By AP Environmental Science and Sustainability

ø “Sustainability is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.”

(United Nations 1987 Brundtland Report)

ø Because of a lot of modern issues, such as an increase in population and a decrease in natural resources

ø It’s important to know what things you can do and choices you can make to help keep humans and our planet alive

ø The amount of resources consumed over a period of time by a person, organization, community or nation

ø China - 6,538,367.00ø USA - 5,838,381.00ø India - 1,612,362.00ø Japan - 1,254,543.00ø Germany - 787,936.00ø Canada - 557,340.00ø Australia - 374,045.00ø Earth - 29,321,302.00

ø 97% of Earth’s water is salt water, 3% is freshwater, 2/3 of which is frozen

ø Only 1% of Earth’s water is useful to humans

ø It IS a renewable resource but we are using it up faster than it is being replenished

Global Uses of WaterAgriculture (mostly irrigation): 69% Industry: 23% Domestic use (household, drinking water, sanitation): 8% Energy

• Hydropower

ø Humans effect the water supply by:• Wasting water/depleting water supply• Constructing reservoirs and dams• Draining wetlands• Paving areas• Channelizing stream flow• Dumping waste and polluting

ø Available fresh water amount may be effected by climate change

ø The discharge of raw sewage into natural waters, mainly in underdeveloped countries

ø Sewage, sludge, garbage, and even toxic pollutants are all dumped into the waterways

ø Agricultural runoffø Urban storm water runoffø Chemical waste

ø Cote D’Ivor, and Nigeria are famous for having parts of their water supply polluted to the point where human consumption is unrealistic ø In the Ivory Coast, they burn computers and have had toxic sludge dumped on their drinking supplies

ø Sudan Crisis

ø Somalia

ø Israel Palestine Conflict

ø According to the UN, resource wars are to be considered the epicenter of most third world conflicts

ø Much of our clothing comes from plants such as cotton ø Even some synthetic fibers (such as rayon) are produced from plantsø Most clothing dyes are also derived from plantsø Unsustainable farming practices can have widespread effects on the environment

ø Decrease of soil over time due to over agricultureø Occurs when nutrients are removed and not replaced

ø Excess nutrients can run off into water supply 

ø Over 98% of pesticides reach more then their target species, and get into air, water and soil

ø Reduce biodiversity

ø Organic agriculture is the process of producing food naturally

ø Encourages biodiversity

ø Reduces the risk of humans consuming pesticides

ø Reduces pollution, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions

ø Organic foods are only more expensive because there isn't a huge demand for it by consumers yet; for it to be cheaper, more people need to buy it

ø Prevents soil depletion, and reduces soil erosion

ø Maintains soil fertility

ø Prevents diseases

ø Helps control weeds

ø Often enter the water supply

ø Mainland China (Yellow river) polluted by industrial waste from textiles

ø Solutions would be to reuse materials for new products

ø Limited clothing owned by K-mart makes many, many types of garments worn by kids and adults.

ø To save money, they use heavy chemicals to keep the clothes wrinkle free and good looking.

ø Doctors have tested the clothing and found a deadly chemical called formaldehyde in children's pants.

ø Are often acidic for example: sulfuric acid, acetic acid, sodium sulfate, and surfactants)

ø Also metallic's, and sulfurs that have a major destructive impact

ø •Sulfur or sulfide dyes: contain sulfur or are precipitated from sodium sulfide bath

ø C8

ø Formaldehyde is found in clothes and dyes to keep clothing looking crisp and fresh.

ø Formaldehyde is a chemical that might cause cancer, but in the trace amounts contained in dyes, it should not cause problems.

ø Formaldehyde is generated by growing plants and is pretty much unavoidable.

ø Excess formaldehyde must be removed from all places where it naturally occurs prior to manufacturing

ø Dyes from Plants:• Red: Madder (Rubia

tinctorum), cochineal (Dactylopius coccus), Brazilwood (Caesalpinaia echinata) and alkanet (Alkannna tinctoria)

• Yellow: onion skins, turmeric, cold tea, rhubarb, tansy, dyers chamomile and dyers greenweed.

ø Mordants (to get dye to stick to fabric)• Vinegar• Salt• Alum (shorthand for

aluminum potassium sulphate)

ø TENCEL® is the brand name for a recently improved fabric from a fiber generically called lyocell

ø Lyocell fiber is eco-friendly. It is a cellulosic fiber made from agricultural waste to create a textile that is biodegradable and recyclable.

ø Lyocell falls somewhere in-between natural and artificial fibers

Sustainable fabrics

ø HEMPø WOOL

ø ORGANIC COTTONø SOY SILK

ø INGEO™ CORN FIBERø BAMBOO

ø FORTREL EcoSpun™

ø 35% to 45% comes from institutions and commercial sources

ø containers and packaging materials represent nearly 1/3 of what we throw away

ø Paper and textile products make up ¼ of Municipal Solid Waste.

ø Durable goods represent another 16%.

ø Yard trimmings and food scraps equal around 12% to 13% each.

ø Plastics account for 11.7% ø Metals (7.6%)ø Rubber, leather and textiles (7.3%)ø Wood (5.5%)ø Glass (5.3%)ø Other (3.3%)

Ways to reduce waste stream:• Reducing Waste Production• Reusing Waste Material• Recycling

Pollution Prevention is better, easier and cheaper than clean-up

ø Most plastic bags are made from a type of plastic called polyethylene 80% of which is produced from natural gas – an abundant, yet non-renewable resource

ø Pulp and paper mills are among the worst polluters to air, water and land of any industry in the country

ø Using reusable bags can significantly reduce the amount of paper and plastic in the waste stream

ø Electronic waste (e-waste) now makes up 5% of all municipal solid waste worldwide

ø Heavy metals in e-waste: lead, zinc, nickel, copper, cadmium

ø Some art supplies such as paints and paint thinners can contain certain chemicals which give off toxic fumes which can affect the environment

ø Not just the environment, the toxic chemicals in certain supplies can also be a threat to the artist as it can be a potential cause of disease

ø Exposure to these chemicals can result in problems including headaches, nausea, burns, breathing problems, lung and kidney damage, and even cancer

ø Children are particularly vulnerable to toxins because of their small size, higher metabolisms, and immature immune systems so it would help to be very careful

ø Paint: The primary toxins in certain art supplies are chemical solvents, substances that can dissolve other substances to create a solution

ø In paints, solvents—including methyl alcohol, which can cause blindness if swallowed, and toluene, linked to kidney and liver damage—dissolve pigments and allow paint to spread evenly

ø Also, some pigments in art paints can contain highly toxic metals such as cadmium, arsenic, and lead, says the Washington Toxics Coalition

ø There are three types of markers: water-based, alcohol-based, and aromatic solvent-based(scented)

ø Aromatic solvent-based markers are the most toxic—many contain xylene, a neuro, kidney, reproductive, and respiratory toxin

ø Alcohol-based markers contain toxins, but they’re not as potent as xylene

ø Finding environmentally friendly art supplies can be extremely easy!

ø Though water-based paints do not contain solvents and are therefore safer than those of oil paints, look for the AP seal on any color of paint you buy, even watercolors

ø If you use oil-based paints, make sure you use AP-certified oil paint thinners and brush cleaners

ø Children should only use water-based AP children’s paint

ø Avoid alcohol- and solvent-based markers, both of which are often marked “permanent” or “waterproof”

ø Look for water-based markers with an AP label

ø If you need dry-erase markers for white boards, look for those marked “low-odor,” which are alcohol-based and less toxic than other kinds

ø look for labels from the Art and Creative Materials Institute (ACMI)

ø ACMI is a nonprofit membership organization made up of art supply manufacturers, who voluntarily agree to have their materials evaluated by independent toxicologists and tested by accredited, independent labs for safety every five years, as well as randomly and whenever product formulas change.

ø Any art material evaluated by ACMI will bear one of the organization’s seals

ø The AP (approved product) label appears on all supplies evaluated as nontoxic to both children and adults. Some older products may have a CP (certified product) or “nontoxic” HL (health label) seal instead of an AP label

ø Growing cotton uses 22.5% of all the insecticides used globally.

ø Growing enough cotton for one t-shirt requires 257 gallons of water.

ø The use of rayon for clothing is contributing to the rapid depletion of the world's forests.

ø Petroleum-based products are detrimental to the environment on many levels.

ø A cord of wood (wood stacked 4 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet, or 128 cubic feet) produces nearly 90,000 sheets of paper

ø There are a variety of materials considered "environmentally-friendly" for a variety of reasons. • The renewability of the product. • The ecological footprint of the resource - how much

land it takes to support it.• How many chemicals it requires to grow/process it to

make it ready for market.

ø We Manufacture “Waste” All Day, Every Dayø 3% of the Btu value of coal becomes usable

lightø 5% of a palm oil plant gets used to make

detergentø 8% of the sugars in barley are fermented to

make beerø 0.2% of the coffee plant becomes the coffee we

drinkø ~60% of the materials used in our industrial

economy become waste before they enter the economy

ø The total acreage devoted to landfill use in the US is about 560,000 acres (about 0.02% of all the land in the nation)

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