BUS210

Accounting for Financing Decisions:

Long-Term Liabilities

Liabilities

• Current or Short-term Liabilities

• Long-term Debt (borrowed funds)

• Lease Liabilities

• Deferred Taxes

• Contingencies and Commitments

Accounting for liabilities is a subject that can be very technical. There is a tendency for some institutions to create exotic instruments for marketing of funds in recent years. Despite this, there are some basic principles that govern the accounting for liabilities….

Basis for Valuing Liabilities

• Because money has time value, the amount of money needed today to pay a future debt is less than the future obligation.

• Historically, the best basis for valuing a liability was its economic present value (the present value of the future cash flows, i.e., the amount of money that would have to be set aside today to accumulate to the future cash flows required to pay the interest and the principal of the debt).

• Most current liabilities are reported on the BS at their face (or nominal value)—the amount that will be paid.

• Most Long-term liabilities are reported on the BS at their present value (the time-discounted value of the future cash flows).

Basic Definitions and Different Contractual Forms Some contracts, called interest-bearing obligations, require

periodic (annual or semiannual) cash payments (called

interest) that are determined as a percentage of the face,

principal, or maturity value, which must be paid at the end of

the contract period.

Non-interest-bearing obligations, on the other hand, require

no periodic payments, but only a single cash payment at the

end of the contract period.

These contractual forms may contain additional terms that

specify assets pledged as security or collateral in case the

required cash payments are not met (default), as well as

additional provisions (restrictive covenants).

Short-term Liabilities • Report at Face value: Accounts payable, Accrued

expenses, Unearned revenue, Taxes payable, Warranties payable

• Non-interest bearing ST Notes Payable generally are reported at maturity value less any unamortized interest discount. i.e., BS shows either: Note payable $950 or Note payable $1,000 less Unamortized discount $50.

• Interest-bearing ST Notes Payable generally are reported at the maturity (face) value plus any accrued interest. i.e., Note Payable $1,000 and Interest payable $50 on BS.

• Short-term debt which company has no intentions of liquidating, but plans to continually refinance, should be classified as long-term. Also, the current portion (the amount that will be paid within one year) of any long-term debt should be classified on the BS as a current liability.

Long-term Debts

• Since interest accounts for the difference between the amount received and the amount paid back, the interest rate is the basis for computing interest.

• On all long-term debt contracts there are two interest rates: The stated rate and the effective rate, they may not be the same…

• The stated rate is the interest rate on interest-bearing debt that is used to calculate the amount of cash interest payments that will be made to the lender.

• The effective rate is the compounded interest rate that mathematically accounts for the total difference between the amount borrowed and the amount repaid.

Bond Terminology

Key Questions: -Present Value? Issue value or Proceeds

-Future Value? Maturity value or Face value -n= number of periods? -r=effective or market interest rate? -Bond or Note stated rate or face rate? -Single payment or Ordinary annuity (multiple payments)? -Interest bearing or Noninterest bearing? What is the interest payment? How often?

Draw a Timeline and fill in: -Issue date -When pay interest and amortize discount or premium -Maturity date

BE11-2 Bond Terms In October 1997 HP issued zero-coupon bonds with a face of 1.8 billion, due in 2017, for proceeds of $968 million.

a. What is the life of these bonds?

b. What is the stated rate on these bonds?

c. Estimate the effective interest rate of these bonds. (hint: $PV/$FV = approximate Table value)

d. How many bonds did HP issue?

e. What entry did HP make when the bonds were issued?

E11-8 Present Value of a Non-interest-bearing Note

Purchased a building 1.1.2015 in exchange for a 3 year non-interest-bearing note with a face of $693,000. Building appraisal is $550,125.

a. What amount should this building be capitalized?

E11-8 Present Value of a Non-interest-bearing Note Purchased a building 1.1.2015 in exchange for a 3 year non-interest-bearing note with a face of $693,000. Building appraisal is $550,125.

b. Compute the present value of the note’s future cash flows, using the following discount rates:

1. 6 percent

2. 8 percent

3. 10 percent

c. What is the effective rate of this note?

d. Explain how one could more quickly compute the effective interest rate on the note.

E11-5 Discounted Non-interest-bearing Notes

Purchase equipment with a FMV of $11,348 in exchange for a 5 year non-interest-bearing note with a face of $20,000.

a. Compute the effective interest rate on the note payable.

b. Prepare entry to record the purchase.

E11-5 Discounted Non-interest-bearing Notes Purchase equipment with a FMV of $11,348 in exchange for a 5 year non-interest-bearing note with a face of $20,000. c. How much interest expense should be recognized in the first year? d. What is the BS value of the note at the end of the first year? e. Will the interest expense recognized in the second year be greater, equal, or less than the interest expense recognized in the first year? Why? f. Will the interest expense recognized in the third year be greater, equal, or less than the interest expense recognized in the second year? Why?

E11-7 Effective Interest Rate

On 1.1.15 a company borrowed $2,413 from the bank. The $2,500 note had a maturity date of 12.31.16 and specified an interest rate of 8 percent. (interest $200)

a. Compute the PV of the note at the following discount rates: a. 8%

b. 10%

c. 12%

b. What is the effective rate of the note?

c. Determine the effective rate if originally borrowed $2,500.

E11-9 Effective Interest Rate

What is the effective interest rate on the note payable?

Prepare the journal entry to record 2016 interest expense.

2016 2015

Balance Sheet

Note Payable $200,000 $200,000

Less: Discount on NP 12,000 14,400

Income Statement

Interest Expense 16,400 16,200

E11-4 Non-interest-bearing Note Payable Proceeds

Compute the proceeds from the following notes payable. Interest payments are made annually.

PV Principal

PV Interest Payments

= Proceeds Stated Rate Effective Rate

Face Value Life

0% 8% $1,000 4 years

0% 6% $5,000 6 years

Recap: Non-Interest Bearing Notes and Bonds

>Issue date >Amortize discount

>Maturity date

Accounting for Non-Interest Bearing Notes Payable Recap

Sample Non-interest bearing Long-term Notes Payable

• Problem 1: On January 2, 2008, Pearson Company purchases a section of land for its new plant site. Pearson issues a 5 year non-interest bearing note, and promises to pay $50,000 at the end of the 5 year period. What is the cash equivalent price of the land, if a 6 percent discount rate is assumed?

PV1 = 50,000 x ( 0.74726) = $37,363 [ i=6%, n=5]

Journal entry Jan. 2, 2008:

Dr. Land 37,363

Dr. Discount on N/P 12,637

Cr. Notes Payable 50,000

Sample Problem 1 Solution, continued

The Effective Interest Method:

Interest Expense =

Carrying value x Effective interest rate x Time period

(CV) (Per year) (Portion of year)

Where carrying value = face - discount.

For Example 1, CV= 50,000 - 12,637 = 37,363

Interest expense = 37,363 x 6% per year x 1year

= $2,242

Sample Problem 1 Solution, continued

Journal entry, December 31, 2008: Carrying value on B/S at 12/31/2008: (Discount = $12,637 - 2,242 = $10,395)

Interest expense 2,242 Discount on N/P 2,242

Notes Payable $50,000 Discount on N/P (10,395) $39,605

Sample Problem 1 Solution, continued

$50,000

Interest expense at Dec. 31, 2009: 39,605 x 6% x 1 = $2,376 Journal entry, December 31, 2009: Carrying value on B/S at 12/31/2009: (Discount = 10,395 - 2,376) Carrying value on 12/31/2012 (before retirement)?

Interest expense 2,376 Discount on N/P 2,376

Notes Payable $50,000 Discount on N/P (8,019) $41,981

Time Value of Money and Interest bearing Long-Term Liabilities: Notes, Bonds, and Leases

• Long-term liabilities are recorded at the present value of the future cash flows.

• Two components determine the “time value” of money: – interest (discount) rate

– number of periods of discounting

• Types of activities that require PV calculations: – notes payable

– bonds payable and bond investments

– capital leases

Interest bearing: Bond Prices

E 11-3 Bond Terms

The stated and effective interest rates for several notes and bonds follow:

Is Note or Bond issued a Par, Premium, or Discount?

Bond Stated Interest Rate Effective or Market Interest Rate

1. 10% 10%

2. 7% 8%

3. 9% 8%

4. 11.5% 9%

E11-4 Interest-bearing and Non-interest-bearing Note Payable Proceeds

Compute the proceeds from the following notes payable. Interest payments are made annually.

PV Principal

PV Interest Payments

= Proceeds Stated Rate Effective Rate

Face Value Life

4% 12% $8,000 6 years

8% 8% $3,000 7 years

10% 6% $10,000 10 years

Bonds Payable Issued at a Discount

• If bonds are issued at a discount, the carrying value will be below face value at the date of issue.

• The Discount on B/P account has a normal debit balance and is a contra to B/P (similar to the Discount on N/P).

• The Discount account is amortized with a credit. Note that the difference between Cash Paid and Interest Expense is still the amount of amortization.

• Interest expense for bonds issued at a discount will be greater than cash paid.

• The amortization table will show the bonds amortized up to face value.

E11-13 Bonds issued at a Discount Issued 500 five-year bonds on 7.1.15. Interest payments are due semiannually at 1.1 and 7.1 at an interest rate of 6%. The effective rate is 8%. The face value of each bond is $1,000.

a. 7.1.15 entry when bonds are issued?

b. 12.31.15 entry at yearend?

E11-13 Bonds issued at a Discount Issued 500 five-year bonds on 7.1.15. Interest payments are due semiannually at 1.1 and 7.1 at an interest rate of 6%. The effective rate is 8%. The face value of each bond is $1,000.

c. 12.31.15 Balance sheet value?

d. PV of bonds remaining cash flows as of 12.31.15?

Your Turn

E11-14 Bonds issued at a Premium

Issued 100 ten-year bonds on 7.1.15. Interest payments are due semiannually (1.1 and 7.1) at an annual rate of 8%. The effective rate is 6%. The face of each bond is $1,000.

a. 7.1.15 entry to issue bonds?

b. 12.31.15 entry?

E11-14 Bonds issued at a Premium Issued 100 ten-year bonds on 7.1.15. Interest payments are due semiannually (1.1 and 7.1) at an annual rate of 8%. The effective rate is 6%. The face of each bond is $1,000.

c. 12.31.15 balance sheet value?

d. PV of remaining cash flows as of 12.31.15?

Your Turn

E11-11 Bonds

Interest payments are made semi-annually on these bonds:

a. Compute the proceeds of each bond.

b. Will the BS value increase, decrease, or remain constant over life of bond?

c. Will the interest expense increase, decrease, or remain constant over life of bond?

Bond Issuance

Face Value Stated Interest Rate

Effective Interest Rate

Life

A $110,000 6% 6% 10 years

B $400,000 8% 6% 10 years

C $600,000 6% 8% 5 years

E11-11 Bonds

Interest payments are made semi-annually on these bonds:

a. Compute the proceeds of each bond.

b. Will the BS value increase, decrease, or remain constant over life of bond?

c. Will the interest expense increase, decrease, or remain constant over life of bond?

Bond Issuance

Face Value Stated Interest Rate

Effective Interest Rate

Life

A $110,000 6% 6% 10 years

B $400,000 8% 6% 10 years

C $600,000 6% 8% 5 years

E11-11 Bonds

Interest payments are made semi-annually on these bonds:

a. Compute the proceeds of each bond.

b. Will the BS value increase, decrease, or remain constant over life of bond?

c. Will the interest expense increase, decrease, or remain constant over life of bond?

Bond Issuance

Face Value Stated Interest Rate

Effective Interest Rate

Life

A $110,000 6% 6% 10 years

B $400,000 8% 6% 10 years

C $600,000 6% 8% 5 years

Sample Problem 2: Bonds Payable issued at Premium, semiannual interest payments

• On July 1, 2007, Mustang Corporation issues $100,000 of its 5-year bonds which have an annual stated rate of 7%, and pay interest semiannually each June 30 and December 31, starting December 31, 2007. The bonds were issued to yield 6% annually.

• Calculate the issue price of the bond: (1) What are the cash flows and factors? Face value at maturity = $100,000 Stated Interest = Face value x stated rate x time period 100,000 x 7% x (1/2) = $3,500 Number of periods = n = 5 years x 2 = 10

Discount rate = 6% / 2 = 3% per period

Sample Problem 2 - calculations PV of interest annuity:

PVOA Table

PVOA = 3,500 (8.53020) = $29,856 i = 3%, n = 10 PV of face value:

PV1 Table PV = 100,000 (0.74409)=$74,409 i=3%, n=10

Total issue price = $104,265 Issued at a premium of $4,265 because the company

was offering an interest rate greater than the market rate, and investors were willing to pay more for the higher interest rate.

Sample Problem 2 - Amortization Schedule To recognize interest expense using the effective interest

method, an amortization schedule must be constructed. (This expands the text discussion.)

To calculate the columns (see next slide): Cash interest paid = Face x Stated Rate x Time = 100,000 x 7% x 1/2 year = $3,500 (this is the same amount every period) Int. Expense = CV x Market Rate x Time at 12/31/07 = 104,265 x 6% x 1/2 year = 3,128 at 6/30/08 = 103,893 x 6% x 1/2 year = 3,117 The difference between cash paid and interest expense is the

periodic amortization of premium. Note that the carrying value is amortized down to face value

by maturity.

Sample Problem 2 - Amortization Schedule

Cash Interest Carrying Date Paid Expense Premium Value 7/01/07 104,265 12/31/07 3,500 3,128 372 103,893 6/30/08 3,500 3,117 383 103,510 12/31/08 3,500 3,105 395 103,115 6/30/09 3,500 3,093 407 102,708 12/31/09 3,500 3,081 419 102,289 6/30/10 3,500 3,069 431 101,858 12/31/10 3,500 3,056 444 101,414 6/30/11 3,500 3,042 458 100,956 12/31/11 3,500 3,029 471 100,485 6/30/12 3,500 3,015 485 100,000

Sample Problem 2 - Journal Entries JE at 7/1/07 to issue the bonds: JE at 12/31/07 to pay interest: Note that the numbers for each interest payment come from the lines on the amortization schedule.

Cash 104,265 Premium on B/P 4,265 Bonds Payable 100,000

Interest Expense 3,128 Premium on B/P 372 Cash 3,500

Sample Bonds Issued at Face Value

Sample Bonds Issued at a Discount

Sample Bond Amortization Table

Recap: Interest Bearing Notes and Bonds

>Issue date >Pay interest and amortize discount or premium

>Maturity date

Investor’s Bond Yield= annual cash received/note price

“The yield on a 10 year note, which was hovering at about 2.2% before the release of the non-farm report [on Friday] plummeted to about 2.07% in a matter of minutes. Yields, which move in the opposite direction to prices, continued to move lower, ending the day at 2.056%, compared with 2.173% late Thursday.”

Page B2, The Wall Street Journal, 4.7-8.2012

Bond Redemptions When bonds are redeemed at the maturity date,

the issuing company simply pays cash to the

bondholders in the amount of the face value

and removes the bond payable from the

balance sheet. To illustrate the redemption of a bond issuance

prior to maturity at a loss, assume that bonds

with a $100,000 face value and a $5,000

unamortized discount are redeemed for

$102,000. The $7,000 loss on redemption

would decrease net income

P11-10 Callable Bond Redemptions 12.31.14 account balances are:

Bond payable $500,000

Premium on bond payable $ 12,600

The bonds have an annual stated rate of 8% and an effective rate of 6%. Interest is paid 6.30 and 12.31.

a. Compute the gain or loss if the bonds are called for 104 on 1.1.2015?

P11-10 Callable Bond Redemptions

12.31.14 account balances are: Bond payable $500,000 Premium on bond payable $ 12,600 The bonds have an annual stated rate of 8% and an effective rate of 6%. Interest is paid 6.30 and 12.31. b. Compute the gain or loss if the bonds are called for 108 on 1.1.2015?

c. Compute the gain or loss if the bonds are called for 110 on 7.1.2015?

Bond Conversions The Jolly Corporation has $400,000 of 6 percent bonds outstanding. There is $20,000 of unamortized discount remaining on these bonds after the July 1, 2015, semiannual interest payment. The bonds are convertible at the rate of 20 shares of $5 par value common stock for each $1,000 bond. On July 1, 2015, bondholders presented $300,000 of the bonds for conversion. 1. Is there a gain or loss on conversion, and if so, how much is it?

2. How many shares of common stock are issued in exchange for the bonds? 3. In dollar amounts, how does this transaction affect the total liabilities and the total stockholders' equity of the company? In your answer, show the effects on four accounts.

International Perspective • The accounting disclosure requirements in non-U.S. countries

and IFRS are not as comprehensive as those in the United States, partially because the information needs of the major capital providers (i.e., banks) are satisfied in a relatively straightforward way—through personal contact and direct

visits.

• A second way in which the heavy reliance on debt affects non-U.S. accounting systems is that the required disclosures and regulations tend to be designed either to protect the creditor or to help in the assessment of solvency.

Economic Consequences of Reporting Long-Term Liabilities

• Improved credit ratings can lead to

lower borrowing costs

• Management has strong incentive to

manage the balance sheet by using

“off-balance-sheet financing” i.e.,

operating leases

Leases: operating or capital

• FASB issued SFAS No. 13, which requires certain leases to be recorded as capital leases. – Capital leases record the leased asset as a capital asset, and

reflect the present value of the related payment contract as a liability.

• Requirements of SFAS No. 13 - record as capital lease for the lessee if any one of the following is present in the lease:

– Title transfers at the end of the lease period,

– The lease contains a bargain purchase option,

– The lease life is at least 75% of the useful life of the asset, or

– The lessee pays for at least 90% of the fair market value of the lease.

Capital Lease

P11-14 Capital and Operating Leases Company leased equipment on 1.1.14 for an annual lease payment of $30,000. Assume the lease term is 5 years and the life of the equipment is also 5 years. If the lease is treated as a capital lease, the FMV of the equipment is $119,781. The straight line depreciation method is used to depreciate fixed assets. The effective interest rate on the lease is 8%.

a. Compute rent expense for 2014-2018 if lease is treated as an operating lease.

b. Compute the amounts that would complete the table:

c. Compare total expense over 5 years for the two methods and comment.

Date BS Value Leasehold Obligation

Interest Expense

Depreciation Expense

Total Expense

1.1.2014

12.31.2014

12.31.2015

12.31.2016

12.31.2017

12.31.2018