By B Sitaula, Z Kimbi and JA Matovelo

ByB Sitaula, Z Kimbi and JA Matovelo

Possible synergies with proposed triangular NOMA master study and developing new idea of research collaboration

Norad’s Programme for Master Studies (NOMA)

AIM OF NOMA PROGRAMME

• The overall aim of the NOMA programme is to contribute to the education of staff in all sectors in Norways’s main partner countries and other selected countries through building capacity at the Master level in higher education institutions in the South

Objectives of NOMA

• Collaboration North – South (and south)• Capacity strengthening in the South• New Master programme in the South• Relevance – need of the society in the South• Gender equity• Include development perspectives in

Northern universities

Eligible academic fields

• Education• Environment, economic development and trade• Gender• Governance, democratic development human

rights and migration• Health, HIV/AIDS• Oil and energy• Peace and conflict resolution

Eligible institutions

• Higher Education Institutions in the South that are fully recognised/accredited by the national authorities in the country where they have their campus

• Norwegian institutions which are members of the Norwegian Association of Higher Education Institutions (UHR) in Norway and have accredited Master programmes through NOKUT

Developing a Triangular Master's Programme in International Environmental Studies & Sustainable Resource Utilisation

• Develop and implement a Master's degree programme for capacity building in global change science for adaptive management of natural resources in Africa and Asia, and addressing the recent development in global change scenario.

• Promote South-South collaboration in higher education through support from the North

Project Features

• Triangular project: UMB, KU, and SUA• International MSc programme to be run at KU• Students from Tanzania and Nepal • Residential program at Dhulikhel campus• Cohorts of 15 students only• 2 cohorts to be completed within project cycle

New ideas of reserach collaboration

• Land use change and forest/soil restoration effects on carbon pools and fluxes in selected sites in Tanzania: a collaborative research and capacity building programme

• Partners:– UMB– SUA

OBJECTIVES • The overall objective of the proposed programme is to analyse the

effects of forest restoration and alternative land use on forest and soil carbon sequestration and enhancement of livelihood security of rural communities in Tanzania. The specific objectives are:

• To review the relevant studies on land use and its changes, forest and soil degradation, and, carbon dynamics, greenhouse gas emission in the study area, establishing the relationship between changes in land use, forest and soil degradation, climate gas fluxes and carbon sequestration.

• To demonstrate the effects of forest restoration and alternate land use (e.g., agroforestry with high value medicinal and aromatic plants) on biomass and soil carbon pools and fluxes and their implications for livelihood security, carbon sequestration and climate change.

• To enhance the capacities of the participating institutions for enabling REDD strategy formulation and implementation through quantifying and conducting research in carbon dynamics and managing carbon for increased sequestration contributing to mitigation of climate change.

Participatory training and capacity building

Reduced C emissions

Better managed resources

Unsustainability

Increased atmospheric carbon and GHGs

Improper LU & mgmt. deforestation, Forest and soil

degradation

Food /livelihood insecurity, adverse socio-economic impacts, increased poverty

Restored forests, inc. C sequestration in vegetative biomass

Improved LU & carbon management, inc. soil C sequestration

Adverse climatic effects, global warming

Droughts, floods, reduced productivity & yields, crop quality decline, increased production risks, uncertainty

Increased income from NTFPs, MAPs, & high value crops, enhanced livelihood & food security, poverty reduced

Population pressures; poor technology choice; ineffective governing policies, legal regime & institutions; lack of technical capacity/knowhow

Alternative LU & management

Policy recommendations & strategy formulation

Sustainable resource use

REDD Strategies

Proposed forest/soil restoration programme implemented

Knowledge synthesis & research

Demonstration plots & baseline survey

Status quo

REDD implemented

Without REDD

Vicious cycle of poverty

Few examples of Research

Location of Study area(Mardi Watershed)

Forest62 %

Grazing5 %

Bari9 %

Khet13 %

Others11 %

Land use pattern of the Mardi Watershed

Dominant land uses of Mardi watershed

Khet (1810 ha)

Forest (9042 ha)

Bari (1345 ha)

Grazing (722 ha)

Bari (Maize-millet cropping system in slopping terraces)

Khet (irrigated rice field)

Grazing land

Forest

SN Land use

Coordinates Altitude Vegetation/Crop rotation

1 Khet N 28º 19.7’ E 83º 53.4’

1120 m Rice-Wheat-Fallow

2 Forest N 28º 19.4’ E 83º 52.4’

1219 m Schima-Castanopsis forest

3 Bari N 28º 19.2’ E 83º 52.3’

1550 m Maize-Millet-Fallow

4 Grazing

N 28º 20.1’ E 83º 51.6’

1966 m Sparse Trees, shrubs and grass

Sampling Site

Sampling and Analysis

• Incremental soil sampling down to bed rock or to 1 m soil depth (0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-100 cm)

• SOC content• Bulk Density• Gravel and stone content• Aggregate fractionation• CO2 emission

C-stock = d x BD x C-content x CFst

Where,C-stock (kg/m2)d: depth of horizon (m)BD: bulk density (kg/m3)C-content (g/g)CFst: Correction factor for stoniness and gravel

content; CFst = 1-(%stone +%gravel)/100

Results

Depthwise soil organic carbon content in four land use types

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 1 2 3 4 5

SOC (%)

Soil

depth

(cm

)Bari

Khet

Forest

Grazing

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

BD (g cm-3)

So

il de

pth

(cm

)

KhetBariForestGrazing

Variation in soil bulk density with soil depth

Stone and Gravel content in the different depths of four land uses

0102030

40506070

10

20

40

60

80

10

0

10

20

40

10

20

40

60

80

10

0

10

20

40

60

Bari Forest Grazing Khet

Land use and soil depth (cm)

Sto

ne a

nd G

rave

l co

nte

nt (

%)

Stone Content Gravel Content

Depthwise SOC stock at different soil depth on four land use types

¤722.4 ha*777 59 MT

¤1315.4 ha *211871 MT

¤9041.5 ha*506359 MT

¤1809.6 ha*48051 MT

Bari

Khet

Forest

Grazing

¤Area *C Stock

Distribution of estimated SOC stock among land uses in the watershed

60 %

6 %

25 %

9 %

Bari

Khet

Forest

Grazing

Distribution of estimated SOC stock among land uses in the watershed

Comparision of SOC stock at 0-1 m soil depth

Our study SOC Stock (kg C m-2) Bari 13.5 Grazing 10.3 Mardi watershed 11.9 Sombroek 1993

Cambisol 11.7 SE Asia 8.7 World 11.3

HA/FA ratio in soil as indicator of degree of humification

HA/FA ratio

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Forest soil Grassland Khet Bari

HA

/FA

rat

io

Example on fluxes of greenhouse gases from land uses

OBJECTIVES• To quantify seasonal fluxes of greenhouse gases CO2, N2O and CH4 in

soil on four different land uses.

• To investigate the fluxes of greenhouse gases in relation to soil, climatic and topographic factors:

- Soil temperature- Rainfall- Altitude - SOC content-Nitrogen input

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experimental site

Mardi Watershed

Fluxes of greenhouse gases were measured from: Four regular monitoring sites representing 4

dominant land uses (4 replicates on each site)– Rain fed maize and millet (Bari land)– Irrigated rice paddy (Khet land)– Grazing land– Forest land

Two transects along the elevation gradient at 200m interval (4 replicates in each point)

Location of sampling points along two transects

Transact points

Highest data point 3200m

Soil pH: 5.25-5.5

Nitrogen: 0.19 % -0.27 %

Bulk density: 0.95-1.10 g\cm3

Texture: Loamy sand

FYM\Compost: 15 t\ha

Crop rotation:Maize-Millet-Fallow

Bari Land

Soil pH: 6.1-6.9

Nitrogen: 0.06 % -0.08 %


Texture: Sandy loam

Fertilization\Manure: 2.5 t \ha

Crop rotation: Paddy –Wheat or Paddy-fallow

Khet land

Grazing land Soil pH: 4.5-4.9

Nitrogen: 0.26% -0.67 %


Texture:Sandy loam

Grazing: Free grazing(buffalos, cows and goats, sheep)

Forest landSoil pH: 4.5-5.1

Nitrogen: 0.29% -0.35%


Texture: Loamy sand

Forest type:Mixed hardwood (Castanopsis indica, Schima wallichii and Alnus nepalensis)

SN Land use

Coordinates Altitude Vegetation/Crop rotation

1 Khet N 28º 19.7’ E 83º 53.4’

1120 m Rice-Wheat-Fallow

2 Forest N 28º 19.4’ E 83º 52.4’

1219 m Schima-Castanopsis forest

3 Bari N 28º 19.2’ E 83º 52.3’

1550 m Maize-Millet-Fallow

4 Grazing

N 28º 20.1’ E 83º 51.6’

1966 m Sparse Trees, shrubs and grass

Sampling Site

Gas sampling and analysis

26.5 cm

6.5 cm

Soil cover method was used to collect gas samples.

Gas Chromatography was used to analyse the CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes

simultaneously ( Sitaula et al.,1992).

Results

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Tem

pera

ture

O C

BariGrazingKhetForest

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Date

CO

2 F

lux

(m

g C

O 2 m

-2 h

-1)


Rainfall

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1-J

an

1-F

eb

1-M

ar

1-A

pr

1-M

ay

1-J

un

1-J

ul

1-A

ug

1-S

ep

1-O

ct

1-N

ov

1-D

ec

Rain

fall

m

m

m

Variation in CO2 flux (error bar = mean±SE, n=4), temperature and rainfall over a year

Seasonal accumulated CO2 flux

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Bari Khet Forest Grazing

Land uses

Acc

mu

late

d C

O2 f

lux

(g C

O2 m

-2)

Winter(Dec.-Feb)

Autumn(Sept-Nov.)

Rainy(june-August.)

Spring (Mar.-May)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Date

N2O

Flu

x (

µg

N 2O

-N m

-2 h

-1)


Variation in N2O flux (error bar = mean±SE, n=4), temperature and rainfall over a year.

Rainfall

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1-J

an

1-F

eb

1-M

ar

1-A

pr

1-M

ay

1-J

un

1-J

ul

1-A

ug

1-S

ep

1-O

ct

1-N

ov

1-D

ec

Rain

fall

(mm

)

m

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Te

mp

era

tureO

C


Seasonal accumulated N2O flux

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


Land Uses

Ac

cm

ula

ted

N2O

flu

x(

mg

N2O

-N m

-2)

Winter(Dec.-Feb)

Autumn(Sept-Nov.)

Rainy(june-August.)

Spring (Mar.-May)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Tem

pera

tureO

C


-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

Date

CH

4 F

lux

( µg

CH

4 m

-2 h

-1)


Variation in CH4 flux (error bar = mean±SE, n=4), temperature and rainfall over a year.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1-J

an

1-F

eb

1-M

ar

1-A

pr

1-M

ay

1-J

un

1-J

ul

1-A

ug

1-S

ep

1-O

ct

1-N

ov

1-D

ec

Rain

fall(m

m)

m

Seasonal accumulated CH4 uptake

-400.0

-300.0

-200.0

-100.0

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0


Land Uses

Acc

um

ula

ted

CH

4 fl

ux

(mg

CH

4 m

-2)

Winter(Dec.-Feb)

Autumn(Sept-Nov.)

Rainy(june-August.)

Spring (Mar.-May)

Field fluxes of GHG and soil temperature along the transects with increasing elevation.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1000-1400 1400-1800 1800-2200 2200-2600 2600-3000

Elevation (m)

CH

4 Fl

ux (µ

g C

H4

m-2

h-1

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Soi

l tem

peta

ture

( 0 C

)at 5

cm

dep

th

CH4

Temperature

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1000-1400 1400-1800 1800-2200 2200-2600 2600-3000

Elevation (m)

CO

2 F

lux

(mg

CO

2 m

-2 h

-1)

0

5

10

15

20

25

So

il t

emp

erat

ure

(0 C

) a

t 5

cm

dep

th

CO2 Flux

Temperature 0C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1000-1400 1400-1800 1800-2200 2200-2600 2600-3000

Elevation(m)

N2O

Flu

x (

µg

N2O

-N m

-2 h

-1)

0

5

10

15

20

25

So

il t

emp

erat

ure

(0C

) at

5 c

m d

epth

N2O

Temperature

Net GWP of CH4 and N2O ( g CO2 m-2 y-1) for 20 year time horizon

0

10

20

30

40

50

Bari Khet Grazing Forest

Land uses

Net

GW

P(E

q. g

CO 2

m-2 y

-1)

Land uses differed in SOC stock in the soil profiles. Cultivation appears to reduce SOC content and C sequestration processes in soil.Natural soils, having higher SOC associated with micro aggregates and higher degree of humification, may have higher C sequestration potentials than cultivated soil.

Take Home Message -I

Take-Home Message-II

Field fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 varied with land uses and over time.

Seasonal variation in greenhouse gases appears relates to variation to climatic factors.

Take Home Message-II

Forest and grazing lands exhibited net uptake of atmospheric CH4 throughout the year where as cultivated land exhibited both net CH4 uptake and emission.

Significant CH4 emission occurs in khet land during rainy and autumn season.

Altitude-based soil temperature appears to be an important regulating factors for field fluxes of CO2 and N2O.

Based on existing CH4 and N2O fluxes, cultivated land will contribute higher net GWP than forest and grazing land.

Looking for the fruitful collaboration

THANKS

Documents

By B Sitaula, Z Kimbi and JA Matovelo