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business research methods - Addressing Management Problems With Scientific Thinking
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Donald Cooper
Pamela Schindler
Business ResearchMethods
Lecture II
Addressing Management
Problems with Scientific Thinking
Sources of Knowledge
Empiricists attempt to describe, explain, and make predictions through observation
Rationalists believe all knowledge can be deduced from known laws or basic truths of nature
Authorities serve as important sources of knowledge, but should be judged on integrity and willingness to present a balanced case
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4
Web sites
Government reports
Syndicated industry studies
Patent fillings
Public opinion organizations
Speeches from authorities
Press releases
Literature searches
Conference presentations
Business research
Clipping services
Business Business KnowledgeKnowledge
Government / Government / RegulatoryRegulatory
CompetitionCompetition
Social Cultural Social Cultural
DemographyDemographyEconomic Economic growth/trendsgrowth/trends
TechnologyTechnology
ExperienceExperience IntuitionIntuition
Paradigms in Research..Thomas Kuhn …Scientific RevolutionKarl Popper..falsification
The Essential Tenets of Science
Direct observation of phenomenaClearly defined variables, methods, and
proceduresEmpirically testable hypothesesAbility to rule out rival hypothesesStatistical justification of conclusionsSelf-correcting process
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Scientific method..Parsimony…
The Scientific Method…detailsTechniques or procedures used to analyze
empirical evidence in an attempt to confirm or disprove prior conceptions.
Scientific method…The scientific method is the process by which
scientist, endeavour to construct an accurate (i.e. reliable, consistent and non-arbitrary) representation of the world.
The scientific method attempts to minimize the influence of bias or prejudice in the experimenter when testing a hypothesis or a theory.
Scientific method..1. Observe some aspect of the universe. 2. Invent a tentative description, called a hypothesis, that is consistent with what you have observed.
3. Use the hypothesis to make predictions. 4. Test those predictions by experiments or
further observations and modify the hypothesis in the light of your results.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until there are no discrepancies between hypothesis and experiment /observation
Hypothesis becomes theory when experiment bears it out.
SummarySeven steps in the application of the scientific
method:1. Assessment of relevant existing knowledge2. Formulation of concepts and propositions3. Statements of hypotheses
summary
4-Design the research to test the hypotheses5-Acquisition of meaningful empirical data6-Analysis and evaluation of data7-Provide explanation and state new problems
raised by the research.
Lively…
Ways to Communicate
Exposition descriptive statements that merely state
and do not give reasonArgument
allows us to explain, interpret, defend, challenge, and explore meaning
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Where are you, daddy?
By Millicent Mwololo [email protected]
Posted Tuesday, April 12 2011 at 18:00In Summary
Seventy eight percent of inmates in two Kenyan prisons, grew up in homes without a father.
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Important Arguments in Research
Deduction is a form of inference that purports to be conclusive
Induction draws conclusions from one or more particular facts
Deduction & Induction
Ukranian Translation
.
Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach
Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, we sometimes call this a "bottom up" approach ( not "bottoms up" Source: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/dedind.php
The Building Blocks of Theory
ConceptsConstructsDefinitionsVariablesPropositions and HypothesesTheoriesModels
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Understanding ConceptsA concept is a bundle of meanings or
characteristics associated with certain events, objects, conditions, situations, and behaviors
Concepts have been developed over time through shared usage
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Understanding ConceptsThe success of research hinges on:
how clearly we conceptualizehow well others understand the
concepts we use
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What is a Construct?
An image or idea specifically invented for a given research and/or theory-building purpose
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Types of Variables
Independent DependentModeratingExtraneousIntervening
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The Role of the Hypothesis
Guides the direction of the studyIdentifies facts that are relevantSuggests which form of research design
is appropriateProvides a framework for organizing the
conclusions that result
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What is a Good Hypothesis?
A good hypothesis should fulfill three conditions:Must be adequate for its purposeMust be testableMust be better than its rivals
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The Value of a Theory
Narrows the range of facts we need to studySuggests which research approaches will
yield the greatest meaningSummarizes what is known about an object of
studyPredicts further facts that should be found
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Links..steps in research1. Define the problem2. Plan a research design3. Decide on sampling procedure4. Collect data5. Analyze data6. Formulate conclusions and prepare report
linkagesThe stages are interrelated
Sometimes later stages are completed before earlier ones
Forward linkage implies that the earlier stages of research will influence later stages
Backward linkage implies that later steps have an influence on the earlier stages in the research process.
Problem Discovery
Selection of Exploratory technique
Secondary Data
Experience Survey
Pilot Study Case Study
Problem Definition (Research Objectives)
Selection of Research Method
Experiment Survey
Interview/QuestionnaireObservation Secondary Data
Study
Problem Discovery
And Definition
Research Design
Sampling
The Research Process
Way forward..Explore the process in the next one
semester..be ready