BUS322 TMA TMB TMD 2014 TUT07 CH10

Pbm10.1

Problem 10.1 P & G India

Proctor and Gambles affiliate in India, P & G India, procures much of its toiletries product line from a Japanese company. Because of the shortage of working capital in India, payment terms by Indian importers are typically 180 days or longer. P & G India wishes to hedge a 8.5 million Japanese yen payable. Although options are not available on the Indian rupee (Rs), forward rates are available against the yen. Additionally, a common practice in India is for companies like P & G India to work with a currency agent who will, in this case, lock in the current spot exchange rate in exchange for a 4.85% fee. Using the following exchange rate and interest rate data, recommend a hedging strategy.

AssumptionsValues180-day account payable, Japanese yen ()8,500,000Spot rate (/$)120.60Spot rate, rupees/dollar (Rs/$)47.75 Implied (calculated) spot rate (/Rs)2.5257(120.60 / 47.75)180-day forward rate (/Rs)2.4000Expected spot rate in 180 days (/Rs)2.6000180-day Indian rupee investing rate8.000%180-day Japanese yen investing rate1.500%Currency agent's exchange rate fee4.850%P & G India's cost of capital12.00%Spot RiskHedging AlternativesValuesRate (Rp/$)Assessment

1. Remain Uncovered, settling A/P in 180 days at spot rate

If spot rate in 180 days is same as current spot3,365,464.34492.5257Risky

If spot rate in 180 days is same as forward rate3,541,666.66672.4000Risky

If spot rate in 180 days is expected spot rate3,269,230.76922.6000Risky

2. Buy Japanese yen forward 180 days

Settlement amount at forward rate (Rs)3,541,666.672.4000Certain

3. Money Market HedgePrincipal A/P ()8,500,000.00discount factor for yen investing rate for 180 days0.9926Principal needed to meet A/P in 180 days ()8,436,724.5658

Current spot rate (/Rs)2.5257Indian rupee, current amount (Rs)3,340,411.2605P&G India's WACC carry-forward factor for 180 days1.0600Future value of money market hedge (Rs)3,540,835.94Certain

4. Indian Currency Agent HedgePrincipal A/P ()8,500,000.00Current spot rate (/Rs)2.5257Current A/P (Rs)3,365,464.34

Plus agent's fee (4.850%)163,225.02P & G India's WACC carry-forwad factor for 180 days on fee1.0600Total future value of agent's fee (Rs)173,018.52

Total A/P, future value, A/P + fee (Rs)3,538,482.87Certain

Evaluation of Alternatives

The currency agent is the lowest total cost, in CERTAIN future rupee value, of all certain alternatives.

Pbm10.2

Problem 10.2 Siam Cement

Siam Cement, the Bangkok-based cement manufacturer, suffered enormous losses with the coming of the Asian crisis in 1997. The company had been pursuing a very aggressive growth strategy in the mid-1990s, taking on massive quantities of foreign currency denominated debt (primarily U.S. dollars). When the Thai baht (B)was devalued from its pegged rate of B25.0/$ in July 1997, Siams interest payments alone were over $900 million on its outstanding dollar debt (with an average interest rate of 8.40% on its U.S. dollar debt at that time). Assuming Siam Cement took out $50 million in debt in June 1997 at 8.40% interest, and had to repay it in one year when the spot exchange rate had stabilized at B42.0/$, what was the foreign exchange loss incurred on the transaction?

AssumptionsValueUS dollar debt taken out in June 1997$50,000,000US dollar borrowing rate on debt8.400%Initial spot exchange rate, baht/dollar, June 199725.00Average spot exchange rate, baht/dollar, June 199842.00

Calculation of Foreign Exhange Loss on Repayment of Loan

At the time the loan was acquired, the scheduled repayment of dollar and baht amounts would have been as follows:

Scheduled Repayment:Repayment of US dollar debt: Principal$50,000,000Repayment of US dollar debt: Interest4,200,000 Total repayment$54,200,000

Exchange rate at time of repayment, baht/dollar25.00 Total repayment in Thai baht1,355,000,000 Total proceeds from loan, up-front, in Thai baht1,250,000,000 Net interest to be paid, in Thai baht105,000,000

Actual Repayment:Repayment of US dollar debt: Principal$50,000,000Repayment of US dollar debt: Interest4,200,000 Total repayment$54,200,000

Exchange rate at time of repayment, baht/dollar42.00 Total repayment in Thai baht2,276,400,000 Less what Siam had EXPECTED or SCHEDULED to be repaid(1,355,000,000)Amount of foreign exchange loss on debt921,400,000

Pbm10.3

Problem 10.3 BioTron Medical, Inc.

Brent Bush, CFO of a medical device manufacturer, BioTron Medical, Inc., was approached by a Japanese customer, Numata, with a proposal to pay cash (in yen) for its typical orders of 12,500,000 every other month if it were given a 4.5% discount. Numata's current terms are 30 days with no discounts. Using the following quotes and estimated cost of capital for Numata, Bush will compare the proposal with covering yen payments with forward contracts.

Spot rate, /$111.40/$30-day forward rate, /$111.00/$90-day forward rate, /$110.40/$180-day forward rate, /$109.20/$Numata's WACC8.850%BioTron Medical's WACC9.200%

How much in U.S. dollars will BioTron Medical receive 1) with the discount and 2) with no discount but fully covered with a forward contract?

AssumptionsValuesBioTron's 30-day account receivable, Japanese yen12,500,000Spot rate, /$111.4030-day forward rate, /$111.0090-day forward rate, /$110.40180-day forward rate, /$109.20Numata's WACC8.850%BioTron Medical's WACC9.200%Desired discount on purchase price by Numata4.500%

Brent Bush should compare two basic alternatives, both of which eliminate the currency risk.

1. Allow the discount and receive payment in Japanese yen in cash

Account recievable (yen)12,500,000 Discount for cash payment up-front (4.500%)(562,500) Amount paid in cash net of discount11,937,500

Current spot rate111.40 Amount received in U.S. dollars by Seattle Scientific$107,158.89

2. Not offer any discounts for early payment and cover exposure with forwards

Account receivable (yen)12,500,000 30-day forward rate111.00 Amount received in cash in dollars, in 30 days$112,612.61

Discount factor for 30 days @ Seattle's WACC0.9924 Present value of dollar cash received$111,755.82

Brent Bush should politely decline Numata's offer to pay cash in exchange for the requested discount.

Pbm10.4

Problem 10.4 Embraer of Brazil

Embraer of Brazil is one of the two leading global manufacturers of regional jets (Bombardier of Canada is the other). Regional jets are smaller than the traditional civilian airliners produced by Airbus and Boeing, seating between 50 and 100 people on average. Embraer has concluded an agreement with a regional U.S. airline to produce and deliver four aircraft one year from now for $80 million. Although Embraer will be paid in U.S. dollars, it also possesses a currency exposure of inputs it must pay foreign suppliers $20 million for inputs one year from now (but they will be delivering the sub-components throughout the year). The current spot rate on the Brazilian real (R$) is R$1.8240/$, but it has been steadily appreciating against the U.S. dollar over the past three years. Forward contracts are difficult to acquire and considered expensive. Citibank Brasil has not explicitly provided Embraer a forward rate quote, but has stated that it will probably be pricing a forward off the current 4.00% U.S. dollar eurocurrency rate and the 10.50% Brazilian government deposit note.

AssumptionsValuesReceivable due in one year, US dollars$80,000,000Payable due in one year, US dollars$20,000,000Spot rate, reais per dollar (R$/$)1.8240One-year US dollar eurocurrency interest rate4.00%One-year Brazilian govt deposit note10.50% Implied one year forward rate = spot x ( 1 + iR$ ) / ( 1 + i$ )1.9380

RiskAnalysisValuesAssessment

Net exposure at time of cash settlements:

One year A/R due$80,000,000One year A/P due($20,000,000)Net exposure$60,000,000Certain

This is a net long position, meaning, Embraer will be receiving US dollars on net. Given the history of the Brazilian reais, that it has traditionally suffered from rapid depreciation and occasional devaluation, a net long position in dollars by most Brazilian companies is considered a very good thing.

Cash settlement of the net position:

Brazilian reais in one year at current spot rateR$ 109,440,000.00Risky

Brazilian reais in one year at one year forward rateR$ 116,280,000.00Certain

In this case, however, because the reais is selling forward at a considerable discount, the net long position -- if sold forward -- yields considerably more reais than the current spot rate. It should also be noted, however, that if the reais were to fall considerably over the coming year, by remaining unhedged Embraer would enjoy greater reais returns.

Pbm10.5

Problem 10.5 Vizor Pharmaceuticals

Vizor Pharmaceuticals, a U.S.-based multinational pharmaceutical company, is evaluating an export sale of its cholesterol-reduction drug with a prospective Indonesian distributor. The purchase would be for 1,650 million Indonesian rupiah (Rp), which at the current spot exchange rate of Rp9,450/$, translates into nearly $175,000. Although not a big sale by company standards, company policy dictates that sales must be settled for at least a minimum gross margin, in this case, a cash settlement of $168,000. The current 90-day forward rate is Rp9,950/$. Although this rate appeared unattractive, Vizor had to contact several major banks before even finding a forward quote on the rupiah. The consensus of currency forecasters at the moment, however, is that the rupiah will hold relatively steady, possibly falling to Rp9,400/$ over the coming 90 to 120 days. Analyze the prospective sale and make a hedging recommendation.

AssumptionsValuesAt SpotReceivable due in 3 months, in Indonesian rupiah (Rp)Rp1,650,000,000$174,603.17Spot rate (Rp/$)9,450Expected spot rate in 90 days (Rp/$)9,4003-month forward rate (Rp/$)9,950Minimum dollar amount acceptable at settlement$168,000.00

RiskAlternativesValuesAssessment

1. Remain Uncovered.

Settle A/R in 90 days at current spot rate.

If spot rate in 90 days is same as current$174,603.17Risky(Rp 1,650,000,000 / Rp 9,450/$)

If spot rate in 90 days is Rp9,400/$$175,531.91Risky(Rp 1,650,000,000 / Rp 9,400/$)

If spot rate in 90 days is Rp9,800/$$165,829.15Risky(Rp 1,650,000,000 / Rp 9,950/$)

2. Sell Indonesian rupiah forward.

A/R sold forward 90 days$165,829.15Certain

"Cost of cover" is the forward discount on Rp-20.1%

Analysis

The Indonesian rupiah has been highly volatile in recent years. This means that during the 90-day period,any variety of economic or political or social events could lead to an upward bounce in the exchange rate,reducing the dollar proceeds at settlement to an unacceptable level.

Unfortunately, the forward contract does not result in dollar proceeds which meet the minimum margin.The cost of forward cover, 20.1%, is indicative of the "artificial interest rates" used by some financialinstitutions while pricing derivatives in emerging, illiquid, and volatile markets.

In the end, Vizor will have to decide whether making the sale into this specific market is worth breaking acompany policy on minimum proceeds (forward cover) or taking significant currency risk by not usinga forward cover.

Pbm10.6

Problem 10.6 Mattel Toys

Mattel is a U.S.-based company whose sales are roughly two-thirds in dollars (Asia and the Americas) and one-third in euros (Europe). In September Mattel delivers a large shipment of toys (primarily Barbies and Hot Wheels) to a major distributor in Antwerp. The receivable, 30 million, is due in 90 days, standard terms for the toy industry in Europe. Mattels treasury team has collected the following currency and market quotes. The companys foreign exchange advisors believe the euro will be at about $1.4200/ in 90 days. Mattels management does not use currency options in currency risk management activities. Advise Mattel on which hedging alternative is probably preferable.

Current spot rate ($/)$1.4158Credit Suisse 90-day forward rate ($/)$1.4172Barclays 90-day forward rate ($/)$1.4195Mattel Toys WACC ($)9.600%90-day eurodollar interest rate4.000%90-day euro interest rate3.885%90-day eurodollar borrowing rate5.000%90-day euro borrowing rate5.000%

AssumptionsValues90-day A/R () 30,000,000.00Current spot rate ($/)$1.4158Credit Suisse 90-day forward rate ($/)$1.4172Barclays 90-day forward rate ($/)$1.4195Expected spot rate in 90 days ($/)$1.420090-day eurodollar interest rate4.000%90-day euro interest rate3.885% Implied 90-day forward rate (calculated, $/)$1.416290-day eurodollar borrowing rate5.000%90-day euro borrowing rate5.000%Mattel Toys weighted average cost of capital ($)9.600%

RiskHedging AlternativesValuesAssessment

1. Remain Uncovered, settling A/R in 90 days at market rate(20 million euros / future spot rate)

If spot rate in 90 days is same as current$42,474,000.00Risky

If spot rate in 90 days is same as Credit Suisse forward rate$42,516,000.00Risky

If spot rate in 90 days is same as Barclays forward rate$42,585,000.00Risky

If spot rate in 90 days is expected spot rate$42,600,000.00Risky

2. Sell euros forward 90 days

Settlement amount at Credit Suisse forward rate$42,516,000.00Certain

Settlement amount at Barclays forward rate$42,585,000.00Certain

3. Money Market HedgePrincipal A/R in euros 30,000,000.00discount factor for euro borrowing rate for 90 days0.98771/(1 + (.05 x 90/360))Borrow euros against 90-day A/R 29,629,629.63

Current spot rate, $/euro$1.4158US dollar current value$41,949,629.63Mattel's WACC carry-forward factor for 90 days1.02401 + (.0960 x 90/360)

Future value of money market hedge$42,956,420.74Certain

Evaluation of Alternatives

The money market hedge guarantees Mattel the greatest dollar value for the A/R when using the cost of capital as the reinvestment rate (carry-forward rate).

Pbm10.7

Problem 10.7 Bobcat Company

Bobcat Company, U.S.-based manufacturer of industrial equipment, just purchased a Korean company that produces plastic nuts and bolts for heavy equipment. The purchase price was Won7,500 million. Won1,000 million has already been paid, and the remaining Won6,500 million is due in six months. The current spot rate is Won1,110/$, and the 6-month forward rate is Won1,175/$. The six-month Korean won interest rate is 16% per annum, the six-month US dollar rate is 4% per annum. Bobcat can invest at these interest rates, or borrow at 2% per annum above those rates. A six-month call option on won with a 1200/$ strike rate has a 3.0% premium, while the six-month put option at the same strike rate has a 2.4% premium.

Bobcat can invest at the rates given above, or borrow at 2% per annum above those rates. Bobcat's weighted average cost of capital is 10%. Compare alternate ways that Bobcat might deal with its foreign exchange exposure. What do you recommend and why?

AssumptionsValuesPurchase price of Korean manufacturer, in Korean won7,500,000,000Less initial payment, in Korean won(1,000,000,000)Net settlement needed, in Korean won, in six months6,500,000,000Current spot rate (Won/$)1,110Six month forward rate (Won/$)1,175Bobcat's cost of capital (WACC)10.00%

Options on Korean won:Call OptionPut Option Strike price, won1,200.000.00083331,200.00 Option premium (percent)3.000%2.400%

United StatesKoreaSix-month investment (not borrowing) interest rate (per annum)4.000%16.000%Borrowing premium of 2.000%2.000%2.000%Six-month borrowing rate (per annum)6.000%18.000%

Risk Management AlternativesValuesCertainty

1. Remain uncovered, making the won payment in 6 months at the spot rate in effect at that dateAccount payable (won)6,500,000,000Possible spot rate in six months: current spot rate (won/$)1,1100.0009009Cost of settlement in six months (US$)$5,855,855.86Uncertain.

Account payable (won)6,500,000,000Possible spot rate in six months: forward rate (won/$)1,175Cost of settlement in six months (US$)$5,531,914.89Uncertain.

2. Forward market hedge. Buy won forward six months

Account payable (won)6,500,000,000Forward rate (won/$)1,175.00Cost of settlement in six months (US$)$5,531,914.89Certain.

3. Money market hedge. Exchange dollars for won now, invest for six months.

Account payable (won)6,500,000,000Discount factor at the won interest rate for 6 months1.080Won needed now (payable/discount factor)6,018,518,518.52Current spot rate (won/$)1,110.00US dollars needed now$5,422,088.76Carry forward rate for six months (WACC)1.050US dollar cost, in six months, of settlement$5,693,193.19Certain.Carry forward rate for six months (WACC)1.030US dollar cost, in six months, of settlement$5,584,751.4181Certain.

4. Call option hedge. (Need to buy won = call on won)If exercisedIf not exercisedOption principal6,500,000,000 Strike price, won/$1,200 Strike price, $/won0.0008333Current spot rate (won/$)1,110.001,300.00Current spot rate ($/won)0.00090090.0007692Premium cost of option (%)3.000%Option premium (principal/spot rate x % pm)$175,675.68

If option exercised/not exercised, dollar cost of won$5,416,666.67$5,000,000.00Premium carried forward six months (pm x 1.125, WACC)184,459.459184,459.46Total net cost of call option hedge if exercised$5,601,126.13$5,184,459.46Maximum.

The forward contract provides the lowest CERTAIN cost hedging method for payment settlement. If, however, the firm believes the ending spot rate will be a weaker Won, Won1,200/$ or higher, then the call option would be a lower cost alternative. This would require, however, that the firm accept foreign exchange risk and be willing to suffer the higher cost of the call option in the event that the Won did not fall to the needed level.

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Pbm10.8

Problem 10.8 Aquatech

Aquatech is a U.S.-based company which manufactures, sells, and installs water purification equipment. On April 11th the company sold a system to the City of Nagasaki, Japan, for installation in Nagasakis famous Glover Gardens (where Puccinis Madame Butterfly waited for the return of Lt. Pinkerton.) The sale was priced in yen at 20,000,000, with payment due in three months.

Spot exchange rate:118.255/$ (closing mid-rates)One-month forward rate:117.760/$, a 5.04% p.a. premiumThree-month forward:116.830/$, a 4.88% p.a. premiumOne-year forward:112.450/$, a 5.16% p.a. premium

Money Rates United StatesJapan DifferentialOne month 4.8750%0.09375%4.78125%Three months 4.9375%0.09375%4.84375%Twelve months 5.1875%0.31250%4.87500%

Note: The interest rate differentials vary slightly from the forward discounts on the yen because of time differences for the quotes. The spot 118.255/$, for example, is a mid-point range. On April 11, the spot yen traded in London from 118.30/$ to 117.550/$.

Additional information: Aquatechs Japanese competitors are currently borrowing yen from Japanese banks at a spread of 2 percentage points above the Japanese money rate. Aquatech's weighted average cost of capital is 16%, and the company wishes to protect the dollar value of this receivable.

Three-month options from Kyushu Bank:* Call option on 20,000,000 at exercise price of 118.00/$: a 1% premium.

* Put option on 20,000,000, at exercise price of 118.00/$: a 3% premium.

a) What are the costs and benefits of alternative hedges? Which would you recommend, and why?b) What is the break-even reinvestment rate when comparing forward and money market alternatives?

AssumptionsValuesAmount of receivable, Japanese yen ()20,000,000Spot exchange rate at time of sale (/$)118.255 Booked value of sale (amount/spot rate)$169,126.04Days receivable due90Aquatech's WACC16.0%Competitor borrowing premium, yen ()2.0%

Forward rates and premiumsForward RatePremiumOne-month forward rate (/$)117.7605.04%Three-month forward rate (/$)116.8304.88%One-year forward rate (/$)112.4505.16%

Investment rates, % per annumUnited StatesJapan1 month4.8750%0.09375%3 months4.9375%0.09375%12 months5.1875%0.31250%

Purchased optionsStrike (yen/$)Premium3-month call option on yen118.0001.0%3-month put option on yen118.0003.0%

a. Alternative HedgesValuesCertainty

1. Remain uncovered.Account receivable (yen)20,000,000Possible spot rate in 90 days (yen/$)118.255Cash settlement in 90 days (US$)$169,126.04Uncertain.

2. Forward market hedge.Account receivable (yen)20,000,000Forward rate (won/$)116.830Cash settlement in 90 days (US$)$171,188.91Certain.

3. Money market hedge. Account receivable (yen)20,000,000Discount factor for 90 days1.005231 + ((.0009375 + .02) x 90/360)Yen proceeds up front19,895,858Current spot rate (won/$)118.255US dollars received now$168,245.38Carry forward at Aquatech's WACC1.04001 + (.16 x 90/360)Proceeds in 90 days$174,975.20Certain.

4. Put option hedge. (Need to sell yen = put on yen)Option principal20,000,000Current spot rate (won/$)118.255Premium cost of option (%)3.000%Option pm (principal/spot rate x % pm)$5,073.78

If option exercised, dollar proceeds$169,491.53Less Pm carried forward 90 days(5,276.732)1.04 carry-forward rateNet proceeds in 90 days$164,214.79Minimum.

The put option does not GUARANTEE the company of settling for the booked amount.The money market and forward hedges do; the money market yielding the higher proceeds.

b) Breakeven rate between the money market and the forward hedge is determined by the reinvestment rate:Money market, US$ up-front$168,245.38Forward contract, US$, end of 90 days$171,188.91(1 + x)101.750%$168,245.38 (1+x) = $171,188.91x 1.74954%For 90 daysBreakeven rate, % per annum$0.06998

Pbm10.9

Problem 10.9 Compass Rose

Compass Rose, Ltd., a Canadian manufacturer of raincoats, does not selectively hedge its transaction exposure. Instead, if the date of the transaction is known with certainty, all foreign currency-denominated cash flows must utilize the following mandatory forward contract cover formula:

Compass Rose's Manadatory Forward Cover0-90 days91-180 days> 180 daysPaying the points forward75%60%50%Receiving the points forward100%90%50%

Compass Rose expects to receive multiple payments in Danish kroner over the next year. DKr 3,000,000 is due in 90 days; DKr 2,000,000 is due in 180 days; and DKr 1,000,000 is due in one year. Using the following spot and forward exchange rates, what would be the amount of forward cover required by company policy by period?

Forward AssumptionsValuesDiscountSpot rate, DKr/C$4.703-month forward rate, DKr/C$4.71-0.85%6-month forward rate, DKr/C$4.72-0.85%12-month forward rate, DKr/C$4.74-0.84%

South Face's Exposures0-90 days91-180 days> 180 daysA/R due in 3 months, DKr3,000,000A/R due in 6 months, DKr2,000,000A/R due in 12-months, DKr1,000,000

Analysis & Exposure ManagementThe Danish krone is selling forward at a discount versus the Canadian dollar: it takes more DKr/C$ forward.Compass Rose is receiving foreign currency, DKr, at future dates ("long DKr").Compass Rose is therefore expecting to PAY THE POINTS FORWARD.

Required Forward Cover for Compass Rose:0-90 days91-180 days> 180 daysA/R due in 3 months, DKr75%A/R due in 6 months, DKr60%A/R due in 12-months, DKr50%

DKr Forward CoverA/R due in 3 months, DKr2,250,000A/R due in 6 months, DKr1,200,000A/R due in 12-months, DKr500,000Expected Canadian dollar value of DKr sold forward477,707.01254,237.29105,485.23

Pbm10.10

Problem 10.10 Pupule Travel

Pupule Travel, a Honolulu, Hawaii based 100% privately owned travel company has signed an agreement to acquire a 50% ownership share of Taichung Travel, a Taiwan based privately owned travel agency specializing in servicing inbound customers from the United States and Canada. The acquisition price is 7 million Taiwan dollars (T$ 7,000,000) payable in cash in 3 months.

Thomas Carson, Pupule Travels owner, believes the Taiwan dollar will either remain stable or decline a little over the next 3 months. At the present spot rate of T$35/$, the amount of cash required is only $200,000 but even this relatively modest amount will need to be borrowed personally by Thomas Carson. Taiwanese interest-bearing deposits by non-residents are regulated by the government, and are currently set at 1.5% per year. He has a credit line with Bank of Hawaii for $200,000 with a current borrowing interest rate of 8% per year. He does not believe that he can calculate a credible weighted average cost of capital since he has no stock outstanding and his competitors are all also privately-owned without disclosure of their financial results. Since the acquisition would use up all his available credit, he wonders if he should hedge this transaction exposure. He has quotes from Bank of Hawaii shown in the table below.

Spot rate (T$/$)33.403-month forward rate (T$/$)32.403-month Taiwan dollar deposit rate 1.500%3-month dollar borrowing rate6.500%3-month call option on T$not available

Analyze the costs and risks of each alternative, and then make a recommendation as to which alternative Thomas Carson should choose.

AssumptionsValuesAcquisition price & 3-month A/P, NewTaiwan dollars (T$)7,000,000Spot rate (T$/$)33.403-month forward rate (T$/$)32.403-month Taiwan dollar deposit rate 1.500%3-month dollar borrowing rate6.500%3-month call option on T$not availableThomas Carson's credit line with Bank of Hawaii$200,000

Evaluation of AlternativesCostCertainty 1. Do Nothing -- Wait 3 months and buy T$ spot

If spot rate is the same as current spot rate$209,580.84Risky

If spot rate is the same as 3-month forward rate$216,049.38Risky

Although this would do nothing to cover the currency risk, there would be no required payment or borrowing for 3 -months.

2. Buy T$ forward 3-months

Assured cost of T$ at 3-month forward rate$216,049.38Certain

The purchase of a forward contract would not require any cash up-front, but the Bank of Hawaii would reduce his available credit line by the amount of the forward. This is a non-cash expense.

3. Money Market Hedge: Exchanging US$ for T$ now, depositing for 3-months until payment

Acquisition price in T$ needed in 3-months7,000,000Discounted back 3-months at T$ deposit rate0.9963Amount of NT$ needed now for deposit6,973,848Spot rate, T$/$33.40US$ needed now for exchange$208,797.85

US$ carry-forward rate (3-month dollar borrowing rate)6.500%CertainCarry-forward factor of US$ for 3-month period1.0163Total cost in US$ of settling A/P in 3-months with$212,190.81Money Market Hedge

The currency risk is eliminated, but since Thomas Carson would have to exchange the money up front, it would require him to borrow the money, increasing his debt outstanding for the entire 3 months.

Discussion.This is a difficult decision. The forward contract appears to be the preferable choice, protecting him against an appreciating T$, and creating a certain cash purchase payment. The problem, however, will be whether the Bank of Hawaii will allow him to purchase a forward for the full $216,049.38, which is slightly above his credit line currently in place. If his relationship is good with the bank, they most likely would increase his line sufficiently to allow the forward contract.

Pbm10.11

Problem 10.11 Chronos Time Pieces

Chronos Time Pieces of Boston exports wrist watches to many countries, selling in local currencies to watch stores and distributors. Chronos prides itself on being financially conservative. At least 70% of each individual transaction exposure is hedged, mostly in the forward market, but occasionally with options. Chronos's foreign exchange policy is such that the 70% hedge may be increased up to a 120% hedge if devaluation or depreciation appears imminent. Chronos has just shipped to its major North American distributor. It has issued a 90-day invoice to its buyer for 1,560,000. The current spot rate is $1.2224/, the 90-day forward rate is $1.2270/. Chronoss treasurer, Manny Hernandez, has a very good track record in predicting exchange rate movements. He currently believes the euro will weaken against the dollar in the coming 90 to 120 days, possibly to around $1.16/.

AssumptionsValuesAccount recievable in 90 days () 1,560,000Initial spot exchange rate ($/)$1.2224Forward rate, 90 days ($/)$1.2270Expected spot rate in 90 to 120 days ($/): Case #1$1.1600Expected spot rate in 90 to 120 days ($/): Case #2$1.2600

HedgedHedgedIf Chronos Time Pieces the Minimumthe Maximum

Proportion of exposure to be hedged70%120%Total exposure () 1,560,000 1,560,000hedged proportion70%120%Minimum hedge in euros (exposure x min prop) 1,092,000 1,872,000at the forward rate ($/)$1.2270$1.2270locking in ($)$1,339,884$2,296,944

Case #1: Ending spot rateProportion uncovered (short) 468,000( 312,000)If ending spot rate is ($/)$1.1600$1.1600Value of uncovered proportion ($)$542,880($361,920)

Value of covered proportion (from above)$1,339,884$2,296,944

Total net proceeds, covered + uncovered$1,882,764$1,935,024

Case #2: Ending spot rateProportion uncovered (short) 468,000( 312,000)If ending spot rate is ($/)$1.2600$1.2600value of uncovered proportion ($)$589,680($393,120)

Value of covered position (from above)$1,339,884$2,296,944

Total net proceeds, covered + uncovered$1,929,564$1,903,824

Benchmark: Full (100%) forward cover$1,914,120$1,914,120

This is not a conservative hedging policy. Any time a firm may choose to leave any proportion uncovered, or purchase cover for more than the exposure (therefore creating a net short position) the firm could experience nearly unlimited losses or gains.

Pbm10.12

Problem 10.12 Lucky 13

Lucky 13 Jeans of San Antonio, Texas, is completing a new assembly plant near Guatemala City. A final construction payment of Q8,400,000 is due in six months. (Q is the symbol for Guatemalan quetzals.) Lucky 13 uses 20% per annum as its weighted average cost of capital. Todays foreign exchange and interest rate quotations are as follows:

Construction payment due in six-months (A/P, quetzals)8,400,000Present spot rate (quetzals/$)7.0000Six-month forward rate (quetzals/$)7.1000Guatemalan six-month interest rate (per annum)14.000%U.S. dollar six-month interest rate (per annum)6.000%Lucky 13's weighted average cost of capital (WACC)20.000%

Lucky 13's treasury manager, concerned about the Guatemalan economy, wonders if Lucky 13 should be hedging its foreign exchange risk. The managers own forecast is as follows:

Expected spot rate in six-months (quetzals/$): Highest expected rate (reflecting a significant devaluation)8.0000 Expected rate7.3000 Lowest expected rate (reflecting a strengthening of the quetzal)6.4000

What realistic alternatives are available to Lucky 13 for making payments? Which method would you select and why?

What realistic alternatives are available to Lucky 13?CostCertainty 1. Wait six months and make payment at spot rate

Highest expected rate$1,050,000.00Risky

Expected rate$1,150,684.93Risky

Lowest expected rate$1,312,500.00Risky

2. Purchase quetzals forward six-months$1,183,098.59Certain (A/P divided by the forward rate)

3. Transfer dollars to quetzals today, invest for six-monthsquetzals needed today (A/P discounted 180 days)7,850,467.29Cost in dollars today (quetzals to $ at spot rate)$1,121,495.33factor to carry dollars forward 180 days (1 + (WACC/2))1.10Cost in dollars in six-months ($ carried forward 180 days )$1,233,644.86Certain

The second choice, the forward contract, results in the lowest cost alternative among certain alternatives.

Pbm10.13

Problem 10.13 Burton Manufacturing

Jason Stedman is the director of finance for Burton Manufacturing, a U.S.-based manufacturer of hand-held computer systems for inventory management. Burtons system combines a low-cost active bar-code used on inventory (the bar-code tags emit an extremely low-grade radio frequency) with custom-designed hardware and software which tracks the low-grade emissions for inventory control. Burton has completed the sale of a bar-code system to a British firm, Pegg Metropolitan (UK), for a total payment of 1,000,000. The following exchange rates were available to Burton on the following dates corresponding to the events of this specific export sale. Assume each month is 30 days.

Spot RateForward RateDays ForwardDateEvent($/)($/)of Forward RateFebruary 1Price quotation for Pegg1.78501.7771210March 1Contract signed for sale1.74651.7381180 Contract amount, pounds1,000,000June 1Product shipped to Pegg1.76891.760290August 1Product received by Pegg1.78401.781130September 1Grand Met makes payment1.7290------------------

Analysis

a. The sale is booked at the exchange rate existing on June 1, when the product is shipped to Pegg Metropolitan, and the shipment is categorized as an account receivable. This sale is then compared to that value in effect on the date of cash settlement, the difference being the foreign exchange gain (loss).

Value as settled1 million pounds @ $1.7290/pound$1,729,000 Value as booked1 million pounds @ $1.7689/pound$1,768,900 FX gain (loss)($39,900)

b. The value of the foreign exchange gain (loss) will depend upon when Jason actually purchases the forward contract. Because many firms do not define an "exposure" as arising until the date that the product is shipped (loss of physical control over the goods) and the sale is booked on the income statement, that is a common date for the purchase of the forward contract.

Forward contract purchased on June 1 Value of forward settlement1 million pounds @ $1.7602/pound$1,760,200 Value as booked1 million pounds @ $1.7689/pound$1,768,900 FX gain (loss)($8,700)

A more aggressive alternative is for Jason to purchase the forward contract on the date that the contract was signed, March 1, locking-in Burton's U.S. dollar settlement amount a full 90 days earlier in the transaction exposure's life span.

Forward contract purchased on March 1 Value of forward settlement1 million pounds @ $1.7381/pound$1,738,100 Value as booked1 million pounds @ $1.7689/pound$1,768,900 FX gain (loss)($30,800)

Note that in this case if Jason had covered forward on March 1st rather than June 1st, the amount of the foreign exchange loss wouldhave been even greater, although "fully hedged." The difference is of course the result of the forward rate changing with spot ratesand interest differentials.

Pbm10.14

Problem 10.14 Micca Metals, Inc.

Micca Metals, Inc. is a specialty materials and metals company located in Detroit, Michigan. The company specializes in specific precious metals and materials which are used in a variety of pigment applications in many other industries including cosmetics, appliances, and a variety of high tinsel metal fabricating equipment. Micca just purchased a shipment of phosphates from Morocco for 6,000,000, dirhams, payable in six months. Miccas cost of capital is 8.600%.

Six-month call options on 6,000,000 dirhams at an exercise price of 10.00 dirhams per dollar are available from Bank Al-Maghrub at a premium of 2%. Six-month put options on 6,000,000 dirhams at an exercise price of 10.00 dirhams per dollar are available at a premium of 3%. Compare and contrast alternative ways that Micca might hedge its foreign exchange transaction exposure. What is your recommendation?

AssumptionsValuesShipment of phosphates from Morocco, Moroccan dirhams6,000,000Micca's cost of capital (WACC)14.000%Spot exchange rate, dirhams/$10.00Six-month forward rate, dirhams/$10.40

Options on Moroccan dirhams:Call OptionPut Option Strike price, dirhams/$10.0010.00 Option premium (percent)2.000%3.000%

United StatesMoroccoSix-month interest rate for borrowing (per annum)6.000%8.000%Six-month interest rate for investing (per annum)5.000%7.000%

Risk Management AlternativesValuesCertainty

1. Remain uncovered, making the dirham payment in six months at the spot rate in effect at that dateAccount payable (dirhams)6,000,000Possible spot rate in six months -- the current spot rate (dirhams/$)10.00Cost of settlement in six months (US$)$600,000.00Uncertain.

Account payable (dirhams)6,000,000Possible spot rate in six months -- forward rate (dirhams/$)10.40Cost of settlement in six months (US$)$576,923.08Uncertain.

2. Forward market hedge. Buy dirhams forward six months.

Account payable (dirhams)6,000,000Six month forward rate, dirhams/$10.40Cost of settlement in six months (US$)$576,923.08Certain.

3. Money market hedge. Exchange dollars for dirhams now, invest for six months.Account payable (dirhams)6,000,000.00Discount factor at the dirham investing rate for 6 months1.035Dirhams needed now for investing (payable/discount factor)5,797,101.45Current spot rate (dirhams/$)10.00US dollars needed now$579,710.14Carry forward rate for six months (WACC)1.070US dollar cost, in six months, of settlement$620,289.86Certain.

4. Call option hedge. (Need to buy dirhams = call on dirhams)Option principal6,000,000.00Current spot rate, dirhams/$10.00Premium cost of option2.000%Option premium (principal/spot rate x % pm)$12,000.00

If option exercised, dollar cost at strike price of 10.00 dirhams/$$600,000.00Plus premium carried forward six months (pm x 1.07, WACC)12,840.000Total net cost of call option hedge if exercised$612,840.00Maximum.

The lowest cost certain alternative is the forward. If Micca were to expect the dirham to depreciate significantly over the next six months, it may choose the call option.

Pbm10.15

Problem 10.15 Maria Gonzalez and Trident

Trident the same U.S.-based company discussed in this chapter, has concluded a second larger sale of telecommunications equipment to Regency (U.K.). Total payment of 3,000,000 is due in 90 days. Maria Gonzalez has also learned that Trident will only be able to borrow in the United Kingdom at 14% per annum (due to credit concerns of the British banks). Given the following exchange rates and interest rates, what transaction exposure hedge is now in Tridents best interest?

AssumptionsValue90-day A/R in pounds3,000,000.00Spot rate, US$ per pound ($/)$1.762090-day forward rate, US$ per pound ($/)$1.75503-month U.S. dollar investment rate6.000%3-month U.S. dollar borrowing rate8.000%3-month UK investment interest rate8.000%3-month UK borrowing interest rate14.000%Put options on the British pound: Strike rates, US$/pound ($/) Strike rate ($/)$1.75 Put option premium1.500% Strike rate ($/)$1.71 Put option premium1.000%Trident's WACC 12.000%Maria Gonzalez's expected spot rate in 90 days, US$ per pound ($/)$1.7850

Alternative #1: Remain UncoveredRate ($/pound)ProceedsValue of A/R will be (3 million pounds x ending spot rate ($/pound))If spot rate is the same as current spot rate$1.7620$5,286,000.00If ending spot rate is the same as current forward rate$1.7550$5,265,000.00If ending spot rate is the expected spot rate$1.7850$5,355,000.00

Alternative #2: Forward Contract HedgeRate ($/pound)ProceedsSell the pounds forward 3 months, locking in the forward ratePound A/R at the forward rate (pounds x forward)$1.7550$5,265,000.00

Alternative #3: Money Market HedgeRate ($/pound)ProceedsBorrows against the A/R, receiving up-front, exchanging into US$.Amount of A/R in 90-days, in pounds3,000,000.00Discount factor, pound borrowing rate, for 3-months0.9662Proceeds of borrowing, up-front, in pounds2,898,550.72Exchanged to US$ at current spot rate of $1.7620US$ received against A/R, up-front$5,107,246.38US$ need to be carried forward for comparison:Carry-forward rate, WACC for 90 days1.0300Money Market Hedge, US$, at end of 90 days$5,260,463.77

Strike Rate ($/pnd)Strike Rate ($/pnd)Alternative #4: Put Option Hedges1.751.71Option premium1.500%1.000%Notional principal of option (pounds)3,000,000.003,000,000.00Spot rate ($/pound)$1.7620$1.7620Option premium, US$$79,290.00$52,860.00Carry-forward factor, WACC, for 90 days1.03001.0300Total premium cost, in 90 days$81,668.70$54,445.80

Proceeds from put option if exercised$5,250,000.00$5,130,000.00Less cost of premium, including time-value(81,668.70)(54,445.80)Net proceeds from put options, in 90 days: Minimum$5,168,331.30$5,075,554.20

Ending spot rate needed to be superior to forward:$1.7825$1.7732Proceeds from exchanging pounds for US$ spot$5,347,500.00$5,319,600.00Less cost of option (allowed to expire OTM)(81,668.70)(54,445.80)Net proceeds from put option, unexercised$5,265,831.30$5,265,154.20

Analysis: Maria Gonzalez would receive the most certain US$ from the forward contract, $5,265,000; the money market hedge is less attractive as a result of the higher borrowing costs in the U.K. now. The two put options would yield unattractive amounts if they had to be exercised. As shown, the $1.75 strike price put option would be superior to the forward if the ending spot rate were $1.7825 or higher; the $1.71 strike price would be superior to the forward if the ending spot rate were $1.7732 or higher.

Pbm10.16

Problem 10.16 Larkin Hydraulics

On May 1st, Larkin Hydraulics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar (U.S.), sold a 12 megawatt compression turbine to Rebecke-Terwilleger Company of the Netherlands for 4,000,000, payable 2,000,000 on August 1st and 2,000,000 on November 1st. Larkin derived its price quote of 4,000,000 on April 1st by dividing its normal U.S. dollar sales price of $4.320,000 by the then current spot rate of $1.0800/.

By the time the order was received and booked on May 1st, the euro had strengthened to $1.1000/, so the sale was in fact worth 4,000,000 x $1.1000/ = $4,400,000. Larkin had already gained an extra $80,000 from favorable exchange rate movements. Nevertheless Larkin's director of finance now wondered if the firm should hedge against a reversal of the recent trend of the euro. Four approaches were possible:

1. Hedge in the forward market. The 3-month forward exchange quote was $1.1060/ and the 6-month forward quote was $1.1130/.

2. Hedge in the money market. Larkin could borrow euros from the Frankfurt branch of its U.S. bank at 8.00% per annum.

3. Hedge with foreign currency options. August put options were available at a strike price of $1.1000/ for a premium of 2.0% per contract, and November put options were available at $1.1000/ for a premium of 1.2%. August call options at $1.1000/ could be purchased for a premium of 3.0%, and November call options at $1.1000/ were available at a 2.6% premium.

4. Do nothing. Larkin could wait until the sales proceeds were received in August and November, hope the recent strengthening of the euro would continue, and sell the euros received for dollars in the spot market.

Larkin estimates the cost of equity capital to be 12% per annum. As a small firm, Larkin Hydraulics is unable to raise funds with long-term debt. U.S. T-bills yield 3.6% per annum. What should Larkin do?

AssumptionsValuesToday is May 190-day Forward rate, $/$1.1060Exchange Rate180-day Forward rate, $/$1.1130Date($/)US Treasury bill rate3.600%April 1$1.0800Larkin's borrowing rate, euros, per annum8.000%May 1$1.1000Larkin's cost of equity12.000%

Options on eurosStrike ($/euro)Call OptionPut OptionAugust maturity options$1.10003.0%2.0%November maturity options$1.10002.6%1.2%

Valuation of Alternative HedgesAugust ReceivableNovember ReceivableAmount of receivable, in euros 2,000,000 2,000,000

a. Hedge in the forward marketAmount of receivable, in euros 2,000,000 2,000,000Respective forward rates ($/)$1.1060$1.1130US dollar proceeds as hedged ($)$2,212,000$2,226,000Carry forward to Nov 1st at WACC1.03-----Total US$ proceeds on Nov 1st$2,278,360$2,226,000Total of both payments$4,504,360

b. Hedge in the money marketAmount of receivable, in euros 2,000,000 2,000,000Discount factor for euro funds, period1.021.04Current proceeds from discounting, euros 1,960,784 1,923,077Current spot rate ($/)$1.1000$1.1000Current US dollar proceeds$2,156,863$2,115,385Carry forward rate for the period1.061.06US dollar proceeds on future date$2,286,275$2,242,308Total of both payments$4,528,582

c. Hedge with optionsAmount of receivable, in euros 2,000,000 2,000,000Buy put options for maturities (% x spot value)($44,000)($26,400)Carry forward for the period1.061.06Premium cost carried forward to Nov 1($46,640)($27,984)

Gross put option value if exercised$2,200,000$2,200,000Carried forward 3 months to Nov 11.03----Gross proceeds, Nov 1$2,266,000$2,200,000Total net proceeds, after premium deduction, Nov 1$4,391,376

d. Do nothing (remain uncovered)Amount of receivable, in euros 2,000,000 2,000,000Ending spot exchange rate ($/)??????

The money market hedge provides the highest certain outcome. If Larkin Hydraulics believes the euro will strengthen versus the dollar over the coming months, and it is willing to take the currency risk, the put option hedges could be considered.