By :EvaRiniRina

Tu Wei-ming

• was a student of Asian and comparative religion of Harvard University• wrote Beyond the Enlightenment Mentality

His ideas:Human beings have to go beyond the

thought of unlimited resources existence (enlightenment) instead realize that the

resource from the nature is limited. Anthropocentrism is the destructive not

the modernism. 

Tu Wei-ming

18th Century

Enlightenment is

* Anthropocentrism : Considering human and their existence as the MOST

important and central fact in the universe* Nature is consumption.* Human is consumer, ruler, controller NEEDS vs WANTS GREEDINESS GREEDINESS POLLUTION of our own habitat

no more resources is available Destructions of the world French Revolution World War II

destructed air, water and self

19th Century

Enlightenment is

• Knowledge is power (Francis Bacon)• Historical inevitability of human progress (August Comte)• Humanization of nature (Karl Marx)• Modernization • Wealth and power determine growth, development cause exploitation• Humans are destroyers

19th CenturyAdam Smith•The idea of Competitive market or free enterprises did not change political or economic•The growth of central government change western democracies

Modern West* Thinking as the strongest and most powerful so that can control others

progress = inequalityreason = self-interestindividualism = greed

* Unusual, different from surroundings or what generally happening the Age of Reason* The consequences have to be accepted by everyone

Changes

• The Need of Spiritual Resources• Looking human community as a whole, oneness, togetherness• Creating a new world

1.universal intent for the formation of a global community

2.inclusive sense of community3.concerned ecological minds

 

Three kinds of spiritual resources1 Modern West ethic religious: Greek philosophy, Judaism, and Christianity dichotomizing: man/ nature, creator/ creature sanctity of the earth, beneficiary interaction between human community and nature, mutuality between humankind and heaven to accept the most important thing in philosophy and theology

2. Non-Western axial-age civilizations ethic religious: Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism (South & Southeast Asia), Confucianism, & Taoism (East Asia) and Islam. * Taoism : 1. kesatuan alam semesta unity of universe 2. keseimbangan yang dinamis dynamical balance 3. siklus yang berulang repetitive cycle 4. gerakan-gerakan yang harmoni harmony movement

The concept of yin and yang as the balancing in life. The way human beings respect the nature will affect human's life

itself.Wuwei = 5 elements water, fire, wood, land, wind

keempat basic ini yang kita banyak lihat di lingkungan kita, mulai dari air, api, udara, kayu, logam.

Yin and Yang

Three kinds of spiritual resources

* Confucianism less adversarial, individualistic, self-interested modern civilization * Showing to the West that they are exist and has power also. (Japan, 4 Mini-Dragons)

growth in economy

3. Primal tradition: Native American, Hawaiian, Maori, religious tribes tradition the closeness to the root the closeness to the environment a source of inspiration to protect and save nature

Solution

Take care of the environment together and seriously, treating nature as the source of

living and not for self interest and exploitation like in Enlightenment.

J. Baird Callicott

University of Wisconsin, Stevens PointToward a Global Environmental Ethic

Approaches1. Anthropocentrism = utilitarianism

Human centrist2. Biocentrism (life centered)

~ Animal welfare has to be considered to as living things, they have rights for living and can’t be use as routine subjects.~ Plants are the same.

J. Baird Callicott

3. Ecocentrism• Based on Aldo Leopold, Land ethics• Human beings are part of a local biotic community and various human communities.• Change human role from conqueror to common citizen means human has to respect other living things and the environment• A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community• The environmental crisis always has global dimension

J. Baird Callicott

Industrial Civilization

1.Polluted the environment with certain toxic and other dangerous chemicals2.The impact of industrial is the damage of biosphere by humans until human can’t adapt to the changes anymore3.Global industrial civilization eclipsed environmental ethic

J. Baird Callicott

Two complementary streams of human beings moral:

1. human welfare = utilitarianism (Jeremy Bentham)

help human to see beyond themselves, there is not only me but also there are others

2. human dignity human right = deontology (Immanuel Kant)

 

J. Baird Callicott

Japanese Zen Buddhism

• represented in the West by D.T. Suzuki, early 20th century• popularized by Alan Watts• Gary Snyder, a poet, a charter member of the Beat Generation, inspired by Alan Watts study it in Kyoto• Bring changes to Western environmental philosophers to Taoism

J. Baird Callicott

Conclusion

• Human need to have harmony with nature• Human see symbiotic relationship with nature but incomplete and imperfect• Even though we live in one planet, we are separated, we lived in diverse world by united in certain ways: reverence, divine, culturally evolve• The important of ecology can be expressed in contemporary science and traditional sacred and philosophical literature 

J. Baird Callicott

 Solution

We are together in this universe, we use from the same resource therefore we need

to save the environment together. Even every small good deed will have impact to save it but every small harm action will

damage our world.

The Emerging Ecological WorldviewBy Ralph MetzerCalifornia Institute of Integral Studies 

His ideas•How humans relates to other species and their ecosystems?•Humans are in the midst of transition phase to ecological age •Three common analyses of the transition

1. Industrial Informational/ Electronic2. Modern Post Modern3. Cenozoic (mammal) Ecozoic (human being)

and their environment 

The Emerging Ecological Worldview The roots of environmental disaster are:1.Attitudes2.Values human of industrial-technological are the ruler

3.Perceptions4.Basic worldview

will cause exploitation, destruction, wasting application of technology.

 

The Emerging Ecological Worldview Natural sciences

Mechanomorphic organismic view = sees universe as an evolving process

Autopoietic adaptive to environment, example Gaia theory (James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis): the Earth is a superorganism  

The Emerging Ecological Worldview Solution:

• Thinking deeply of the concept of1.Nature of nature2.Human Nature3.Relationship between human and nature

• When we respect and take care of our environment, the environment will take care of us too.

• We need to do all of this good deed started from ourselves. It doesn’t matter small or big because it will give impact.