By: Greg Clevenger

Yalta & Potsdam-1945Yalta & Potsdam-1945

• Yalta Conference– New United Nations

peacekeeping organization

– Divided Germany

– Free elections in several Eastern European nations

• Potsdam Conference– Met for 17 days– Discussed post-war

resolutions– Talked about the atomic

bombYalta

Atomic BombsAtomic Bombs

• U.S. drops two atomic bombs on Japan

• Most devastating weapons ever used by any nation

• Truman on bombs:“Dropping the bombs ended

the war, saved lives and gave the free nations a chance to face the facts.”

— President Truman

“It was a question of saving hundreds of thousands of American lives.”

— President Trumansingle click speakerto hear audio clip >>>>>

Hiroshima VideoHiroshima Video

single click screento view video

QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

End of World War IIEnd of World War II

• Soviet Union enters the war

• Japan surrenders aboard USS Missouri, September 2, 1945

• Postwar Soviet Union

• Competition between U.S. and Soviet Union

• Cold War begins

BombsBombs

• U.S. develops atomic and hydrogen bombs

• Soviets do the same

– Explode atomic bomb in 1949

– Explode hydrogen bomb in 1953

• What is a Cold War?

Communism vs. CapitalismCommunism vs. Capitalism

• Communism puts needs of state over needs of individual

• Capitalism puts individual needs first

• Both profess to guarantee the best way of life

• Increased competition between the two superpowers

Adam SmithAdam Smith

Karl MarxKarl Marx

Containment PolicyContainment Policy• Plan to stop spread of communism

• Truman Doctrine

– March 12, 1947

– President asks Congress for $400 million to assist Greece and Turkey

“It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”

— Harry S TrumanHarry S Truman

Containment PolicyContainment Policy

• Marshall Plan– Named after U.S. Secretary

of State

– Established in June 1947

– Substantial U.S. aid to any nation resisting communism

– Impacted 16 nations

– $12.5 billion in economic assistance

– Considered a spectacular success

George MarshallGeorge Marshall

National Security ActNational Security Act

• Created in 1947

• Established the Department of Defense, the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency

Joint Chiefs–Dept. of DefenseJoint Chiefs–Dept. of Defense

Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade

• June 1948

• Soviet leader Stalin shuts down delivery of supplies to West Berlin

• U.S. and British respond by airlifting supplies for almost one year

• Soviets back down

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin

• Soviet leader from 1922-1953

• Led U.S.S.R. during early phase of the Cold War

• Brutal dictator, killed millions of his own people

• His successor, Khrushchev, denounced his politics

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

• Constructed by East Germans in 1961

• Separated the capitalist West from the communist East

• Prevented escapes to the West

NATONATO

• Military alliance created in 1949

• 12 nations including the U.S. and Canada

• Strongest alliance in history

• Expands to 15 membersby 1955

• Critics said the purpose of NATO was:

“to keep the Russians out, the Germans down, and the Americans in.”

Warsaw Pact-1955Warsaw Pact-1955

• Soviet response to NATO

• Made up of Eastern European countries

• A partial response to West Germany joining NATO

• Soviet perspective– Attacked numerous

times by Germany in two world wars

– Distrusted global ambitions of the U.S. and Great Britain

Iron Curtain MapIron Curtain Map

single click speakerto hear audio clip >>>>>

“It is my duty however, for I am sure you would wish me to state the facts as I see them to you. It is my duty to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe.

From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere …”

— Winston Churchill

Cold War in ChinaCold War in China

• Communists vs. Nationalists

• Mao Zedong, communist leader

• Chiang Kai-shek, nationalist leader

• Soviets supported communists

• U.S. supported nationalists

Mao Zedong

Chiang Kai-shek

Communist ChinaCommunist China

• Nationalists forced to surrender

• CCP took over major cities

• Mao became first communist leader of China in 1949

• Main leader of China during the Cold War

Korean WarKorean War

• 1950-1953

• North Korea vs. South Korea

• Kim Il-Sung led communists

Kim Il SungKim Il Sung

Korean War, ContinuedKorean War, Continued

• North Korea attacks South

• U.S. responds by airlifting troops still in Japan

China Enters WarChina Enters War

• Chinese wore North Korean uniforms

• 100,000 Chinese “volunteer” soldiers

• China deceived the United Nations

• Soviets helped in disguise

War’s EndWar’s End

• Reached stalemate

• Never signed formal treaty

• Casualties:

– 1.5 million Chinese and North Koreans

– 400,167 South Koreans

– 54,000 Americans

– 17,260 U.N. soldiers

Korean War MapKorean War Map

Civil DefenseCivil Defense

• Fear developed amongst Americans

• Implemented domestic changes

• Families built nuclear shelters– Stocked with food,

water, and emergency supplies in preparation for an attack

Duck and Cover VideoDuck and Cover Video

single click screento view video

McCarthy HearingsMcCarthy Hearings

• Took place over four years: 1950-1954

• Ruined the careers of prominent writers, actors, and politicians

• Earned him the nickname “low-blow Joe”

Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy

single click speaker to hear audio clip >>>>>

Army-McCarthy HearingsArmy-McCarthy Hearings

• 35 days of televised hearings in spring of 1954

• 20 million Americans tune in

• The end of McCarthyism

• Died of alcoholism

Vietnam in 1954Vietnam in 1954

• France colonized and controlled the region

• French defeated by communists at Dien Bien Phu

• Ho Chi Minh led communists

• Vietnam was divided North and South at the 17th Parallel

Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh

American ResponseAmerican Response

• America supported the South

• Some desired military intervention in Vietnam

• Ike and many Americans were reluctant to get involved

Eisenhower & DullesEisenhower & Dulles

SEATO-1954SEATO-1954

• U.S. led response to Vietnam

• Patterned after NATO but much weaker

• Made up of eight nations

• Secretary of State Dulles engineered plan

The Soviets in SpaceThe Soviets in Space

• Launched Sputnik in 1957

• Sent first cosmonaut into space in 1961

single click speaker to hear audio clip >>>>>

U.S. Space HighlightsU.S. Space Highlights

• Alan Shepard is the first American to go into space

• John Glenn orbits Earth three times

• America lands on the moon in 1969

Alan ShepardAlan Shepard

Bay of PigsBay of Pigs

• U.S. attempt to overthrow Castro in Cuba

• Castro’s forces defeat 1,200 U.S.-sponsored troops

• Cuba remains communist

Batista

Castro & KhrushchevCastro & Khrushchev

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

• October 1962

• Lasted for 13 days

• Nuclear missiles pointed at the United States

ExComExCom

• Special group entrusted to solve crisis

• Led by President Kennedy and his brother Robert

• Decided to blockade or “quarantine” Cuba

John & Robert KennedyJohn & Robert Kennedy

Khrushchev and KennedyKhrushchev and Kennedy

• Khrushchev and Kennedy correspond

• Khrushchev to Kennedy:

– “We and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war, because the more the two of us pull, the tighter the knot will be tied.”

End of CrisisEnd of Crisis

• Soviets agree to pull weapons out of Cuba

“We are eyeball to eyeball, and I think the other fellow just blinked.” — Secretary of State Dean Rusk

“This is not a time for gloating, nor can one reach any general conclusions about the future course of Soviet conduct in other areas.” — JFK Dean Rusk

Dean Rusk

AftermathAftermath

• Soviets make more nuclear weapons

• Desire equal footing with the United States

New DirectionsNew Directions

• A hotline for direct calls between Moscow’s leader and the White House

• A nuclear test ban to now test all nuclear weapons underground

Domino TheoryDomino Theory

• Nations fall to communism like dominos

• Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam all become communistic

• Eventually all of Europe and the U.S.?

Johnson and VietnamJohnson and Vietnam

• Johnson was sworn in after Kennedy assassination

• U.S. base in South Vietnam attacked in 1965

• Johnson orders bombing of North Vietnam

• 184,000 U.S. soldiers in Vietnam in 1965

• Often called “Mr. Johnson’s War” Lyndon JohnsonLyndon Johnson

Johnson and Vietnam Johnson and Vietnam

• Americans become anti-war

• Many ask, “What are we really fighting for?”

• Johnson bows to public pressure

• Refuses to seek another term

Vietnam AftermathVietnam Aftermath

• Nixon, Ford supported gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops

• Communists overrun the South

• Vietnam became, unlike Korea, united under communism

• 56,000 killed and 300,000 Americans wounded

• 3rd most costly war in U.S. history Gerald FordGerald Ford

Nixon and the Cold WarNixon and the Cold War

• Inspired détente—relaxing tension with Soviets

• Started SALT to reduce weapons

• Often visited Soviet leaders

Richard NixonRichard Nixon

U.S.-Soviet RelationsU.S.-Soviet Relations

• Shared missions into outer space

• U.S.A./U.S.S.R. cultural exchanges

• SALT II

Soviet ConcernsSoviet Concerns

• Economic difficulties paying for weapons

• Citizens becoming discontent

• Invasion of Afghanistan becomes the Soviet Union’s Vietnam

LeninLenin

Soviets in AfghanistanSoviets in Afghanistan

• Soviets attack in 1979

• Opponents are the Mujahideen

• Led by Osama bin Laden

• Soviets withdraw in 1989

• U.S. boycotts Moscow Olympics

Reagan and the Cold WarReagan and the Cold War

• Take a tough stand against Soviets

• Outspend them militarily

• Let them know America will fight communism

• Strategic Defense Initiative

Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan

Gorbachev and ReaganGorbachev and Reagan

• No intermediate nuclear weapons pointed at Western Europe

• Eventual banning of all intermediate weapons in Europe by both sides

GorbachevGorbachevsingle click speaker to hear audio clip >>>>>

Freedom ReignsFreedom Reigns

• Poland becomes a democracy

• Nuclear arsenals continue to be reduced

Lech WalesaLech Walesa

Cold War EndsCold War Ends

• George H.W. Bush is President in 1988

• Berlin Wall, Iron Curtain crumble in 1989

• Germany is reunited, East and West, in 1990

• Communism peacefully exits Russia in 1991

George H. W. BushGeorge H. W. Bush

After the Cold WarAfter the Cold War

• U.S.S.R./U.S.A. become friends and allies

• Disarmament

• Peace

Click Here For Interactive Whiteboards You Can Afford

Click Here For More Cold War Products