliminating poverty

and bringing Africa into the mainstream of the world economy.

In Burundi, as in most poor countries, the MDGs are ambitious

in terms of the deadlines set. However, there is still time to

achieve some targets by 2015 if all parties take the necessary

steps, namely improving governance, empowering and actively

engaging civil society, promoting entrepreneurship and the private

sector, mobilising domestic resources, substantially increasing

development aid for priority investments required by the MDGs and

implementing significant budgetary and commercial reforms.

The 2012 MDG national report for Burundi is prepared and published

thanks to the collaboration among UNDP, the participation of

all United Nations agencies and the Government. This advocacy

tool aims at sensitising various development stakeholders on the

necessity to focus national debate on poverty issues, which remain

at the core of policies, strategies and development programmes. It

also aims to measure progress made in achieving MDG targets.

The report notes that Burundi has made important progress in most

MDG indicators. For instance, the likelihood of achieving the net

enrolment targets in primary school, eliminating gender disparity

in primary education, halting the spread of HIV/Aids, halting and

reversing the incidence of malaria and other major diseases and of

halving the percentage of the population without sustainable access

to safe drinking water is high. Other targets can be achieved if the

government makes considerable efforts with the assistance of the

development partners. These relate in particular to the targets of MDG

4 and 5.

However, apart from the above-mentioned progress, there is little

hope of achieving the other targets by 2015. The cost of the socio-

political crisis in the 90s continues to overshadow any real take-off

in the economy. In ten years of crisis, most human development

indicators regressed by 15 years, particularly poverty.

FoRewoRD

ii

The report encourages the government to step up its initiative to

mobilise resources by spending more public money on priority

investments. It also urges donors to finally honour their long-

standing commitments to significantly increase aid. This derives

from the fact that the technical constraints weighing on achieving

MDGs should not be confused with financial constraints. While

responsibility for reducing poverty primarily lies with the Burundian

government, achieving the MDGs calls for a substantial increase in

public development aid to break out of poverty trap.

We hope that the current discussions on the post-2015 framework

will provide a more global approach to eradicating poverty, placing

it in a wider political and economic context, covering the three

economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable

development and promoting approaches founded on the

upholding of rights.

As regards Burundi, the vision for 2015 shared by the Burundian

people and the priorities contained in PRSP II are assets that can

help drive poverty eradication. However, a number of challenges

and related costs in order to realise the recommendations of this

document with regard to MDGs must also be taken into account.

These include the following:

• Controlling demographic growth, a major challenge

• The necessity of initiating structural reforms both in how services

are delivered by favouring bottom-up development approaches

that are inclusive, participatory and equitable and by focusing

on strengthening human and institutional capacities. The low

level of human resource qualifications is a real handicap to the

employability of young people and to long-term development.

• Finally, mobilising resources to achieve MDGs is of capital

importance. This reflects the necessity of waging advocacy and

mobilisation campaigns based on participatory planning and of

seizing existing opportunities, in particular all funds set up by the

United Nations to support the achievement of MDGs.

In view of the above-mentioned challenges, we are launching an

appeal to all Burundi’s development partners to strengthen the

current partnership to enable the Burundian people to achieve their

legitimate aspirations.

His excellency Mr tabu abdallah Manirakiza Minister of Finance andeconomic Development planning

Ms Rosine sori-Coulibalyunited nations Resident Coordinatorand Resident Representative of unDp

Burundi Milennium Development Goals – summary of report 2012 iii

iv

ii Foreword

vi Acronyms

01 General situation of MDGs in Burundi

06 Chapter 1: Eliminate extreme Poverty and Hunger

08 Chapter 2: Ensure Primary education for all

10 Chapter 3: Promote Gender equality and Empowerment of women

12 Chapter 4: Reduce Mortality among Children under 5

14 Chapter 5: Improve Maternal health

16 Chapter 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases

18 Chapter 7: Ensure Environmental sustainability

20 Chapter 8: Develop a Global partnership for Development

taBle oF Content

Burundi Milennium Development Goals – summary of report 2012 v

ACT: Artemisin based Combination therapy

ARVs: Anti-retrovirals

BSS: Behavioral Surveillance Survey

CDIAC: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

CH4: Methane

CHERG: Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group

CO2: Carbon dioxide

CPN: Prenatal Care (PC)

CSLP: Strategic Framework for Poverty Reduction

DAC: Development Assistance Committee

DHS: Demographic and Health Survey

DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo

EAC: East African Community

ENECEF: National Survey on living conditions of Children and

Women

EU: European Union

FAD: African Development Fund

FDI: Foreign Direct Investment

FOSA: Health training

GAVI: Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

GFATM: Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

GHG: Greenhouse Gas

GNI: Gross National Income

GNP: Gross National Product

HIPC: Heavily Indebted Poor Countries

HIV/AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired

Immunodeficiency Syndrome

ICT: Information and Communication Technologies

IDA: International Development Association

IGME: Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation

IMCI: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness

IMF: International Monetary Fund

ISTEEBU: Institute of Statistical and Economic Studies of

Burundi

IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature

IUD: Intrauterine Device

LDCs: Least Developed Countries

LLIN: long-lasting insecticidal nets

MDGs: Millennium Development Goals

MDRI: Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative

MICS: Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey

MMEIG: Maternal Mortality Estimation Interagency Group

MPAs: Marine Protected Areas

MSP/PNILP: Ministry of Public Health/ National Integrated Malaria

Control Program

MSPLS: Ministry of Health and AIDS Control

NAS: National Agricultural Strategy

aCRonYMs

vi

NASA: National AIDS Spending Assessments

NCPTB: New cases of smear-positive or negative Pulmonary

Tuberculosis

NEIC: National Energy Information Centre

NGOs: Non-Governmental Organisations

NO2: Nitrogen dioxide

ODA: Official Development Assistance

ODS: Ozone depleting Substances

OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and

Development

PBF: Performance-Based Financing

PLHIVs: Persons Living With HIV

PMTCT: Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (HIV/

AIDS)

PNIA: National Agriculture Investment Plan

PNLT: National Tuberculosis Control Programme

PNSR: National Programme on Reproductive Health

PRSP: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

RH/FP: Reproductive Health/Family Planning

SNIS: National Health Information System

SONU: Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care

SONUB: Basic Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care

SONUC: Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric and Newborn

Care

TFP: Technical and Financial Partners

TNCs: Transnational Corporations

UNAIDS: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

UNDESA: United Nations Department of Economic and Social

Affairs

UNCTAD: United Nations Conference on Trade and

Development

UNDP: United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural

Organization

UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change

UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund

UNITAID: International facility for the purchase of drugs against

HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis

UNSD: United Nations Statistics Division

UNSTAT: United Nations Statistics Division

VAM: Vulnerability Analysis and. Mapping

WB: World Bank

WFP: World Food Programme

WHO: World Health Organization

Burundi Milennium Development Goals – summary of report 2012 vii

viii

As in several other African countries, there has been mixed progress

in achieving MDG targets in Burundi. Remarkable progress has

been made in a number of indicators such as the net enrolment

rate in primary school, gender parity in primary school, vaccination

coverage and slowing down the spread of HIV/Aids. However,

reducing poverty remains a concern. The progress made in this area

has not been sustained over time because of the socio-political crisis

that engulfed the country for over a decade. Reducing inequalities

in access to social services remains a crucial challenge as well.

Within the context of the post-2015 agenda, the analyses contained

in this report reveal recurrent concerns which should influence

national consultations in Burundi. These are youth unemployment,

the quality of social services, inequalities, vulnerability to shocks, the

sustainability of economic, social and environmental performance

and inclusive growth. The post-2015 development programme

should strengthen Burundi’s capacity to adapt to socio-economic

and climatic shocks by addressing related vulnerabilities. Table 1

below summarises the achievements of MDGs in Burundi.

GeneRal situation oF MDGs in BuRunDi

oMD 1 oMD 2 oMD 3 oMD 4 oMD 5 oMD 6 oMD 7 oMD 8

Burundi Milennium Development Goals – summary of report 2012 1

MDG 1: ELIMINATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER

Target Indicator Indicator statusLikelihood of being

achieved by 20152

target 1: Halve the proportion of

the population with income of less

than 1 dollar a day between 1990

and 2015

g Reference basis in 1990: 35%

g 2015 goal for Burundi: 17.5%

below the poverty line

} Proportion of the population

with less than one dollar a day

• 67% in 2006 with indicative

projection of 45% in 2015.

Unlikely} The poverty gap ratio [poverty

rate x depth of poverty]

• 36.4% in 2006 and 33.3% in 2011

} Share of the poorest fifth of the

population in national consump-

tion

• 9% in 2006

target 2: Halve the proportion

of people suffering from hunger

between 2000 and 2015

1990 basis: 30.2%; 2015 goal: 15.1%

} Percentage of children under 5

underweight

• 26.9% in 2010

Unlikely


below the minimum level of

dietary energy consumption

• Over 50% of the population in

2010

MDG 2: ENSURE PRIMARY EDUCATION FOR ALL


achieved by 2015 target 1: Provide all children, girls

and boys, all over the world, with

the means to complete a full cycle

of primary schooling between

2000 and 2015

} Net enrolment rate in primary

school

• 67% in 2006 with indicative

projection of 45% in 2015.Likely

} Proportion of schoolchildren

starting their first year and

completing their fifth of primary

schooling

• 36.4% in 2006 and 33.3% in 2011

Unlikely

} Literacy rate among those aged

15-24

• 9% in 2006Possible

MDG 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN


achieved by 2015 target 1: Eliminate gender

inequalities in primary and

secondary school between 2000

and 2005, if possible and at all

levels of schooling by 2015 at the

latest

} Ratio of girls to boys in primary,

secondary and higher education

• Primary 99% in 2011

• Secondary 72% in 2011 and

Higher 54% in 2011

Likely in primary school

} Literacy rate among women

aged 15-24 compared to men

• 77.6% in 2011 Possible in secondary

school

} Percentage of female employees

in the non-agricultural sector

Not available

Unlikely in higher

education} Proportion of seats held by

women in the national parlia-

ment

• 32% in 2010

1 All data sources on indicator status are provided in the text2 liKelY = high possibility; possiBle = average possibility; unliKelY = low possibility

Table 1

Brief overview of MDG achievements in Burundi in 20121

2

MDG 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH


achieved by 20152

target 1: Reduce the maternal

mortality rate by three quarters

between 1990 and 2015

g 1990 basis: 1100

g 2015 goal for Burundi: 275

} Maternal mortality rate (deaths

out of 100,000 live births)

• 800 in 2010 according to MMEIG

• 500 according to 2010 DHSPossible if additional

efforts are made} Proportion of births attended by

skilled health personnel

• 68% in 2011

target 2: Ensure universal access

to reproductive health by 2015

} Contraceptive prevalence rate • 26.9% in 2010

Possible

} Adolescent fertility rate • 11% in 2010 (DHS)

} Prenatal care (at least one visit

and at least 4 visits)

• At least one visit: 100% in 2012

(PNSR report)

• At least 4 visits: 79.9% in 2012

(PNSR report)

} Adolescent fertility rate • 31% in 2010 (DHS)

MDG 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES


achieved by 20152

target 1: Have halted the

spread and begun to reverse the

incidence of HIV/Aids by 2015

} HIV prevalence among pregnant

women between the ages of 15

and 24

• 1.4% in 2011

Possible} Condom use • 21.9% in 2010

} Number of children orphaned

by AIDS

• 140,000 in 2010

target 2: Have halted and begun

to reverse the incidence of malaria

and other major diseases between

2000 and 2015

Malaria

Possible

} Prevalence rate of malaria and

mortality rate relating to this

disease

• Death rate: 1.9% in 2006


living in areas at risk using

effective malaria protection and

treatment measures

• 38% of the general population,

45.3% of children under the age

of 5 and 50% of pregnant women

sleep under insecticide-treated

mosquito nets in 2010

tuberculosis} Prevalence rate of tuberculosis

and mortality rate relating to this

disease

• 162 per 100,000 inhabitants in

2010


living in areas at risk using

effective malaria protection and

treatment measures

• Detection rate in 2010: 70%; rate

of treated cases: 79% in 2005

compared to norm of 85%

MDG 4: REDUCE MORTALITY AMONG CHILDREN UNDER 5


achieved by 2015

target 1: Reduce the mortality

rate of children under five by two

thirds between 1990 and 2015

g 1990 basis: 183;

g 2015 goal for Burundi: 67

} Mortality rate among children

under five (5)

• 142 per thousand in 2010

Possible if additional

efforts are made} Neonatal mortality rate • 96 according to 2010 DHS

} Proportion of children

vaccinated against measles.

• 42 per thousand in 2010

• 92% in 2010


MDG 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY


achieved by 2015

target 1: Integrate the principles

of sustainable development in

national policies and reverse the

loss of environmental resources

} Proportion of land area covered

by forest

• 6.7% in 2010

• 5.6% in 2008

Unlikely} GDP per unit of energy used

(energy efficiency)

• Not available

} Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions,

metric tons of CO2 per capita

(Source: CDIAC)

• 0.0234 in 2010

target 2: Halve the percentage

of the population without

sustainable access to safe drinking

water between 2000 and 2015

g Objective 2015: 73.5% with

access to safe drinking water


with access to an improved

water source

• 72.72% in 2010

Possible

target 3: Have achieved a

significant improvement in the

lives of at least 100 million slum

dwellers between 2000 and 2015;

} Proportion of the popula-

tion with access to improved

sanitation

• 46% in 2010

Unlikely


with access to secure tenure

• Not available

Table 1

Brief overview of MDG achievements in Burundi in 2012 (continued)

4

MGD 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT


achieved by 2015

target 1: Develop further an

open, rule-based, predictable,

non-discriminatory trading and

financial system.

} ODA received by developing

countries as a percentage of

their gross national income

• 39.64% in 2010

Unlikely

} Market access: Proportion of

exports

• Trade, coverage rate: 20% in 2010

target 2: Deal comprehensively

with the debt problems of

developing countries through

national and international

measures in order to make debt

sustainable in the long term

} Debt sustainability: Debt service

as a % of exports of goods and

services

• 1.2% in 2010

Possible

target 3: In cooperation with

developing countries, develop and

implement strategies for decent

and productive work for youth

} Unemployment rate among

those aged 15-24

• Not available


pharmaceutical companies,

provide access to affordable

essential drugs in developing

countries


with sustainable access to

affordable essential drugs on a

sustainable basis

• Not available

Level of access remains low due

to poverty


the private sector, make available

the benefits of new technologies,

especially information and

communications to all.

} Number of telephone lines per

1000 inhabitants

• Fixed-line: 3.9 per 1000

inhabitants in 2010

• Mobile: 137.2 per 1000

inhabitants in 2010Unlikely

} Number of internet users per

1000 inhabitants

• 10 of the population in 2008


eliMinate eXtReMe poveRtY anD HunGeRChapter 1

In Burundi, progress in achieving all MDG 1 targets is below

expectations. Performance in economic growth observed since

2006 is good and above 4% per annum. However, it is not sufficiently

strong and is still well below the 7% required to halve the proportion

of the population with income of less than one dollar a day by 2015.

Economic performance therefore remains fragile.

After the 2000 Arusha Accords, the Burundi economy expanded

by 5.1% in 2006. This performance was not sustained in the long

term after the economic recession and the international financial

crisis worldwide which affected the volume of development aid to

African countries. Economic growth in Burundi fell to 3.5% in 2009

before gradually rising again, reaching 4% in 2011. Projections show

that progress is set to continue in 2012 and 2013 with growth rates

of 4.8% and 5.3% respectively. The figure below shows trends in

economic growth in Burundi between 2003 and 2013.

Burundi’s performance in terms of economic growth has not resulted

in a proportional reduction in poverty and hunger. It has also not

fostered job creation. From a level of 35% in 1990, the proportion

of the population living below the poverty threshold reached a

record 81.3% in 1998 following the persistence of armed conflicts

which led to a drastic slump in the country’s output. As peace was

gradually restored, the country returned to low economic growth.

This meant that the incidence of poverty also gradually fell, reaching

about 67% in 2006. However, the incidence of poverty is unequally

distributed across the country, with the rate at 69% in rural areas

compared to 34% in urban areas. This inequality is also observed

between provinces. For instance, the poverty rate is 30.4% in the

province of Bururi compared to 90.4% in the province of Ruyigi.

Linearisation of the pace at which the proportion of poor people is

falling under the current wealth creation conditions shows that by

2015 the incidence of poverty in Burundian society will be about

45%. This is obviously far off the target of 17.5%.

As regards hunger, the 2010 Demographic and Health Survey reveals

an underweight rate of 29% and a rate of chronic malnutrition of

58% among children under 5 in Burundi. Although this underweight

rate is an improvement on 2007 levels, which was 35.2%, it remains

higher than the 21% rate accepted by the WHO.

The rate of chronic malnutrition rose from 46% to 58% between

2007 and 2010, much more than the 40% emergency threshold.

Dat

a so

urce

: (i)

2010

Rep

ort o

n M

DG

s, (ii

) Sec

ond

repo

rt o

n th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of P

RSP

I (D

ecem

ber 2

009)

Figure 1.1

Trends in the incidence of poverty between 1990 and 2015 in Burundi

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Current Evolution MDG desirable path

35

67

17,5

81,3


ensuRe pRiMaRY eDuCation FoR allChapter 2

The net enrolment rate in primary school in Burundi has improved

remarkably since the adoption of MDGs in 2000. It rose from 52.88%

in 1990 to 96.1% in 2010. However, this relatively satisfactory overall

situation masks disparities between provinces. The provinces of

Bururi, Kayanza, Makamba, Kirundo, Muramvya, Cibitoke and Rutana

are accommodating the children of repatriated citizens and have

rates over 100%.

The rate of primary school completed has considerably declined

since 1990, falling from 54% to 36% in 2005 before gradually rising

after peace was restored, reaching 51.20% in 2009. This performance

does not reflect the efforts made by Burundi to improve children’s

access to education. The reasons for this counter-performance can

be traced to the high grade-repetition (38.4%) and drop-out rates

(6.5%) according to the 2010-2011 report on education indicators

in Burundi. The country ranks low compared to other east African

countries. On the other hand, the literacy rate among men and

women aged 15-24 has improved, from 51.8% in 1990 to 77.6% in

2010.

Sour

ces:

2010

/201

1 Ed

ucat

ion

Indi

cato

rs in

Bur

undi

. Bur

eau

of E

duca

tiona

l Pla

nnin

g an

d St

atist

ics.

Figure 2.1

Net enrolment rate in primary school by province and by gender in 2010/2011

Burundi

Bururi

Makamba

Kayanza

Cankuzo

Rutana

Cibitoke

Bujumbura rurale

Muramvya

Bubanza

Kirundo

Mwaro

Ruyigi

Karuzi

Muyinga

Gitega

Ngozi

Bujumbura Mairie

0 20 40 60

96,1

121,3

120,4

90,9

101,8

101,5

91,9

100,4

87,7

101

97,4

93,3

91,8

93,6

88,7

87,7

82,6

106,6

80 100 120 140

Boys

Girls


pRoMote GenDeR eQualitY anD eMpoweRMent oF woMen

Chapter 3

The data available shows that Burundi is performing well in terms of

the ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school education,

at 97% and 72% respectively in 2009. Between 2010 and 2011 parity

in primary school was about 1.02% while the trend in secondary

school was slow, at about 76% in 2011.

However, the march towards gender parity remains a key challenge

in Higher education. The ratio rose from 40% in 1999 to 54% in

2010. This rate varies depending on educational fields. For instance,

70% of girls are enrolled in service sector courses and 15% in agro-

industrial and industrial courses. This negative performance is due

to the lack of private offerings in higher education, but also to the

relatively high cost of schooling compared to people’s income

levels in general.

Literacy rates among young women aged 15-24 in Burundi rose

slightly between 2000 and 2011, from 70.40% to 77.6%. Although

performance in 2010 was good, the figures show that Burundi still

lags behind other east African countries in this area.

The acceleration in economic growth as recommended by PRSP II

requires sustained efforts in improving literacy rates among young

women of working age. These efforts could be articulated around

the following strategies:

• Rights-based approach: just as there is a right to education, there

should be a right to literacy. Reducing illiteracy rates would have a

positive impact on poverty reduction.

• Social approach: this sees literacy as a tool to combat social or

cultural inequalities. This was the approach favoured by Burundi.

• Functional approach: this aims to sustain economic growth and

increasing labour productivity, because it focuses on preparing

young people for working life, on creating their own jobs, on access

to microloans (particularly for women) and on environmental

management to improve productivity.

As regards the proportion of women with access to paid

employment, Burundi continues to lag behind other countries in

the sub-region. However, considerable efforts are being made to

comply with legal provisions in this area.

Finally, Burundi has made very laudable efforts in terms of the

proportion of seats occupied by women in the National Parliament.

This figure rose from 12.3% in 1993 to 32% in 2010.

Sour

ce: U

NST

ATS,

201

2 Af

rica

n St

atist

ical

Yea

rboo

k

Figure 3.1

Gender parity index in primary and secondary school education in Burundi

1,2

1

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0Moyenne1999-2003

0,78

0,896

0,732

0,97

0,72 0,72 0,72

0,99 0,99

Moyenne2003-2008

2009 2010 2011

Gender Parity Index in primary education Gender Parity Index in secondary education


ReDuCe MoRtalitY aMonG CHilDRen unDeR 5

Chapter 4

According to United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force estimates, the

infant and child mortality rate in Burundi fell from 183 deaths per

1000 births in 1990 to 142 in 2010. The annual average reduction

over this period was between 1.3% and 2.8%. However, the 2010

Demographic and Health Survey estimates this rate at 96 deaths for

1000 live births.

While infant and child mortality rates have fallen over the last

decade, neonatal mortality remains stagnant for several reasons,

particularly the low quality of maternal and new-born care and the

failure to implement a number of essential interventions with high

impact on the survival of new-borns despite improved access to

care for pregnant women and children due to the national free care

policy for these targets.

As regards vaccination coverage, improvements have been

observed since 2005 across the country. Systematic measles

vaccination coverage were respectively 91% in 2009 and 92%

in 2010 et 2011. This performance was achieved thanks to the

conduct of routine vaccination campaigns and national remedial

and monitoring campaigns with the technical and financial support

of partners such as GAVI. This performance had a positive impact

on infant mortality rates, which stood at 102 per thousand live

births in 2008. Unfortunately, this progress was hampered by the

deterioration in household living conditions during a long period

of socio-political crisis. Furthermore, this mortality rate remains

high due to the poverty rate in general and undernourishment in

particular, and because of diseases such as malaria, malnutrition,

respiratory infections and diarrhoea-related illnesses. In Burundi

58% of children under 5 are chronically malnourished3.

Dat

a so

urce

: IG

ME

Figure 4.1

Infant and child mortality rate trends in Burundi (deaths per 1,000 live births)

3 2010 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

250

200

150

100

50

142

183168178

0

MDG desirable pathCurrent Evolution


iMpRove MateRnal HealtHChapter 5

Maternal health is an ongoing concern in Burundi. According

to Maternal Mortality Estimation Interagency Group (MMEIG)

estimates, the maternal mortality rate fell from 1100 to 800 maternal

deaths per 100,000 live births between 1990 and 2010, an overall

reduction of 27%. In view of the trends, achieving this MDG target

is possible if significant efforts to invest in this area are made by the

Government and Burundi’s development partners in 2015. This is

the main reason why MDG 5 was retained in the MDG Acceleration

Framework adopted consensually by the Government and the

United Nations.

According to the assessment of EmONC needs carried out in 2010,

maternal deaths are due mainly to direct obstetrical complications

such as haemorrhaging, obstructed labour and infections.

Haemorrhaging is the most common cause of maternal death and

post-partum haemorrhaging occurs in over 72% of haemorrhage

cases. The EmONC needs assessment showed that uterine rupture

was the main cause of death. The case fatality rate per haemorrhage

(3.3%) is three times higher than the acceptable case fatality rate

(1%).

The data available on family planning shows increasing use of

modern contraceptive methods: from 4% in 1990 to 21.9% in 2011.

This trend is related notably to the lack of shortages in stocks of

contraceptives since 2006, to the training of service providers in

long-acting methods of contraception (IUDs and implants) and to

performance-based funding.

However, despite the positive performance of most of the above-

mentioned indicators, there are significant disparities between

Burundi regions and provinces.

Figure 5.1

Maternal mortality trends in Burundi

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

1100

910

800

275


Sour

ce: C

onstr

ucte

d by

the a

utho

rs u

sing

2010

MM

EIG

dat

a


CoMBat Hiv/aiDs, MalaRia anD otHeR Diseases

Chapter 6

Rapport sur les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement au Burundi – édition 2012 17

HIV/AIDS remains a major public health problem and Burundi

ranks among the countries most affected in eastern and central

Africa. According to the 2007 seroprevalence survey, average

seroprevalence was 2.97% in those aged 18 and over, predominantly

among females. Since then, significant progress has been made in

terms of prevention and treatment with positive effects on reducing

seroprevalence and reducing mortality.

Despite this progress, additional efforts still need to be made to

deal with the worrying rise in the disease in rural areas, where over

90% of the population live, and to increase the coverage of key

interventions contained in the 2012-2016 national strategic plan to

combat HIV/Aids.

Malaria accounts for 74.7% of all external consultations recorded

in medical units in 2010 and 62.6% among children under 5. The

data available for the 2000-2010 period shows fluctuating trends in

the number of cases of malaria due to the combination of factors

such as improvements to the reporting system as well as an increase

in healthcare service utilisation following the introduction of free

healthcare for the under fives (2006) and first-line anti-malaria drugs

to all categories of patients. The death rate from malaria was at 1.9%

in 2006 against 7.6% in 1990 (ISTEEBU).

Tuberculosis is circulating in an endemo-epidemic pattern with

annual overall incidence of 88 cases notified per 100,000 inhabitants

(Global Tuberculosis Control, WHO Report OMS 2010). Taking into

account the annual risk of infection, the prevalence of tuberculosis

in Burundi was 212 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2009, 239

cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2000 and 162 cases per 100,000

inhabitants in 2010. These figures are below the actual figures

because the detection rate for 2011 was 47%, far below the WHO

target of 70% (PNLT report 2011). Tuberculosis mainly affects the age

bracket of the productive population aged 15-44, which impedes

the fight against poverty and development in general. The fight

against this disease is currently made more difficult by two new

challenges, namely TB/HIV coinfection (26% of those suffering from

TB are also coinfected with HIV (2007 national seroprevalence survey

on HIV infection) and multi-drug resistant TB of which an average of

20 cases are diagnosed each year.

Overall, the pace of progress recorded in Burundi in the fight against

HIV/Aids, TB and malaria has been sustained.

Dat

a so

urce

: UN

STAT

S

Figure 6.1

HIV prevalence trends

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

2,1

3,3

5,1

3,9

2,8

1,41,9



ensuRe enviRonMental sustainaBilitY Chapter 7

The decisive role of the environment in achieving the other MDGs

requires that Burundi incorporate sustainable environmental

regulations in its policies and programmes. Therefore, the public

authorities must devote a significant proportion of the national

budget on environmental preservation instead of continually

expecting external funding. In addition, it is important that national

and sub-regional environmental preservation programmes also

include measures to promote the creation of green jobs for young

people.

Reducing poverty and achieving sustainable development must go

hand in hand with a healthy planet. The Millennium Development

Goals recognise that environmental preservation is an integral

part of global prosperity and social well-being. Failure to preserve

biodiversity for example, would compromise socio-economic

development efforts. The anarchic exploitation of natural resources

such as forests, soil, water and fish (often by a minority of the most

powerful) has caused much devastating damage to nature over the

last few decades, affecting the most vulnerable populations.

Burundi is not on the right track to reverse the loss of environmental

resources. Forestry areas have declined in the last twenty years.

Between 1990 and 2010, the area covered by forests fell from 11.3%

to 6.7% of the total surface of the country, an average deforestation

rate of 64 km2 a year. If this pace is maintained, Burundi will have no

more forests within 29 years

However, despite the relatively high rate of deforestation in Burundi,

carbon dioxide emissions have constantly fallen over the last twenty

years, from 0.0566 to 0.0234 metric tons per capita between 1990-

1994 to 2005-2009

As regards access to safe drinking water, the proportion of

population with sustainable access to safe drinking water remains

low and is rising slowly in Burundi, with the percentage growing

from 70% to 72.5% in 20 years. The situation is similar when it comes

to the proportion of the population using a better sanitation system,

which remained stagnant at about 46% between 1990 and 2010.

Dat

a so

urce

: UN

STAT

S

Figure 7.1

Trends in the proportion of area covered by forests

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

12,2

8,3 7,6

6,7



Develop a GloBal paRtneRsHip FoR DevelopMent

Chapter 8

The mobilisation of internal funds, essentially through fiscal

efforts and national borrowing, is far from sufficient in view of the

development funding needs of Africa in general and Burundi in

particular. A number of reasons have been put forward to explain

this situation. These include the low tax burden, low savings

and mobilisation arrangements. This is why the MDGs advocate

strengthening the global development partnership based on

an open international commercial and financial system and on

prioritising the specific needs of the least advanced countries

and island developing states. The point is to increase aid and

improve its effectiveness through efficient use and targeting of the

most vulnerable; taking measures to ensure the long-term debt

sustainability and facilitating access to global markets for products.

The partnership envisaged also proposes international cooperation

in favour of poorer countries to promote decent jobs for young

people, the availability of affordable essential drugs and access to

new technologies, particularly information and communication

technologies.

In Burundi the ODA flow does not seem equal to the MDG ambitions.

In terms of FDI, Burundi is by far the worst performer among

east African states. While other countries have recorded constant

progress since 2000, Burundi continues to have annual flows under

2 million dollars per year, apart from the peaks in 2000 and 2008

when 11.7 and 3.8 were recorded respectively.

As regards debt, total outstanding government debt in Burundi

(from all sources) in 2010 rose 3.2% compared to 2009. Burundian

debt remains essentially an external debt, with multilateral debt

taking up the largest share.

Overall, the analyses conducted cast doubt over the capacity of the

global development partnership, as it currently stands, to facilitate

the achievement of MDGs in Burundi by 2015. The country’s low

capacity to mobilise the resources needed in such a short timeframe

makes achieving the MDGs a real challenge. This concern is all the

more justified given that western countries, western Europe in

particular, are dealing with financial difficulties that could affect the

momentum of ODA, FDI and migrant workers’ remittances as well as

the handling of external debt.

Sour

ce: A

id M

anag

emen

t Pla

tform

(AM

P)

Figure 8.1

General trend in aid volumes

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

476 476

384

466 455

560

478


United Nations system in BurundiBNUB CompoundChaussée d’UviraP.O. Box 1490, Bujumbura, BurundiWebsites : www.bi.one.un.orgwww.bi.undp.org

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development PlanningAvenue de l’Indépendance no.1P.O. Box 224, Bujumbura, Burundi


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BURUNDI - United Nations Development Programme...national consultations in Burundi. These are youth unemployment, the quality of social services, inequalities, vulnerability to shocks,