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This pocket field guide is published by Odisha Forestry Sector Development Project (OFSDP)
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A field guide for beginners
ButterfliesButterfliesButterfliesButterfliesButterfliesof Bonai, Odisha
Pratyush P MohapatraVivek Sarkar
Arun Kumar MishraManoj V. Nair
Published byOdisha Forestry Sector Development ProjectSFTRI Campus, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India - 751 003
ISBN:
First published: 2012
Copyright © 2012 in text: AuthorsCopyright © 2012 in photographs: Individual creditedCopyright © 2012 Odisha Forestry Sector Development Project
All right reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrival system or transmited in anyform or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyrightowners.
Use in educational purpose may be cited as:Mohapatra, P. P., V. Sarkar, A. K. Mishra and M. V. Nair (2012). A field guide for beginners: Butterflies of Bonai,Odisha. Odisha Forestry Sector Development Project, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Cover photograph: Painted Lady by Sunil KalindiBack cover photograph: Commander by Manoj V. NairCartoons: Vivek SarkarLayout & Design: Sudhakar Mishra and Pratyush P. Mohapatra
Printed by: Print-Tech Offset Pvt. Ltd., Bhubaneswar
Preface
Butterflies are colourful insects and their occurrence indicates a healthy ecosystem. Theycontribute to cross pollination, distribution and productivity of plants in forests, agricultureand horticulture. They do so with colours and beauty. They attract attention and interestsof children, adolescents, students, researchers and nature lovers. Their life cycle contributesto food & feeding for all forms of life. Bonai Forest Division being a part of SundargarhDistrict is one of the richest areas of the State in forests, biodiversity, mineral resourcesand tribals.
I am happy to know that the team of Pratyush P. Mohapatra, Vivek Sarkar, Arun KumarMishra and Manoj V Nair has developed a pictorial guide as a field pocket book titled“Butterflies of Bonai, Odisha”. Their laborious efforts in documenting these colourful insectswhile undertaking OFSDP projects on “Biodiversity documentation of sacred groves ofBonai Forest Division ” and ‘Documentation of traditional knowledge Paudi Bhuyans’ arehighly commendable. They have presented 157 butterflies species of Bonai not only withcolourful photographs but with a scale of measurement as well as with some highly
knowledgeable and interesting facts on butterflies, besides tips for overcoming confusionin identifications.
With pleasure, I thankfully acknowledge laudable contributions of these researchers, andthat OFSDP was associated with their work. Though the title of publication is preceded asa field guide for beginners, the pocket book will generate a lot of interest not only amongstcommon visitors, farmers and students but also with academicians, researchers and wildlifemanagers to protect and conserve these amazing insects.
Vinod KumarProject Director
OFSDP, Government of Odisha
About the Book
This book is mostly intended towards popularizing science in a colourful manner and is asmall gift to all students, nature lovers, eco-tourists and professionals. This piece of workis believed to make students or common men to think about how a small area can alsohave large potential in sustaining biodiversity. Do not go by its size! The data provided inthe book, especially in the plates are condensed for ease in species level identification.This book will take you to the interesting world of butterflies.
This book covers 157 species of butterflies, depicted by 158 colour plates. Interestingly,except for few butterflies, most of them are distributed in different parts of Odisha. Thebook covers 29 species of Skippers, 12 Swallow-tails, 17 White and Yellows, 47 species ofBlues, 1 species of Judy and 51 species of Brush-footed butterflies documented from differentparts of Bonai Forest Division.
In general Odisha is a mixture of different types of habitat starting from coastal mangroveforest, deciduous forest to dense evergreen forest. The state has suffered a lot from habitatdestruction in past due to large scale shifting cultivation and during the present scenario dueto over exploitation of forest wealth. However, the remnants of natural forest patches scatteredacross different parts of the state have become refuge for many interesting flora and fauna.
Each plate coversSpecies photographs withvariations or forms, if any;male, female andidentification keys.Size range of speciesActivity period. The solidbars represent most activemonths and faded ones fornon active or less activemonths.Common english name;scientific name with authorand year of description andspecies confused with otherspecies.Indication about family inwhich the species belongs.
Family legend
Hesperiidae Papilionidae Pieridae
Lycaenidae Riodinidae Nymphalidae
Acknowledgements
We thank the Project Director, Orissa Forest Sector Development Programme for extendinggenerous help and support in carrying out the field work in Bonai and bringing up this book.Heartiest thanks to Shri Vinod Kumar, IFS, Shri Rajiv Kumar, IFS andMr. M. G. Gogate, IFS, G.C. of OFSDP for their guidance.
It is our pleasure to thank the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests and Chief WildlifeWarden, Odisha Shri J. D. Sharma, IFS for his encouragements and guidance.
We thank Dr. Anup K. Nayak, IFS, Field Director, Similpal Tiger Reserve, Dr. Akshaya K.Pattanaik, DFO, Khurdha and Dr C. S. Kar, SRO, Office of PCCF Wildlife for suggestionsand encouragement.
Our heartiest thank to Mr. S. Banchur, DFO and all the staff of Bonai Forest Division whohave supported directly or indirectly in making this work successful.
Heartiest congratulations to Mr. Prasana Behera of Nature Environment Wildlife Society,Angul for his support in bringing up the book.
People who contributed photos for the book need special mention. Mr. Balakrishnan Valappil
is deeply acknowledged for providing the life cycle photographs of various species ofbutterflies, which will definitely create interest among youngsters. We thank Kurban Khan,Joseph Hoover, Nitin R.A., Prashanth Bhat, Benjamin Harinks, Tarun Karmakar and SouravMandal for providing some crucial photographs for this book.
Our friends Himanshu Sekhar Palei, Subrat Debata, Sanjeeb Behera, Satyanarayan Mishra,Prasad Kumar Dash, Sunil Kalindi, S. K. Sajan and Sailaja Nayak helped us in fieldsurveys and provided various photos for this book.
Dr V. Kamala, Dr Krushnamegh Kunte, Mr. Daniel Sukumar Das, Mr. Isaac Kehimkar,Kishen Das, Peter Smatchek, Prateek Bhowmik, Dr Deepak K. Singh, Mr. Niladri BhusanKar and Mrs. Cuckoo Mahapatra are thanked for their valuable suggestions and commentsin making this book more informative and attractive.
We dedicate this book to Prof. Sushil Kumar Dutta, Indian Instituteof Sciences, Bangaluru who has inspired several generations ofscientists across India.Last but not the least we thank ALL MIGHTY and our family members for tolerating ourlong absence from our home and encouraging in every steps of life.
Authors
CONTENTSIntroduction 1Evolution 3Moth or Butterfly 7Habitat 8Habit 8Food and feeding 9Mud puddling 10Courtship and mating 11Life cycle 12Predators 18Butterfly identification 19About Bonai 22Species plates 25Importance 189Threats and conservation 189Butterfly garden 189Habitat preference 191Butterfly watching 199Activities for students 201Useful links and resources 202Index to scientific names 203Index to common names 207
INTRODUCTIONButterflies are possibly the most colourful and attractive group of insects known to man. Thecharismatic colour pattern and the bouncy flight from flower to flower make them a wellknown guest in our gardens. In Odiya, butterflies are called as Prajapati and there are manypoems and short stories in Odiya literature describing the beauty and natural history ofbutterflies. Butterflies are also regarded as auspicious and symbolize love and liveliness,probably for which you can find the picture of butterfly in the marriage invitation cards.They are distinguished from their insect relatives by presence of two pairs of wings coveredby minute scales and clubbed antenna. Actually different coloured scales give the butterflythe characteristic colouration. Butterflies and their close relatives, moths, come under theorder Lepidoptera, derived from the Greek terms Lepis meaning scales and pteron meaningwings. Thus, butterflies and moths have their amazing and eye-catching colouration andpattern due to these scales, which are arranged in the same manner as that of roof tiles. TheOrder Lepidoptera is further divided into two categories Rhopalocera and Heterocera; rhopalomeans club and cera means horn. All butterflies come under Rhopalocera as the antenna ofthe butterfly ends in a club shaped structure. Recently taxonomists have split the orderLepidoptera into two groups called Microlepidoptera and Macrolepidoptera. Microlepidopteraconsists of all small moths whereas Macrolepidoptera consists of all large moths and butterflies.The butterflies are further divided in two superfamilies, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea. All
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the skipper butterflies have much similarity with mothsso that they come under the superfamily Hesperioideaas one family called Hesperiidae. The other superfamilyPapilionoidea consists of all true butterflies. There arefive families under this superfamily which arePapilionidae (Swallow-tail butterflies), Pieridae (Whiteand yellow butterflies), Lycaenidae (Blue butterflies),Riodinidae (Punches and Judies) and Nymphalidae(Brush-footed butterflies).There are about 18000 butterfly species around the worldof which India has 1501 butterfly species comprising321 species of Skippers, 107 Swallowtails, 109 Whitesand Yellows, 521 Brush-footed butterflies and 443 Blues.From Odisha nearly 200 butterflies have been reportedby different workers and about 170 butterfly specieswere found in Bonai forest division of Sundargarh district.
Do you know?
Butterflies are colourful becausetheir wings are covered withminute scales. Many of you mighthave noticed that a colourfulpowdery substance sticks to oneshands while catching a butterflyor a moth. These colourfulparticles are nothing but the scalesresponsible for their mindboggling pattern and colouration.One should handle a livingbutterfly or moth very carefully.Losing these scales might hinder
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Evolution
It is very hard to collect fossil evidences of butterflyevolution. However, there are some fossils of butterflieswhich were trapped in tree amber. These fossil recordsat least give us a clue about their time of appearance.The oldest known butterfly fossils date to the mid Eoceneepoch, 40–50 million years ago. It is after the appearanceof flowering plants (angiosperms) during Cretaceousperiod.
During the long process of evolution, delicate butterfliesdeveloped several defence strategies to survive the harshconditions of life in different stages. To survive the larvalstages many butterfly larvae have developed green orbrown colouration to blend with the surroundings.Swallowtail larva looks like a bird dropping in earlystages, which becomes green in later stages with eye-like markings on the lateral side of the body which givesthem a snake like appearance. They are also armed withosmaterium, a bright orange forked organ which comes
Do you know?
Some caterpillars haveBodyguards! Few caterpillarsof family Lycaenidae arealways associated with ants.These larvae have specializedglands which secrete sweetliquids that attract ants. Inreturn the larva getsprotection from predatory/parasitic wasps by ants.
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out when the caterpillar is alarmed. This organ emits chemicals which have strong odour.The larvae of milkweed butterflies and red-bodied swallowtails are brightly coloured toshow their unpalatable taste to their predators. All these mechanisms have evolved in thecase of some caterpilars not only to digest the poisonous plant but also to store thepoisonous, distasteful chemical substances in the adultbutterflies. Hence Common Rose, Crimson Rose, BlueTiger, Dark Blue Tiger, Plain Tiger, Striped Tiger etc arequite distasteful and predation rate in these butterflies isquite low.
One more phenomenal survival technique in adult butterfliesis mimicry. When similar groups of butterflies mimic eachother, for example, similar appearance of Blue Tiger andGlassy Tiger, it is called Mullerian mimicry.
On the other hand, distantly related butterflies mimickingone another like, dissimilis form of Common Mime (Family:Papiliondae) and Common Wanderer female (Family:Pieridae) mimicking Blue Tiger is considered as Batesianmimicry.
Swallowtail larva
Milkweed larva
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Dark Blue Tiger Glassy Tiger Blue Tiger
Common Crow (model) Great Eggfly, female (mimic) Common Mime, clytia (mimic)
Mullerian Mimicry
Batesian Mimicry
In this case predators like birds and lizards confuse the mimic butterfly (palatable) with themodel butterfly (unpalatable). However the efficiency of survival depends on the number of
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Do you know?
Certain crow and tiger butterflies congregate inswarms on certain plants, settling on exposedroots, bruised stems or leaves because it wasunderstood that the males, upon emergence fromtheir pupae, lack certain chemicals essential tothe process of courting females. The swarmsconsist of males in search of pyrrolizidinealkaloids that are used to trigger attractantscalled pheromones used when the butterflies goa-wooing. Without these chemicals, femaleswould ignore the males. (Peter Smatchek (2002),Resonance)
model butterfly present in the locality. Asan example, if there are many Blue Tigerpresent in the locality and a younginexperienced insectivore bird eat thebutterfly without knowing its distastefulnature, it will face the unpalatableconsequences. After this incident thesame bird will not eat Common Mime(form dissimilis) or a Common Wandererfemale which looks very similar to BlueTiger. But imagine a place where thereis a very small population or nopopulation of Blue Tiger in the locality.Due to their absence the bird will neverget to know the affects of eating anunpalatable butterfly hence it won’thesitate to eat the female of CommonWanderer or Common Mime formdissimilis.
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Moth or Butterfly?It is actually not very difficult to identify Moths who are thefirst cousin of the butterflies. Although there are some sayingsthat the butterflies are diurnal and moths are nocturnal;butterflies sits with their wings upright and moths sit withtheir wings flat and so on, there are many examples ofexceptions. However the basic difference among these twogroups lie with their antenna, i.e., all the butterflies have clubshaped antenna and the skippers have a special hook likestructure (apiculus) at the clubbed tip. However, moths havesharply pointed antennae without the buldge at the tip andsometimes they are feathery. For a taxonomist there aremany other microscopic characters those are useful todistinguish between these two groups.
Do you know?There are moths, which arediurnal and also there arebutterflies which are activeduring dusk.
Day Flying moths areactive during the day timeand butterflies likeDuffers, Awls, EveningBrowns etc are activeduring dawn and dusk.
Episteme nipalensis (moth)
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Moon moth Hawk moth Skipper
HabitatButterflies can be seen in every habitat from deepimpenetrable forests of Khandadhar to the dumping areasof Bonai. Different habitats have different butterflycommunities. Open grasslands have Grass Blues and GrassJewels, Grass Yellows, Indian Skipper, Grass Dart, TawnyCoster and Pansies etc. Whereas in gardens we can get tosee Castors, Eggflies, Emigrants, Browns, Mormons, LimeButterfly etc.
HabitThe activity of butterflies starts according to thetemperature of the day. During the peak of summer fromApril to June they can be seen active since early morning.The Emigrants are the first one to fly in a summer morningfollowed by Skippers and Pansies, and later, Blues andSwallowtails. However Evening Browns, Bushbrowns andAwls are active mainly during dawn and dusk, largelythroughout the year. During heavy rains in Monsoon,different butterflies rest in different manner. Grass Yellows,
Do you know?
Common Acacia Blue is aterritorial butterfly, which doesnot allow any other individualwithin its territory. But duringthe resting period, manyindividuals may be seengathered together under oneleaf.
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Tree Yellows, Sunbeams, Flats, Eggflies, Map etc rest below any leaf whereas Psyche,Pioneer, Wanderer, Orange Tips, Jezebel, Browns, Mormons, Apefly, Lineblues etc reston the leaf under any thick vegetation or canopy cover. Grassland species such as GrassBlues and Grass Darts go below the grass to save themselves from the impact of wind andrain whereas Tawny Coster, Cupids and Swifts rest on a twig or leaf open in the rain.
Do You Know?
Many butterflies do not visitflowers at all! Rather, theyfeed on over ripe fruits andfruit parts, bird and animaldroppings, tree sap and rottinganimal remains.
Pansies dwell in grasslands but rests in bushes or under thecover of thick long grasses. Milkweed butterflies rest onbranches or leaves under thick canopies however Plain Tigerand Striped Tiger rest on open grassland as well.
Food and feedingDifferent species of butterflies have different choices forfood. By and large, the larvae feed on plant materials andthe adults (winged form) feed on nectar or other debris.Particular species of butterfly lay egg on some specific groupof plants which is called as larval host plant for thatparticular species. The host plant varies from species tospecies. For example the host plants for Lime butterfliesare the members of family Rutaceae and that of Jays havepreference for the plants like Bel. Similarly the adults have
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also choices for the nectar plants. We will discuss more about host plants of butterflies in theButterfly Garden section.
Mud puddling
Butterflies congregate in hundreds on damp patches or wet sand close to hill streams. Thisphenomenon is called Mud Puddling. They also do puddling on animal dropping, urine,sweats, soap, old used wet shoes and socks etc. Basically the male butterflies try to collectthe essential salts such as natural salts of potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium etc.They keep on sucking the inorganic salt present in the wet mud or in urine or sweat or inany animal droppings along with the water and store the salt in the body and pump out thewater immediately. Except few exceptions almost all butterflies do puddling. However,puddling is done by both male and female in many species such as Barons, Sergeants etc.
Puddling of Sword tails Puddling of Grass yellows Puddling of Rose butterflies
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Do you know?
Butterfly and Earthworms arefriends! In muddy river bankearthworm dig deep inside andexpose the under soil outsidethe surface. The salt contentsare higher in deep soil than thesurface soil. So butterfliesprefer to puddle on the mudpellets left by the earthworms.
Mating of Plain tiger
Mud puddling is also essential for calcification of eggs afterfertilisation and the male passes the salt to female duringmating.
Courtship and matingThe basic tendency of life is to propagate. Butterflies too,have developed different techniques to find their mates.Male of crow butterflies have a yellow brush-shapedstructure called hair pencils, through which it spreadspheromones and marks its territory. In case of manyskippers they guard their territory aggressively and chase
any butterflies thatenter in their territory.In some butterflies,males fly to the top ofa hill in early morningand wait their tillafternoon where as female visit the top for a veryshort period. This phenomenon is called Hilltoping.Some of the male butterflies have also scent scales tomark their territory.
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Hair pencils of Common Crow Scent glands of Common emigrant
Life cycleDuring the progress from caterpillars or larvae to adult the butterflies change their food.Immediately after emerging from the eggs, the caterpillars feed on the egg shell and graduallyfeed on the host plant. However, there are few carnivore caterpillars, which feed on ants.During the process of growth the caterpillars molt the old skin and progress to the next phaseof life called as instars. Like this the caterpillars complete five phases or instars and go forcompletely new phase of life called as pupal stage. During this stage the caterpillar developsmajor body organs inside the chrysalis like wings, appendages etc. and emerges by breaking
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Lifecycle ofLime Butterfly
the wall of the chrysalis. The butterfly then moves around in search for food and mate andcompletes the life cycle.
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Lifecycle ofThree Spots Grass Yellow
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Lifecycle ofCommon Sailer
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Lifecycle ofPlum Judy
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Lifecycle ofLime Blue
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PredatorsButterflies are one of the important components of the ecosystem and food chain. Butterflieshelp to propagate the natural pest-controller. Many wasps catch butterfly caterpillar andparalyse them with their sting. Then they lay egg and keep the larva alive in a mud-madehatchery. There are some parasitic wasps, whose life cycle strongly depends on butterflies.Caterpillars as well as adult butterflies are taken as food for many insectivorous birds, lizardsand squirrels. Apart from that the major predators for butterflies are robberflies, dragonfliesand spiders.
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Butterfly identification
Butterfly identification is considered as a science as well as an art. Abutterfly is like a painting where evolution has left its own unique
signature and impression, like a painter upon his creations. Eachspecies differs from each other by many factors such as size,pattern, colour, shape, flying pattern and difference in differentbody parts such as genitalia. In field one need to rely mostly onexternal characters to identify the species. But before that a personshould know about its different body parts.
The body of a butterfly is clearly divided into three following region
Head: Head or the cephalic region of a butterfly consists of major sensory organs such as apair of antenna and a pair of compound eyes. Antennae have a club-shaped structure towardsits distal end. In case of Skippers, a hook-shape structure called apiculus is present beyondthe club. Apart from them there is presence of a proboscis, a long hollow structure, throughwhich a butterfly takes nectar and tree or fruit sap etc. The proboscis is coiled like a clockspring and covered by labial palps.
Body: This is also called as thoracic region or thorax and comprises two pairs of wings,three pairs of legs and many more internal structures associated with physiology. Basically,
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butterfly wings are two layers of thin rigid membranes supported by strong veins whichprovide physical support during the flight. The wings are covered by tiny, multiform multi-coloured scales which determine different pattern and colouration of butterfly wings. Thelegs of butterfly are slender and with sensory bristles.
Abdomen: This is the last cylindrical, long and segmented body part containing all majorinternal organs. The abdomen has 10 segments but however only seven or eight segmentsare visible externally.
What and where to look?
Butterfly identification is like a riddle andthe clue to solve this riddle lies majorlyon the wings and different body parts.Taxonomy helps to locate andunderstand these clues so that thespecies can be identified. The locationof these clues varies from species tospecies. For certain species it may besize or colour or flight where for othersit may be alignment of spots. For
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Antenna
Prob
osci
s
Eye
Legs
Hind wing
Fore wing
Head
Thor
ax
Abdom
en
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butterfly identification following things are of great importance:* Colouration and pattern on wings.* Colouration of the head, eye, body and abdomen.* Venation of wings.* Colouration of cilia.* Length, shape and colour of the antennae.
The wings
Fore wing Hind wing
About Bonai
Bonai forest division is a part of Sundargarh district situated at the north-westernpart of Odisha. With a total geographical area of 2934.21 km2, the topographymostly consists of isolated hilly tracts and lies within the tropical zone.Biogeographically, the area falls in the Chhotanagpur plateau with a varied altitudefrom 152 m in plains to 903 m in Koira plateau. The terrain is rugged and hascontinuous hill ranges interspersed with small pockets of level lands and valleys.The climate is characterized by hot dry and prolonged summer season with shortand mild winter season. The average rainfall of the area is about 150 cm and mostof it is concentrated to monsoon months only. The occurrence of frost is rare andis of localized nature. Climatically, therefore, the entire area comes with theNorthern Tropical Moist Deciduous Zone. But due to the factors like poor moistureretaining capacity of soil, regular incidence of annual fire and low depth of soilon the hills; some of the localities like hill tops and exposed slopes contain a poorand dry type of vegetation.
The main types of forest embracing the major parts of Bonai are Moist peninsularSal, Dry peninsular Sal and Dry mixed deciduous forest, patches of semi-evergreenforest, Bamboo forests and scrub forest.
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The Moist peninsular Sal forest is predominated by Shorea robusta with Terminalia,Dillenia, Adina, Xylia, Schleichera and Mitragyna sp. The Dry Peninsular Salcomprises species like Shorea robusta along with Anogeisus, Lannea, Sterculia,Terminalia etc. The Dry mixed deciduous forest comprises species like Terminalia,Sterculia, Shorea, Pterocarpus, Buchanania, Alstonea, Miliusa etc. The Semi-evergreenpatches occur along the riparian zones comprising species like Michelia champaka,Mangifera indica, Saraca indica, Diospyros melanoxylon etc. The foot hills and manyof the degraded patches of forests in Bonai comprise species like Acacia, Combretum,Zyzyphus, Butea, Phoenix, Combretum, Bauhinia etc.
In Bonai, Khandadhar Water fall is one of the tourist attractions and is also a verygood sight for butterflying. The fall is located at the eastern side in Kuliposhrange of Bonai forest division and originates from Khandadhar hill, which issituated at an altitude of 900 m from mean sea level. Khandadhar descends fromRantha plateau and drains in to River Brahmani at Poigaon. The fall is named asKhandadhar (khanda = sword, dhar = edge) because of its appearance resemblingthe edge of a sword. This water fall is the 12th largest water fall in our country.
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Source: Divisional Forest Officer, Bonai Forest Division
Location map of Bonai Forest Division
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HesperiidaeHesperiidaeHesperiidaeHesperiidaeHesperiidae
V. Sarkar
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H. S
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PapilionidaePapilionidaePapilionidaePapilionidaePapilionidae
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H.S
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Inse
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Confused with: None
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PieridaePieridaePieridaePieridaePieridae
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P. P
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LycaenidaeLycaenidaeLycaenidaeLycaenidaeLycaenidae
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r & S
. Man
dal
130
V. S
arka
r
131
V. S
arka
r
132
V. S
arka
r & P
. Bha
tt
133
S. M
ishr
a &
V. S
arka
r
134
V. S
arka
r
135
RiodinidaeRiodinidaeRiodinidaeRiodinidaeRiodinidae
B. V
alap
pil
136
V. S
arka
r & H
.S. P
alei
137
NymphalidaeNymphalidaeNymphalidaeNymphalidaeNymphalidae
V. S
arka
r
138
M.V
. Nai
r
139
V. S
arka
r
140
V. S
arka
r
141
H.S
. Pal
ei &
S. D
ebat
a (in
sect
)
142
V. S
arka
r & A
.K. M
ishr
a
143
V. S
arka
r
144
V. S
arka
r
145
V. S
arka
r
146
V. S
arka
r
147
V. S
arka
r
148
V. S
arka
r &
P.P
. Moh
apat
ra
149
P.P.
Moh
apat
ra &
A.K
. Mis
hra
150
V. S
arka
r
151
V. S
arka
r
152
V. S
arka
r
153
V. S
arka
r
154
V. S
arka
r
155
V. S
arka
r
156
V. S
arka
r
157
V. S
arka
r
158
V. S
arka
r
159
V. S
arka
r
160
V. S
arka
r
161
V. S
arka
r &
P.P
. Moh
apat
ra
162
P.P.
Moh
apat
ra &
V. S
arka
r
163
V. S
arka
r
164
V. S
arka
r &
P.P
. Moh
apat
ra
165
V. S
arka
r &
P.P
. Moh
apat
ra
166
V. S
arka
r
167
V. S
arka
r &
P.P
. Moh
apat
ra
168
V. S
arka
r
169
V. S
arka
r
170
V. S
arka
r
171
P.P.
Moh
apat
ra
172
V. S
arka
r
173
V. S
arka
r
174
V. S
arka
r & S
. Beh
era
175
S. K
alin
di
176
V. S
arka
r
177
V. S
arka
r
178
V. S
arka
r
179
V. S
arka
r
180
V. S
arka
r
181
P.P.
Moh
apat
ra
182
H.S
. Pal
ei &
V. S
arka
r
183
V. S
arka
r
184
V. S
arka
r
185
V. S
arka
r
186
V. S
arka
r
187
V. S
arka
r & T
. Kar
mak
ar
188
S. B
eher
a &
S. K
alin
di
189
ImportanceApart from their significant role in the food chain, butterflies help in pollination to someextent. They are also efficient ecological indicators. The diversity and composition of butterflypopulation indicates the ecological health of the locality as they are associated with manyother life forms. They are also important models to test biogeographical hypothesis by whichwe can really know how and when different geographic zones of earth were connected.
Threats and ConservationThe major threat to butterfly population is habitat destruction. Though it may seem incredibleto a layman, even the chopping off of a single individual of a rare food plant can lead to thelocal extermination of a population of butterflies, exclusively dependent on it. However, thisclose association between butterflies and plants also serve as a blessing in disguise, by helpingus to develop butterfly gardens.
Butterfly Garden
To conserve the butterfly diversity of the area one can utilize the space around the house. Ifyou have a garden, you can do a lot to make it attractive for butterflies. The best way to startis to grow flowers that have lots of nectar. Many butterflies love to sip it with their longstraw-like proboscis. Trees too can attract butterflies, as some species like to drink tree sapor eat rotten fruit on the ground. And also don’t forget about caterpillars. If you grow theirfood plants, it will encourage female butterflies to lay their eggs there. Plant species such asLantana sp., Marigold, Acacia sp., Albizzia sp., Aegle marmelos, Anona squamosa,
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Anacardium occidentale, Aristolochia sp., Argemone mexicana, Barleria sp., Boerhaviadiffusa, Bombax ceiba, Butea monosperma, Calamus sp. Calotropis sp. Capparis sp.,Cassia sp., Celosia argentia, Citrus sp., Cleome sp., Cocos nucifera, Combretum albidum,Duranta sp., Grasses, Hibiscus sp., Ixora sp., Indigofera sp., Justicia sp., Mangiferaindica, Leucas sp., Michelia champaca, Miliusa sp., Murraya koenigi, Oxaliscorniculata, Palms, Pongamia pinnata, Ricinus cummiuns, Sida sp., Saraca asocaSyzygium sp., Tephrosia sp., Terminalia sp., Tinospora cordifolia, Tragia sp., Tridaxprocumbens, Vigna sp., Vinca rosea, Vitex sp., Ziziphus sp. are not only the larval hostplants for many butterflies but also food plant for adults. Keeping over ripe, rotten fruits suchas mangoes, guava etc. in an undisturbed place can attract many fruit-loving butterflies.
Crotolaris sp. Leucas aspera Saraca asoca
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Name of the species Preferred habitat Preferred forest type
Hesperiidae
Common Banded Awl Flowering plants, wet ground, bird dropping DD, MD, RFBrown Awl Flowering plants, wet ground, bird dropping DD, MD, RFCommon Spotted Flat Flowering plants, wet ground, bird dropping DD, MD, RFIndian Skipper Grasses and flowering plants at ground level DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Small Flat Flowering plants, wet ground, bird dropping DD, MD,RF, GLSpotted Small Flat Grasses and flowering plants at ground level DD, MD, RF,GLTricoloured Pied Flat Flowering plants, wet ground, bird dropping DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Snow Flat Flowering plants, wet ground, Bird dropping DD, MD, RFSuffused Snow Flat Flowering plants, wet ground, bird dropping DD, MD, RFWater Snow Flat Flowering plants, wet ground, bird dropping DD, MD, RFGolden Angle Flowering plants, wet ground, bird dropping DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Grass Dart Grasses and flowering plants at ground level DD, MD,RF, GLAfrican Straight Swift Grasses and flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLOriental Straight Swift Grasses and flowering plants DD, MD,RF, GLBevan's Swift Flowering plants, wet ground, bird dropping DD, MD,RF, GLSmall Branded Swift Flowering plants, wet ground, Bird dropping DD, MD, RF, GLLarge Branded Swift Flowering plants in fringe forests DD, MD, RF, GLPaintbrush Swift Flowering plants, wet ground, bird dropping DD, MD, RFBlank Swift Flowering plants, wet ground, bird dropping DD, MD, RFIndian Palm Bob Grasses, shrubs and flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GL
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Tree Flitter Flowering plants, wet ground, bird dropping DD, MD, RFPalm Redeye Flowering plants, wet ground, bird dropping DD, MD, RFGiant Redeye Flowering plants, wet ground, Bird dropping DD, MD, RFCommon Redeye Undergrowth of thick vegetation DD, MD, RFChestnut Bob Flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLRestricted Demon Flowering plants, wet ground, Bird dropping DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Banded Demon Flowering plants, wet ground, Bird dropping RF, GLGrass Demon Grasses and flowering plants at ground level DD, MD, RF, GLPapilionidaeCommon Bluebottle Wet ground & flowering plants DD, MD, RFCommon Jay Wet ground & flowering plants DD, MD, RFTailed Jay Flowering plants DD, MD, RFFivebar Swordtail Wet ground DD, MD, RFSpot Swordtail Wet ground & flowering plants DD, MD, RFCommon Mime Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Mormon Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLBlue Mormon Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RFLime Butterfly Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Banded Peacock Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Rose Flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLCrimson Rose Flowering plants DD, MD, RF
Name of the species Preferred habitat Preferred forest type
193
PieridaeOne Spot Grass Yellow Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLThree Spot Grass Yellow Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLSmall Grass Yellow Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Grass Yellow Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLSpotless Grass Yellow Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, GLTree Yellow Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RFCommon Emigrant Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLMottled Emigrate Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLWhiteOrange Tip Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RFYellow Orange Tip Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RFCommon Wanderer Flowering plants DD, MD, RFStriped Albatross Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RFCommon Gull Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RF,GLCommon Jezebel Flowering plants DD, MD, RFPainted Jezebel Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RFPsyche Flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLPioneer Wet ground, flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLLycaenidaeApefly Omnipresent DD, MD, RFAngled Sunbeam Wet ground DD, MD, RFWestern Centaur Oakblue Higher canopy flowers, wet ground, tree sap DD, MD, RF
Name of the species Preferred habitat Preferred forest type
194
Large Oakblue Higher canopy flowers, wet ground, tree sap DD, MD, RFIndian Oakblue Higher canopy flowers, wet ground, tree sap DD, MD, RFCommon Acacia Blue Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFRedspot Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFLeaf Blue Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFSilverstreak Blue Flowering plants DD, MD, RFYamfly Wet ground, under growth DD, MD, RFCommon Onyx Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFMonkey Puzzle Fringes of forests DD, MD, RFPlains Blue Royal Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFBanded Royal High canopies of flowering plants RFFluffy Tit Wet ground DD, MD, RFGuava Blue Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFCopper Flash Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFIndian Red Flash Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFSlate Flash Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFIndigo Flash Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFClub Silverline Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFCommon Silverline Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Shot Silverline Any flowering plants DD, MD, RF, GLScarce Shot Silverline Wet ground DD, MD, RF
Name of the species Preferred habitat Preferred forest type
195
Common Ciliated Blue Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFPointed Ciliated Blue Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFAngled Pierrot Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Pierrot Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLDingy Line blue Wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Line blue Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLTailless Line blue Wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLDark Cerulean Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFCommon Cerulean Wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLForget-me-not Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLPea Blue Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLRounded Pierrot Grasses and flowering plants at ground level DD, MD, RF, GLDark Grass Blue Grasses and flowering plants at ground level DD, MD, RF, GLPale Grass Blue Grasses and flowering plants at ground level DD, MD, RF, GLLesser Grass Blue Grasses and flowering plants at ground level DD, MD, RF, GLTiny Grass Blue Herbs, wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLGrass Jewel Herbs, wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLIndian Cupid Herbs, wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLQuaker Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RF,GLCommon Hedge Blue Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFPlains Cupid Herbs DD, MD, RF,GL
Name of the species Preferred habitat Preferred forest type
196
Lime Blue Flowering plants, wet ground DD, MD, RFPlum Judy Undergrowth of thick vegetation DD, MD, RFBlue Tiger Flowers, wet ground, alkaloid sap of plants DD, MD, RFDark Blue Tiger Flowers, wet ground, alkaloid sap of plants DD, MD, RFStriped Tiger Flowers, wet ground, alkaloid sap of plants DD, MD, RFPlain Tiger Flowers, wet ground, alkaloid sap of plants DD, MD, RFGlassy Tiger Flowers, wet ground, alkaloid sap of plants DD, MD, RFBlue Spotted Crow Flowers, wet ground, alkaloid sap of plants DD, MD, RFCommon Crow Flowers, wet ground, alkaloid sap of plants DD, MD, RFCommon Nawab Over rippen fruits, dead animals, wet ground DD, MD, RFAnomalous Nawab Over rippen fruits, dead animals, flowers DD, MD, RFTawny Rajah Over rippen fruits, dead animals, flowers DD, MD, RFBlack Rajah Over rippen fruits, dead animals, high canopy DD, MD, RFCommon Evening Brown Over rippen fruits, dead animals, wet ground, DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Palmfly Over rippen fruits, dead animals, wet ground DD, MD, RFCommon Bushbrown Over rippen fruits, dead animals, wet ground, DD, MD, RF, GLDark-brand Bushbrown Over rippen fruits, dead animal, wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Threering High elevation grassland and herbs DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Fivering Over rippen fruits, flowers, wet ground, DD, MD, RF, GLCommon Fourring Over rippen fruits, flowers, wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLTawny Coster Any flowering plant DD, MD, EG, RF
Name of the species Preferred habitat Preferred forest type
197
Vagrant Dead animal, wet ground, flowers MD, RFCommon Leopard Fruits, dead animal, wet ground, flowers DD, MD, RF,GLCommander Flowers, wet ground DD, MD, RFCommon Sergeant Fruits, dead animal, wet ground, flowers DD, MD, RFBlackvein Sergeant Fruits, dead animal, wet ground, flowers DD, MD, RFStaff Sergeant Fruits, dead animal, wet ground, flowers DD, MD, RFColour Sergeant Fruits, dead animal, wet ground, flowers DD, MD, RFCommon Lascar Flowers, wet ground DD, MD, RFChestnut-streaked Sailer Flowers, wet ground DD, MD, RFCommon Sailer Flowers, wet ground DD, MD, RFClear Sailer Flowering plant, wet ground MD, RFShort-banded Sailer Flowering plant, wet ground DD, MD, RFCommon Baron Fruits, dead animal, wet ground, flowers DD, MD, RFGaudy Baron Fruits, dead animal, wet ground, flowers DD, MD, RFBaronet Fruits, dead animal, wet ground, flowers DD, MD, RF,GLGrey Count Fruits, wet ground, flowers DD, MD, RFCommon Map Flowering plant, wet ground DD, MD, RFAngled Castor Flowering plant, wet ground DD, MD, RFCommon Castor Flowering plant, wet ground DD, MD, RFBlue Pansy Grasses, herbs, wet ground DD, GLYellow Pansy Grasses, herbs, wet ground DD, GL, MD
Name of the species Preferred habitat Preferred forest type
198
Chocolate Pansy Flowering plant, wet ground RF,GLGrey Pansy Grasses, flowers, wet ground DD, MD, RF, GL,Peacock Pansy Grasses, flowers, wet ground DD, MD, RF, GLLemon Pansy Grasses, flowers, wet ground DD, MD, RF,GLGreat Eggfly Fruits, dead animal, flowers, wet ground DD, MD, RF,GLDanaid Eggfly Flowering plant, wet ground DD, MD,GLPainted Courtesan Fruits, dead animal, flowers, wet ground RFOrange Oakleaf Fruits, dead animal, flowers, wet ground DD, MD, RFYellow Sailer Flowering plant, wet ground MD, RFPainted Lady Flowering plant, wet ground DD, MD, RF
Name of the species Preferred habitat Preferred forest type
DD: Dry deciduousMD: Mixed deciduousGL: Grass landRF: Riparian Forest
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Butterfly WatchingWatching how butterflies and caterpillars behave in the fieldcan be interesting and exciting. You can get a really good lookat them if they are busy feeding or drinking. For this a flowergarden is one of the best places to start. Approach the butterflyquietly and be careful not to make any sudden movements.Watch out for caterpillars, you have to be extra careful to locatethem because they resemble leaves, twigs or even birddroppings.
Essential equipments needed for butterfly watching
Proper clothing: It is better to wear dull coloured cloth so that it keeps you camouflagedwith the surrounding. Better to keep a cap or hat for protection from sun.
Camera: You can take a quick shot of the butterfly, the plant on which you found it and thehabitat. This is a quick, easy and valuable tool and the images can be used subsequently forspecies identification, documenting natural history and ecological data.
Binoculars: Useful if you want to watch butterflies at a distance or in flight.
Butterfly net: For identification of some butterflies, both sides of the wings are needed, (toexamine spots, patterns etc. or certain specialised scales called brands, which are located inthe upper side of wings) and some time it is impossible to get that. A net comes to use in such
200
cases, where a butterfly can be caught temporarily so that youcan get a close look on both sides of the wings, before releasingit.
Pair of gloves: Some caterpillars can give nasty rash from theirprickly hairs. So use gloves if you want to examine caterpillars.
Field notebook and pencil: This is a very important tool tocollect data and note down different field observations. It ishelpful to record field sketches of butterflies in case you missthe opportunity to photograph it. Later this information not onlyhelps to identify the butterfly but also gives much informationabout other activities.
Light weight bag packs: It is always advisable to keep a light back pack so that waterbottles, foldable umbrella etc. can be kept.
Tips for butterly identification: Butterfly may not give enough time so that it can beidentified in the field. So it is better to take photos first as a record and then enjoy the beautyof it and other things.
Just a rough diagram of butterfly and the colour, spots and patterns in different region of thewings also makes you a serious butterfly watcher. Earlier, before the invention of cameras,the taxonomists or the butterfly experts used sketches to draw the colour pattern of butterflies.
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Activities for students
Apart from study, students of different groups can keep their time busy enjoying nature andby learning the varied intricacies of nature. It gives immense pleasure and simultaneouslyhelps in making carrier in the field of life science. Studying life history, animal plant interactionand even knowing detailed natural history of species can also save many species fromextinction.
School students can take small initiative in identifying the butterfly species seen in theirschool or home garden. This documentation across the season can let you know the changein butterfly diversity and also helps in answering questions like why a particular place has somany butterflies and the other has very little.
College or under graduation students can take up activities on butterfly and host plantassociation in their locality. Even study on activity pattern of butterflies, predation, mimicryand life cycle of butterfly can lead to bigger discoveries in science.
Students of science of post-graduation level or above can take up assignments on knowingmuch detail about taxonomy and ecology of the species by using modern tools and techniques.Even Physics, Chemistry, Biotechnology and Mathematics can also be applied to know flightmechanism, different chemical substances released by caterpillars and butterflies, and to dostatistical analysis for solving robust data on diversity and distribution of the species.
Happy Butterflying.......
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Useful links and resources
Websites1. Das, Kishen: www.flutters.org2. Kunte, Krushnamegh: www.ifoundbutterflies.org3. Inayoshi, Yutaka: yutaka.it-n.jp4. Khew, S.K.: www.geocities.com5. IUCN: www.iucnredlist.org
Books1. Talbot,G (1939-47): The Fauna of British India-Butterflies- Volume I & II.2. WynterBlyth, M.A. (1957): Butterflies of the Indian Region. Bombay Natural History
Society.3. Evanse, W.H. (1949): The Identification of Indian Butterflies, Bombay Natural History
Society.4. Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000): India-Lifescape: Butterflies of Peninsular India,
Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.5. Kehimkar, Isaac (2008): The Book of Indian Butterflies, Bombay Natural History
Society.
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Abisara echerius 136Acraea violae 155Acytolepis puspa 112Amblypodia anita 92Anthene emolus 121Anthene lycaenina 122Appias libythea 79Arhopala amantes 88Arhopala atrax 90Arhopala pseudocentaurus 89Ariadne ariadne 152Ariadne merione 153Athyma inara inara 177Athyma perius 179Athyma ranga 178Athyma selenophora 176Atrophaneura aristolochiae 60Atrophaneura hector 61
Badamia exclamationis 52Baoris farri 41Belenois aurota 83Caleta caleta 123Caltoris kumara 40Caprona ransonnetti 26Castalius rosimon 124Catochrysops strabo 110Catopsilia pomona 80Catopsilia pyranthe 81Celaenorrhinus leucocera 34Cepora nerissa 78Charaxes agraria 171Charaxes athamas 170Charaxes bernardus 169Charaxes solon 168Chilades lajus 108Chilades pandava 109
Index of Scientific Names
204
Chilasa clytia 62Chliaria othona 97Coladenia indrani 27Curetis acuta 93Cyrestis thyodamas 186Danaus chrysippus 141Danaus genutia 140Delias eucharis 76Delias hyparete 77Deudorix Isocrates 107Elymnias hypermnestra 154Erionota sp. 51Euploea core 139Euploea midamus 138Eurema andersoni 72Eurema blanda 71Eurema brigitta 74Eurema hecabe 70Eurema laeta 73Euripus consimilis 187Euthalia aconthea 172
Euthalia lubentina 173Euthalia nais 174Everes lacturnus 111Freyeria sp. 130Gandaca harina 75Gangara thyrsis 50Graphium agamemnon 64Graphium antiphates 68Graphium doson 66Graphium nomius 67Graphium sarpedon 65Hasora chromus 53Horaga onyx 95Hyarotis adrastus 47Hypolimnas bolina 166Hypolimnas misippus 167Iambrix salsala 48Iraota timoleon 94Ixias pyrene 85Ixias marianne 84Jamides bochus 117
205
Jamides celeno 116Junonia almana 161Junonia atlites 163Junonia hierta 164Junonia iphita 160Junonia lemonias 162Junonia orithya 165Kallima inachus 159Lampides boeticus 115Leptosia nina 86Lethe europa 151Loxura atymnus 101Matapa aria 49Melanitis leda 150Moduza procris 158Mycalesis mineus 149Mycalesis perseus 148Neopithecops zalmora 113Neptis clinia 183Neptis hylax 182Neptis jumbah 181
Notocrypta curvifascia 44Notocrypta paralysos 45Oriens goloides 54Pantoporia hordonia 185Papilio crino 58Papilio demoleus 63Papilio polymnestor 56,57Papilio polytes 59Parantica aglea 144Pareronia valeria 82Parnara bada 37Parnara guttatus 36Pelopidas mathias 38Pelopidas subochracea 39Petrelaea dana 118Phaedyma columella 180Phalanta phalanta 156Prosotas dubiosa 119Prosotas nora 120Pseudoborbo bevani 42Pseudozizeeria maha 132
206
Rachana jalindra 99Rapala airbus 105Rapala manea 102Rapala pheretima 104Rapala varuna 103Rathinda amor 96Sarangesa dasahara 32Sarangesa purendra 33Spalgis epius 114Spialia galba 31Spindasis elima 129Spindasis ictis 128Spindasis syama 127Spindasis vulcanus 126Suastus gremius 43Surendra quercetorum 91Tagiades gana 29
Tagiades japetus 30Tagiades litigiosa 28Tajuria jehana 100Tanaecia lepidea 175Taractrocera maevius 35Taracus nara 125Tirumala limniace 143Tirumala septentrionis 142Udaspes folus 46Vagrans egista 157Venessa cardui 188Ypthima asterope 145Ypthima baldus 147Ypthima huebneri 146Zeltus amasa 98Zesius chrysomallus 106Zizeeria karsandra 133Zizula hulax 134
207
African Straight Swift 37Angled Castor 152Angled Pierrot 123Angled Sunbeam 93Anomalous Nawab 171Apefly 114Banded Royal 99Baronet 174Bevan's Swift 42Black Rajah 168Blackvein Sergeant 178Blank Swift 40Blue Mormon 56,57Blue Pansy 165Blue Spotted Crow 138Blue Tiger 143Brown Awl 52Chestnut Bob 48Chestnut-streaked Sailer 181
Chocolate Pansy 160Clear Sailer 183Club Silverline 127Colour Sergeant 177Commander 158Common Acacia Blue 91Common Banded Awl 53Common Banded Demon 45Common Banded Peacock 58Common Baron 172Common Bluebottle 65Common Bushbrown 128Common Castor 153Common Cerulean 116Common Ciliated Blue 121Common Crow 139Common Dartlet 54Common Emigrant 80Common Evening Brown 150
Index of Common Names
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Common Fivering 147Common Fourring 146Common Grass Dart 35Common Grass Yellow 70Common Gull 78Common Hedge Blue 112Common Jay 66Common Jezebel 76Common Lascar 185Common Leopard 156Common Line blue 120Common Map 186Common Mime 62Common Mormon 59Common Nawab 170Common Onyx 95Common Palmfly 154Common Pierrot 124Common Redeye 49Common Rose 60Common Sailer 182
Common Sergeant 179Common Shot Silverline 128Common Silverline 126Common Small Flat 32Common Snow Flat 30Common Spotted Flat 34Common Threering 145Common Wanderer 82Copper Flash 104Crimson Rose 61Danaid Eggfly 167Dark Blue Tiger 142Dark Cerulean 117Dark Grass Blue 133Dark-brand Bushbrown 149Dingy Line blue 118Eastern Striped Albatross 79Fivebar Swordtail 68Fluffy Tit 98Forget-me-not 110Gaudy Baron 173
209
Giant Redeye 50Glassy Tiger 144Golden Angle 36Grass Demon 46Grass Jewel 130Great Eggfly 166Grey Count 175Grey Pansy 163Guava Blue 107Indian Cupid 111Indian Oakblue 90Indian Palm Bob 43Indian Red Flash 105Indian Skipper 31Indigo Flash 103Large Branded Swift 39Large Oakblue 88Leaf Blue 92Lemon Pansy 162Lesser Grass Blue 134Lime Blue 108
Lime Butterfly 63Monkey Puzzle 36Mottled Emigrate 81One Spot Grass Yellow 72Orange Oakleaf 159Orchid Tit 97Oriental Straight Swift 36Paintbrush Swift 41Painted Courtesan 187Painted Jezebel 77Painted Lady 188Pale Grass Blue 132Palm Redeye 51Pea Blue 115Peacock Pansy 161Pioneer 83Plain Tiger 141Plains Blue Royal 100Plains Cupid 109Plum Judy 136Pointed Ciliated Blue 122
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Psyche 86Quaker 113Redspot 106Restricted Demon 44Rounded Pierrot 125Scarce Shot Silverline 129Short-banded Sailer 180Silverstreak Blue 94Slate Flash 102Small Branded Swift 38Small Grass Yellow 74Spot Swordtail 67Spotless Grass Yellow 73Spotted Small Flat 33Staff Sergeant 176Striped Tiger 140Suffused Snow Flat 29
Tailed Jay 64Tailless Line blue 119Tawny Coster 155Tawny Rajah 169Three Spot Grass Yellow 71Tiny Grass Blue 131Tree Flitter 47Tree Yellow 75Tricoloured Pied Flat 27Vagrant 157Water Snow Flat 28Western Centaur Oakblue 89White Orange Tip 84Yamfly 101Yellow Orange Tip 85Yellow Pansy 164Yellow Sailer 184
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About the AuthorsDr Pratyush P. Mohapatra is a passionate nature lover having special interests on reptiles andarachnids. As a taxonomist by profession, he has been actively involved in multi-taxa documentationand biodiversity conservation in Odisha and other parts of India. He works for popularization ofscience at various stake holder level and encourages younger genaration to come forward to savethe remaining wildlife around us. He is also associated with many community level eco-tourismgroups in Odisha to promot their livelihood. He has worked as a Wildlife Biologist for NationalTiger Conservation Authority in Odisha and currently serving as Honorary Wildlife Warden ofKhurdha district.
Manoj Vasudevan Nair is an IFS officer by profession, wildlife biologist by training andnaturalist by inclination. He belongs to the 2001 batch of Odisha cadre, and is currentlyresponsible for managing Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Bargarh and Wild AnimalConservation Centre, Sambalpur. A naturalist since childhood, his Master’s dissertationfrom Wildlife Institute of India in 1997 was on butterfly community ecology. His otheractive interests include nature photography, Indian classical music and Creative Writing.
Arun Kumar Mishra did his M.Sc. Agriculture from O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar on Agronomy. Heis also recipient of E P Jee Award on Wildlife Conservation during training in State Forest ServiceCollege, Burnihat, Assam during 1988-90. During XV Diploma Course on Wildlife in the year1993-94 he got Gold Medal from Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun as top trainee. He hasreceived best A.C.F. Award of the State for Wildlife Protection during 2002 while serving SatkosiaWildlife Division. He has done significant work on House Sparrow Conservation in Bonai ForestDivision. He has written many scientific articles and published papers on Wildlife.
Vivek Sarkar is an inborn naturalist and an avid butterfly lover. Since his childhood days hedocumented butterfly fauna of Cooch Behar, Chillapata and Buxa. During his graduation fromBangalore University he studied butterfly diversity of Bangalore, Nagarhole and Coorg along withactive involvement in conservation awareness programmes through nature camps. He did hismasters on Wildlife and Biodiversity Conservation from North Orissa University and aims atdocumenting the butterfly diversity of Eastern India and Odisha in particular.
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Notes
213
Notes
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Notes
