By: Alec Droussiotis, Juan Cadavid, Adam Iacovelli

Skeletal System – Structure and Function

By: Alec Droussiotis

Skeletal System: Main Points of Structure

• Cranium – Protects the Brain• Spine – Allows the transport of

brainwaves through the body.• Ribs – Protect vital organs in the

Torso• Pelvis – Allows the connection of the

Legs to the Torso• The Skeletal System is a System of

206 bones

Types of Bones in the Skeletal System

• Long Bones – Bones that are greater length than width and are a variable of a number of extremities

• Short Bones – “cube shaped” and have equal length and width

• Flat Bones – thin shaped bones that provide considerable mechanical protection and extensive surfaces for muscle attachments

Types of Bones in the Skeletal System (continued)• Irregular Bones – Complicated shaped

bones that are shaped due to the function i.e. the Vertebrae

• Sesamoid Bones – Bones that form in tendons where there is a considerable amount of friction, tension, and physical stress; vary from person to person

• Sutural Bones – Very small bones located within the sutural joints between the cranial bones; vary from person to person

Inside of the Bones

• Bone marrow– Red Marrow – consisting mainly of myeloid

tissue• RBCs, platelets, and most WBCs are developed here

– Yellow Marrow – consisting mainly of fat cells• Some WBCs develop in the yellow marrow

• Stroma – The connective, functionally supportive

framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ

Functions of the Skeletal System• 1. Support• 2. Protection• 3.Assissitance of Movement• 4. Storage of Minerals• 5. Production of Blood Cells• 6. Storage of Chemical Energy

Support and Protection

• Support– The Skeleton is the framework of the body– It supports the softer tissues– It provides points of attachment for most

skeletal muscles

• Protection– Provides mechanical protection for many of the

body’s internal organs– The Bones reduced the risk of injury to these

organs

Assisting Movement and Storing Minerals• Assisting Movement

– The Skeletal Muscles are attached to bones– When these Muscles contract they cause bones

to move• Storing Minerals

– Bone tissues store several types of minerals, including calcium and phosphorus

– Bone releases minerals into the blood when it is needed• This facilitates the balance of minerals in the body

Producing Blood Cells and Storing Chemical Energy• Producing Blood Cells

– The Red Bone Marrow inside the bones produces blood cells• Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, and Platelets

• Storing Chemical Energy– With the bone marrow ageing it changes from

‘red marrow’ to ‘yellow marrow’– Yellow bone marrow is composed of adipose

cells, and a few blood cells• This chemical change is very important for a

functioning human body

In Conclusion

• The Skeletal System is one of the most important systems used in the human body

• It creates many types of blood cells, stores these blood cells, protects internal organs, and assists in movement

• Without this system it would be difficult for a human being to live

Skeletal System diseases and disorders

Juan Cadavid

Arthritis

• A joint disorder• Caused when two bones rub against

each other constantly and the cartilage wears away until its just bone to bone and it causes pain.

• Some signs that you have Arthritis are inflammation on the joint, pain, stiffness, and swelling.

Arthritisprevention and treatmeant

• A treatment for arthritis is taking medicine like Advil, Motrin, and Ibuprofen.

• Another is replacement of the bone affected by arthritis. Like your knee or hip.

Osteoporosis

• Affects older people, more in women than in men.

• Disease were the bones in the body become weak and easy to break.

• If you leave it untreated it can become painful and with one small fall you can break any bone in your body.

OsteoporosisPrevention and treatment

• Try to build strong bones, it would be best if it was before the age of 30.

• Get your daily recommended amounts of calcium and vitamin D

• Engage in regular weight-bearing exercise • you can take drugs like Bisphonates,

Raloxifene, Calcitonin, and Terparatide. You can also do Hormone therapy, and physical therapy.

Osteomyelitis

• is an infection of the bone.• It can be caused by breaking a bone

and the bone goes through the skin and it can be infected by the bacteria.

• It can be detected by pain, fever, chills, nausea and weakness.

Osteomyelitis prevention and treatment

• surgery is an option• Drain the infected area, remove

diseased bone and tissue, restore blood flow to the bone, and remove and foreign objects. For people who don’t like surgery you can always take antibiotics.

Scoliosis

• Is an abnormal curve on a person spine.

• It is more common in girls than in boys.

• The cause to scoliosis is unknown.

Scoliosisprevention and treatment

• Scoliosis can’t be prevented.• For most cases of scoliosis it doesn’t need

treatment.• If the curve is more than 25% but less

than 30% you might just need a back brace.

• If the curve is more than 45% a doctor will need to see and review the options. Surgery my be one.

Fracture

• Fracture is a medical term for broken bone.

• There are many types of fractures but the two most common are simple fractures and compound fractures.

Fractureprevention and treatment

• Surgery is an option is the break is bad enough.

• A cast around the area that is affected by the fracture so it can heal the right way.

• It an cause osteomyelitis.

Sudden Illnesses and First Aid of the Skeletal System

Surgery • Surgery is the most common

treatment for almost all of the sudden illnesses and disease that the skeletal system gets.

• During surgery doctors try to remove as much of the tumor as they possibly can.

• Surgery is not 100 percent affective and can sometimes lose they limb they are operating on.

Radiation therapy

• It is mostly used after the patient has had surgery but it can also be used if the patient is not having surgery

• Radiation therapy uses high energy radiation to kill the left over cancer cells

Rickets

• Rickets is an disorder that young kids develop due to a lack of vitamin D and calcium.

• Unlike other diseases Rickets doesn’t need surgery or pills or even radiation therapy to cure.

• To cure Rickets all that the individual most do is to replace the deficient calcium and it only takes about 3 to 9 months to fully cure.

• Rickets is an abnormal bone growth in young children.

• Symptoms of Rickets include large abdomen, wide ankles, an odd curve of the spine or back and a large forehead.

Chondrosarcoma Cancer

• The second most common type of bone cancer

• It is very rare for people under the age of 20 to get this. It is more common for people between the ages of 50 to 70

• This affects any area of the body that has cartilage, but it is usually found in the upper thigh area.

• It starts because of abnormal cartilage cell that divides out of control

• The symptoms for this disease are large lump at the sight of the pain. Limping or a decreasing use of the affected area. Swelling or redness and the last symptom is sharp or dull pain. The pain usually gets worse at night. The pain gets more consistent as the bone cancer grows.

Osteosarcoma cancer

• Treatment for this type of cancer varies based on the size and placement of the tumor.

• Treatment usually starts off by the patient receiving cancer fighting drugs that are used stop the spread of the tumor and to try and shrink it.

• Surgery follows this because it makes it easier to remove the tumor if it is smaller and if it is kept in one area.

• It is the sixth most common type of cancer in children

• It is one of the few cancers that start in the bone and only sometimes spreads to other parts of the body.

• It is unpredicted errors in the persons DNA.

The End