byby

Deborah HundleyDeborah Hundley

May 9, 2007May 9, 2007

Shocking StatisticsShocking StatisticsAccording to the results of the 1998 National Assessment of

Educational Progress (NAEP):

✔ More than eight million students in grades 4 – 12 are struggling readers

✔ More than three thousand students drop out of high school every day

✔ Only 70 percent of high school students graduate on time with a regular diploma

✔ Fewer than 60 percent of African-American and Latino students graduate on time with a regular diploma

✔ Only 33 percent of eighth graders performed at or above “proficient” level

✔ Only 40 percent of twelfth graders performed at or above “proficient” level

✔ 70 percent of students entering ninth grade are reading below grade level

✔ 70 percent of students struggle in some way and require differentiated instruction

NewsflashNewsflash✎ Students who are struggling readers and do not speak English as their first language have learning disabilities

✎ Most older struggling readers can read words (and some do very well), but do not comprehend what they read

✎ Others appear fluent – they read accurately and quickly enough – but lack comprehension

✎ Students are less motivated to read in the upper grades✎ Students are required to perform well on state and

standardized “high stakes” tests ✎ Literacy demands have

increased and changed as technology has become more accessible to students

Key Elements of Effective Key Elements of Effective Literacy ProgramsLiteracy Programs

✔ Direct, explicit comprehension instruction ✔ Effective instructional principles embedded in content ✔ Motivation and self-directed learning ✔ Text-based collaborative learning ✔ Strategic tutoring ✔ Diverse texts ✔ Intensive writing ✔ A technology component ✔ Ongoing assessments of students ✔ Extended time for literacy ✔ Professional development ✔ Teaming ✔ Leadership

The result: a comprehensive and coordinated literacy programThe result: a comprehensive and coordinated literacy program

Direct, explicit Direct, explicit comprehension instructioncomprehension instruction

Comprehension means

understanding what is read

Questioning Questions based on a section of the text

ClarifyingResolves confusion about words, phrases, concepts

Summarizingidentifying the gist of what has been read, sum it up

PredictingGuess what may happen next in the story or text

Effective instructional Effective instructional principles embedded in principles embedded in

contentcontent Provide and/or reinforce instruction in the skills and

strategies that are particularly effective in their subject areas

Emphasize reading and writing practices specific to your subject

Use teaching aids and devices that help at-risk students better understand and remember content

✔Note-taking ✔Graphic organizers/rubrics ✔Prompted outlines ✔Structured review ✔Guided discussions

Motivation and self-directed Motivation and self-directed learninglearning

Stimulate and engage students

allow students to select for themselves materials they read and topics

they research allow independent reading time where students may choose their books

make instruction relevant to students’

lives

Text-based collaborative Text-based collaborative learninglearning

~meaning of the text is drawn from a group process ~implemented in subject-area classes and with

students of varying abilities ~teacher provides scaffolding at every ability level

and promote better oral language and content-area skills

~students discuss or solve concrete problems ~teacher provides instruction regarding time

management (assign roles within each group to keep students on task)

Collaborative learning means that when students work in small groups, the don’t simply discuss a topic, but interact with each other around a text.

Strategic tutoringStrategic tutoring

Intense, individual instruction Short-term, focused assistance Instruction differentiated to allow students

access to important content Tutors teach learning strategies while helping

students complete assignments, so that students become confident learners and complete

future tasks independently

Diverse textsDiverse texts

Provide students with diverse texts that present a wide range of topics and varied reading levels

Use texts that are below students’ frustration level, yet of high interest

Include books at many levels on the same topic Topics should include a variety of cultural,

linguistic, and demographic groups High-interest, low-difficulty texts stimulate

struggling readers and engage all students Use a variety of multi-level books that connect to

students’ background experiences

Intensive writingIntensive writing

✎ Writing improves reading comprehension

✎ Connect writing instruction to the kinds of writing students will be required to perform well in high school and beyond

✎ Increase the amount of writing instruction and the amount of writing students do

✎ Increase the quality of writing instruction and assignments

Ways to improve student Ways to improve student writingwriting

✎Spelling/vocabulary improve spelling and increase vocabulary through writing tasks

✎Sentence combining teach students to create more complex and sophisticated sentences and practice punctuation skills

✎Summarization teach students how to summarize texts

✎Writing strategies teach pre-writing (brainstorming), organization, rough draft, revising, editing, and final draft

~pre-writing helps organize ideas ~six traits of writing

✎Collaborative writing students work together to plan, draft, revise, and edit compositions

✎Word processing use computers and word processors to create the final drafts

✎Study of models students read, critique, and emulate models good writing

A technology componentA technology component Technology plays an increasingly central role in our society It is both a facilitator of literacy and a medium of literacy It is changing the reading and writing demands of our society It should be used as an instructional tool and an instructional

topic Technology helps teachers provide needed supports for

struggling readers, instructional reinforcement, and opportunities for guided practice with:

~decoding ~spelling ~fluency ~vocabulary ~grammar ~research

Ongoing formative assessments of Ongoing formative assessments of studentsstudents

Assess students’ strengths and needs Assessments are often informal, yet frequent Document progress individually and by class Adjustments in instruction can be made to ensure

that students are on pace to reach mastery targets

Summative assessments of Summative assessments of studentsstudents These assessments allow teachers to track students throughout the school year or from kindergarten through high school

More formal than formative assessments

Designed to demonstrate progress specific to school and program goals

Extended time for literacyExtended time for literacy

~Two to four hours of literacy-connected learning daily

~Focus on reading and writing effectively in English, reading, science, history, and other subject areas

~Teachers do not just teach content knowledge, they also teach ways of reading and writing specific to their subject

TeamingTeamingInterdisciplinary teacher teamingTeachers meet regularly to discuss students they have in

common and to align instruction ✔testing dates

✔setting reading goals ✔cross-curricular activities and projects

Allows for flexibility of scheduling guest speakers, assemblies, field trips, testing, and core activities

Helpful for creating coordinated instruction in higher grades

Allows teachers to plan for consistency in instruction across subject areas

✔note-taking strategies

✔research expectations ✔writing expectations

✔independent reading expectations

Leadership rolesLeadership roles

Principals take on the role of instructional leaders, are committed, and participate in the school community

They participate in professional development organized especially for teachers

~gives them understanding to organize and coordinate changes in a school’s literacy program

~provides them with the proper foundation for making decisions regarding class schedules and appropriate programming for student learning

Teachers take on leadership roles and implement curricular improvements

They create more consistent instruction

With this knowledge put to practice we can change the statistics. Effective literacy today begins with us, the

teachers. Providing more reading and writing opportunities for our students

will be to their advantage. Their future success depends on it.

Bibliography

• Biancarosa, Gina, and Dr. Catherine Snow. Reading Next: a Vision for Action and Research in Middle and High School Literacy. Alliance for Excellent Education. New York: Carnegie Corporation, 2004.

• Easybib. 8 May 2007 <http://www.easybib.com>.

• Graham, Steve, and Delores Perin. Writing Next: Effective Strategies to Improve Writing of Adolescents in Middle and High Schools. Alliance Of Excellent Education. New York: Carnegie Corporation, 2007.