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Ladder SafetyOSHA 29 CFR 1910.25-27
Ladder Selection
Ladder Inspection
Ladder Set-up
Ladders Safety
Ladder Maintenance and Storage
Ladder Selection-Material
Fiberglass: Nonconductive, which makes it a good choice when working around electricity. It is also corrosion resistant and ideal for outdoor use.Aluminum: Lightweight, but not for use when contact with electricity is possible. It is easy to maneuver when frequent handling is required.Wood: Nonconductive, which makes it a good choice for working around electricity. It is an economical choice for heavy maintenance and construction.
Ladder Selection-Size
Stepladders – No more than 20 feet highLadder Size Maximum Standing Height
4 feet 2 feet
6 feet 4 feet
8 feet 6 feet
10 feet 8 feet
12 feet 10 feet
Avoid standing on top two (2) steps
Ladder Selection-Size
Extension Ladders - No more than 60 feetNormal Length Overlap required
Up to and including 36 3 feet
Over 36, up to and including 48 4 feet
Over 48, up to 60 5 feet
Maximum working height – Avoid using the top four (4) rungs
Ladder Inspection
Rungs must be intact and clean, especially free from grease and oil.
Make sure there are no splinters or sharp edges.
See that metal ladders are not dented or bent.
Make sure the hinge spreader works properly.
All support braces and bolts must be secure.
Ensure rope is not frayed or badly worn on extension ladders.
Safety feet and auxiliary devices functional.
Ladder Set-Up
An important part of fall protection is the proper use of ladders.
Keep the ladder at angle that your feet touch the base, when your outstretched arm touches the rungs. Erect on solid level surface.
Never place in front of door unless door is secured.
Stepladder – ensure the spreader is locked.
Ladder Set-Up Cont.
Tie-off (lash) top and bottom if no one is available to hold to prevent slipping.Extension – extend ladder 3 feet above support if used to access roof or other elevated surfaces.Extension – use the ¼ rule (for every 4 feet in height, move 1 foot at base).
Ladder Safety
Always have three points of contact when climbing (two feet/one hand or two hand/one foot).
Test pulleys, springs, rung locks and ropes on extension ladders.
Wear slip resistant type shoes with heels.
Do not carry objects up and down the ladder. Raise and lower needed tools and materials with a rope or bucket.
Maintain the center line of your body between the ladder’s vertical support rails while working.
Ladder Maintenance & Storage
It’s best to hang a ladder horizontally on wall hooks in a dry place not subject to temperature extremes and direct sunlight.Metal bearings of locks, wheels, pulleys, etc., shall be frequently lubricated.Have repair work done only by a competent repair shop. If there is major damage – discard.
Scaffold Safety OSHA standard, 1926.450
Scaffold Platform:no more than 1” gapsmaximum openings of 9½”scaffold platforms and walkways 18” wideladder jack, top plate bracket, roof bracket, and pump jack scaffold at least 12” wideOn direction changes, any platform on a bearer at other than a right angle shall be laid first, and platforms which rest at right angles over the same bearer laid second.
Scaffold Safety
Capacity:support own weight and 4 X the maximum intended load.
suspension rope & hardware, 6 X the maximum intended load.
stall load of scaffold hoist not to exceed 3 times its rated load.
designed by a qualified person and built and loaded to design.
Scaffold Safety
Scaffold Foundations:Scaffolds must have base plates, even when setting on a concrete floor.
Also, the lack of a base plate could damage the scaffold leg.
Scaffold Safety
Scaffold Foundations Cont.Scaffold legs must be set on base plates and adequate mudsills.
There is no base plate and the scrap plywood is not adequate.
The scaffold frame could penetrate the plywood.
Scaffold Safety
Scaffolds Foundations Cont.Scaffolds should never be set on bricks, masonry blocks, etc.
These are not structural elements and could crush under the scaffold load.
Scaffold Safety
Criteria for supported scaffolds:Higher than 4:1 ratio restrained from tipping by guys, ties, or equivalent.
Guys, ties, installed per recommendations or at the closest horizontal member to the 4:1 height
Bear on adequate foundations
Plumbed and braced
Scaffold Safety
Access:Must have safe access
No access by cross braces
Bottom rung not more than 24” high
Rest platforms at 35’ intervals
Sets access requirements for erectors and dismantlers
Can use some end frames for access
Scaffold Safety
Fall protection(PFAS or guardrails)Required at 10 foot
PFAS in lieu of guardrails on some scaffolds
PFAS & guardrails on suspension scaffolds
PFAS required for erectors and dismantlers were feasible after September 2, 1997.
Toprails after 1-1-2000, 38” to 45” high
Use crossbracing in lieu of top or midrails in some cases
Excavation SafetyOSHA Standard, 1926.651
Hazards of Excavation Works:Cave-ins
Separation of a mass of soil or rock material from the side of an excavation.
Underground Utilities
Determining approximate location
Determining exact location
Contacting local utility companies
Materials/Equipment into excavation sites
Excavation Safety
Access & Egress:Structural ramps designed by competent personEgress (ladder, stairs) from trenches over 4 feet deepRamps must be structurally sound and not create a tripping hazardUse surface treatments on ramps to prevent slipping
Excavation Safety
Access & Egress:Means of egress must be within 25 feet of workers
Ladders must extend a minimum of 36 inches above the landing
Use metal ladders with caution around utilities
Excavation Safety
Inspections - Worker ExposureDaily - prior to work, conducted by competent personAs needed - during work when competent person determines a hazardous condition exists (employees are removed until precautions are taken)After rainstorm or other hazard increasing occurrence
Excavation Safety
Protective Systems Cont.Protective systems are not needed if the excavation is:
made in stable rock
less than 5 feet deep
Protective systems must be able to resist all loads
Excavation Safety
Sloping and Benching Requirements by Soil Type: Soil or Rock
Type
Maximum Allowable Slope for Excavations less than 20’
Stable Rock Vertical (90 Deg.)
Type A ¾ to 1 (53 Deg.)
Type B 1 to 1 (45 Deg.)
Type C 1 ½ to 1 (34 Deg.)