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8/9/2019 Bury, J. B._prehistoric Ionians_The English Historical Review, 15, 58_1900_288-291
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Prehistoric IoniansAuthor(s): J. B. BurySource: The English Historical Review, Vol. 15, No. 58 (Apr., 1900), pp. 288-291Published by: Oxford University Press
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8/9/2019 Bury, J. B._prehistoric Ionians_The English Historical Review, 15, 58_1900_288-291
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bury-j-bprehistoric-ioniansthe-english-historical-review-15-581900288-291 2/5
288
April
INo/es
and
Documents
PREHISTORIC
IONIANS.
IT
is not the
purpose
of
this
brief
paper
to revive
in
any
shape
that
untenable
hypothesis
of
Curtius
I
(which
had been
anticipated
by
Casaubon 2)
that the
colonisation of
Ionia
was the
work
of
a
people
which had
migrated
from
Ionia
itself to
the
western
shores of
the
Aegean. That
hypothesis,
notwithstanding
the
support
of
Holm's
adhesion,
has
been
definitely refuted,
if
it still
needed
refutation,
by two articles of
E.
Meyer
in
Philologqus.3
It
may
now be
considered as
established,
with almost
universal
consent,
that
the
colonists
who
sailed
from the shores
of
Attica
and
Argolis
to
found
the Greek
city-states
of
Ionia
were men
whose
ancestors
had
come,
not from
beyond
the
sea,
but
from the
northern
regions of
their own
peninsula. But
in
connexion
with
this
colonisation one
difficulty
occurs which has
never
been
satisfactorily met.
The
present
paper
offers a
possible
solution.
The problem
is
the source of
the Ionian name itself.
Whence
did
the Ionian
communities derive that common
name which
marked them off from the Aeolians of the north and the Dorians
of
the south
?
The
most
obvious
answer is that
among
the
settlers
were a
people called
the
Iav6nes,
and
that,
by
some
unrecorded
chance, this
name came
into uise
to
designate all the
Greeks
within
the
Ionic
area.
Like
others,
I
accepted
this
answer,
which
is far
more probable
than the
supposition that there
was,
at the time
of
the
migration,
a western
Ionia,
extending over
Attica,
Euboea, and
Argolis. Yet
the
answer is not
satisfactory. For if
the
Iavones
were a
Greek people
of
sufficient
importance to
impress
their name
on
the
communities
of
Ionia,
it
seems
incredible
that we should
find
no trace of
them
in the
home-country. We
might not
find an
Jonia as we
find
a
Doris, or as
we
find
an Aeolian
territory in
Aetolia,
but
surely
we should find
some
vestige of
their
existence,
some
tradition
pointing to some
place
as their
original home.
It
has
been
supposed,
indeed,
that such a
vestige
exists in
the
deme
'
Die Ionier
vor der ionischen
Wanderung,
1855;
Gdtt.
Gel. Anz.
1856, p. 1152
sqq.,
and
1859, p. 2021:
Hermes, xxv.
(1890),
141 sqq.
' On
Dion
Chrysotom, ii. 465,
ed.
Reiske; see
Curtius,
Griechische
Geschichte
P,
p. 634.
Phiiologuts,
xlviii. (1889),
268
sqq., xlix.
(1890)
479
sqq.
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8/9/2019 Bury, J. B._prehistoric Ionians_The English Historical Review, 15, 58_1900_288-291
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bury-j-bprehistoric-ioniansthe-english-historical-review-15-581900288-291 3/5
1900
PREHISTORIC IONIANS 289
Ionidae
in Attica;
but
this
carries no conviction.4 The Ionidae
may have been descended
from any immigrant Ion.
Chance,
indeed, plays such a large part in the nomenclature of political
geography
that we
might
well decide to
accept a prehistoric
Ionia
in the west,
notwithstanding
the
improbability of its leaving
no
traces
of its
existence,
not even in
tradition,
if
there were
no other
way out of the difficulty.
But there is another way.
The name
'IJFov,es
has been
compared,
for
its
termination, to
Xaoves
and
Aoves-,
and no one
can show that it could not be Greek.
But
no
obvious
or
persuasive
etymology
of
the word
has
ever
been
suggested. On the other hand it might equally well belong to
other
languages.
It
might
be a
Thraco-Illyrian name,
to be
compared with the Illyrian
HlaiovEs
and
the
Phrygian cIadoves
(MpoveS).
Or it might not be
Aryan at all.
It
might belong to
one
of that
group
of
Asian
languages (k1einasiatischeSprachen)
which
includes the
Lydian,
Carian,
and Lycian.6
It
would
be
a folk-name
of the
same
form as
AVKlaovcs,,
while
for
the initial letter it
might
be
compared
to
Iardanos, Iasos, Ialysos. This,
I
believe,
is the
true
solution.7
The
original Iavones, according
to
my hypothesis, were
a
people
of the Asian
(or
shall we call it
Minorasian
2) group,
brethren
of
the Carians
and the
Lydians,
the
Lycians
and
the
Lycaonians,
and
the rest
of
them.
They
lived north of the
Leleges,
between the Maeander and
Hermus, occupying part of the historical
Ionia.
When
the
Greek
settlers
came,
the Iavones suffered the
same fate as the
pre-Greek
inhabitants
of Greece
proper.
They
were
weaker,
or
they
clave less
obstinately
to their
ethnical
identity,
than their brethren,
the
Lycians,
the
Carians,
the
Lydians;
and
they coalesced completely with the Greek invaders. The original
non-Greek
Iavonia
thus became
a country
consisting
of
several
inde-
pendent Greek communities,
in
all of
which
there was an
Iavonian
element; and,
while each
community
had its
own
city-name,
the
name
lavones did not
fall
out of
use
along
with
the old
lavonian
language, but was applied
to all the inhabitants of these com-
munities, which, though of Greek
speech,
were
of
mixed
race.
The
circumstance that these cities were
founded
by Greeks who
were
4
The view of WilamoNNitz-Mollendorff,onnecting the Ionians with the south-
western
Peloponnesus, would
deserve
the greatest consideration
if
there were
clear
proofs of
Iavones west of the
Aegean; but,
it
may
be
observed,
there is
no
strong
evi-
dence of
such a
connexion,
apart from the Neleid
traditions;
and
the
manufacture
of
the
Neleid
traditions
can
be otherwise
explained
(Aristoteles
und
Athen,
ii.
142).
5
'A&ves,
Xao'ves,
according to
Herodian.
See Eur.
Phoen.
644;
Pausan. ix.
5, 1;
Thucyd.
ii. 68. I
am not,
indeed,
quite satisfied
that these
peoples and
their
names
are
Greek.
The
Chaones
may obviously
have
been
Illyrians;
and as
for
the
Aones,
there is other
evidence that
Illyrian
elements crept
into the
midst
of
Greece.
6
Kretschmer,
Einleitung in
die
Geschichte der
griechischen
Sprache.
7
The
possibility
that the
Iavones were of
Phrygian stock does
not
recomnmend
itself, on account of the absence of names of Phrygian character in Ionia; nor have
there
been
discovered
archmeological emains
pointing
to
Phrygia.
VOL.
XV.-NO. LVIII.
U
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8/9/2019 Bury, J. B._prehistoric Ionians_The English Historical Review, 15, 58_1900_288-291
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bury-j-bprehistoric-ioniansthe-english-historical-review-15-581900288-291 4/5
2'90
PREHISTORIC
IONVIANS
April
closely
akin,
and had much to mark them off from other
portions
of the
Greekrace, in addition to the admixture of Iavonian
blood,
rendered a common distinctive appellation convenient and
necessary.
It was
quite
natural that the
application
of the name
should
presently
be extended to take in
adjacent
communities
which
were
outside
the
boundaries
f
prehistoric
Iavonia,
whether n
the
north or in the
south,
but which had been settled
by
Greeks
of
similar
speech
and similar cults.
This
view
cannot,
of
course,
be
demonstrated.
But,
while
it
explains the
fact that no trace of the
Ionian name is found
west of
the Aegean,it wins considerableprobability rom the explanations
which
it furnishes
of
two historical
problems.
1. It
is
easier
to
understand the
rapid
development
of
the
Ionians
in
early times,
and
their
differentiation
in
many points
from
their Greek
brethren, if,
in
addition
to
difference
of circum-
stances
which
does
not seem
fully
to
account for the
facts,
there was
also an
ethnical
difference in
consequence
of
fusion with the
Iavones.
The
Iavonian
admixture
may
have
supplied the
force
necessaryfor
the
Ionian
development.
2. A passage in Egyptian history receives elucidation. The
names
of the allies
of
the
Hittites
who
attacked
Egypt under
Ramses
II
in the
thirteenth
century
B.C.
were
as
follows :
(1)
Ruka, (2)
Dardeny, 3)
Masa, (4) Yevanna
or Yevan,
(5)
Pidasa,
(6)
Karakisha.8 No
significance
can
be
attached
to
identifications
which
rest on
verbal similarities
alone;
it is
perfectly useless
to
wander
from
Syria
to
Sardinia
in
search of
like-sounding
names.
Such
similarities
acquire
significance
only
wvhen
hey
have
geo-
graphicalprobability o support hem. It canhardly be questioned
that W.
MIax
AMiller
s
right
in
layinig
down
the
principle that
these
allies of
the
Hittites must be
sought
in
Asia Minor.
The
Ruka,
who appear
in
other
lists too, are,
it is generally
agreed,
the
Lycians.
It
has been
pointed out
that
Pidasa
corresponds
closely
to
71T8aa-a
nd
Karlakisba
to
KopaKc'utov.9 Dardeny
and
Masa
suggested
obviously
Dardanians and
MIysians;and there is
no
8
W.
Max
Miiller,
Asiem
uncd
Eutr-opa,
p.
354
sqq.
It has struck me that in the case also of the invaciers of Egypt in the reigns
of
Mernptah
and
Ramses
III
the
names
of some of
the
tribes
mentioned
may
survive
in
the
names of
places.
Thus the
Turusha
of the
Mernptah
invasion
might
be
referred to
Tarsus;
but
the
association
of
the
Danona
(who
appear
under
Ramses
III)
with
'
islands'
is
against
the
suggestion
of
Adana. The
Puirasati,
or
Pursati,
'
from
the
middle of
the
sea,'
might
represent men
of
Praesus,
in
Eastern
Crete.
It
has
sometimes occurred to me
to
suspect that the
name
'ETEO'Kp?TreS
Od. xix.
176)
was
not
an
entirely
original
invention
of
a
primitive
ethnographer,
but
arose,
by
a
process of
TVolksetymologie,
rom the
actual name
of
an old
Cretan
community.
Such
a
name
might
have been the
Takkara,
who
are associated in
Egyptian
documents
with
the
Pursatl.
It
is
conceivable
that
Greeks
might
have made
the
speaking
name
'ETrO'Kp7rEs
out of a Cretan name which Egyptians might have represented as
Takkara.
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8/9/2019 Bury, J. B._prehistoric Ionians_The English Historical Review, 15, 58_1900_288-291
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bury-j-bprehistoric-ioniansthe-english-historical-review-15-581900288-291 5/5
1900
PREHISTORIC IONIANS
291
reason for supposing that the
migration of
a
branch
of
the Mysians
from Europe into Asia was
later
than the
thirteenth century
B.C.
Champollion identified Yevan with the Iavones (Hebrew tl'). All
these
identifications, none
of
which can be
called forced,
mutually support one another. The likelihood
of one depends
upon the
cumulative likelihood
of all. But hitherto there has been
a
serious difficulty
in
the case
of
the Ionians.
According to the
traditional
view, which represents the
Ionian
migration as subse-
quent to
the Dorian invasion,
there
were
no Iavones in Asia Minor
in
the
thirteenth century, unless, indeed, that
view were supple-
mented by the untenable theory of pre-Ionian Ionian Greeks
in
Asia, as held by Curtius. Nor
does the
difficulty disappear for
those
who
hold-as
I
hold
myself-that the Ionian
migration began
before the
Dorian invasion. The
Achaean or
Aeolian settlements
were older
than the
Ionian,
and
there
is
no
likelihood
that
the
Aeolian
migration began
at
an earlier
period than the thirteenth
or the Ionians
at an earlier than the
twelfth
century. The hypo-
thesis which
has been
put
forward in this
paper
easily solves the
difficulty.
The Yevan
chief
and his
followers
who
went to Syria as
mercenary soldiers of the Hittites were not Ionian Greeks, but non-
Greek
Iav6nes,
of the same race as the
Lycians
and
Coracesians.
J.
B.
BURY.
ON SOME
POEMS ASCRIBED
TO
ALDHELM.
DtMMLER'S edition of the letters
of Boniface and
Lull in
the 'Monu-
menta
Germaniae Historica
'
(epistt.
tom.
iii.)
includes a
number of
pieces which clearly belong to an earlier period and to England.
The
reason
for
their
being
given
in
this
inappropriate
place
is
that;
they
are
taken from the Vienna
MS.
of
the
Moguntine
letters, and
have been
printed
along
with
these
by
former
editors.
Among
these
pieces is a series of five
poems
(if
they
may
be
called
by that
name),
written
in
rhyming
and
alliterative,
but
unrhythmical,
octosyllabic
lines.'
All
the
poems,
except
the
fourth,
which
is
written
continuously
with the
third,
have in the
manuscript
the
heading
incipit
carmen
al; and at the end of the first of them is the sentence finit carmen
Aldhelmi.
This first
poem,
thus
doubly
attributed
to
Aldhelm,
begins
with the
following enigmatic
couplet:
Lector
casses
catholicae
atque
obses
anthletice.
In
Jafe's
edition
2 the
text has
undergone
very
heroic
treatment,
lector
being
'
corrected'
into
rector,
casses
into
casae.
obses into
I
Or
hemistichs,
according
to the
view
of modern
scholars;
but
eEthilwald,
the
author
of at
least
one
of
the
poems
(and,
in
my
opinion,
of
all of
them), says
that it
is in versutsof eight syllables each.
2
Monum.
Mogunt.
p.
38.
u 2
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