Nitrogenous base

Carbon ring structure found in DNA molecule

that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen

contains a ring of carbon with different amount of

nitrogen that connect in the middle of the ladder

by HYDOROGEN BONDS

These are the conections

A -----T

A----U

C---G

DOUBLE

HELIX

Shape of a DNA molecule consisting of two

strands of nucleotides that are twisted into a coil

and held together by the NITROGENOUS BASES

The shaped of a twisted ladder that is put

together by two strands of nucleotides and

connected by nitrogenous bases

DNA

REPLICATIONProcess in which the DNA in the chromosome is

copied before Mitosis and meiosis starts

A process where DNA makes an exact copy of

itself by UNZIPPING DOWN THE MIDDLE.

1. Enzyme unzips bases

2. Free floating

nucleotide bases

attach to open bases

of original DNA Strand

3. A different enzyme

connects nucleotides

messenger RNA

(mRNA)

One stranded RNA that carries information from

DNA in the nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm

one stranded RNA that is a copied from DNA

and carries the information to the cell’s cytoplasm

ribosomal RNA

(rRNA)

RNA that makes up the ribosomes; binds to

mRNA and uses its information to assemble

amino acids in the right order

one stranded RNA that is a copied from DNA

and carries the information to the cell’s cytoplasm

Transfer RNA

(tRNA)

RNA that delivers amino acids to the ribosomes

to be assembled into proteins.

squiggly RNA that has the anticodon and an

amino acid attached to it that brings it to the

ribosomes to assemble into a protein.

Transcription

Process in the cell nucleus where a copy of RNA

is made from part of a DNA strand

IN the NUCLEUS this process make a RNA copy

from unzipped DNA strand.1. Enzymes unzip DNA

2. FREE RNA nucleotides

form base pairs with

their complimentary

nucleotides on DNA

strand

3. The mRNA strand

breaks away, DNA

strand rejoin

4. Introns (noncoding)

sequences are cut out

by enzymes before

mRNA leaves nucleus

and enters cytoplasmA connect U

C connect G

Codon

Group of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA that

code for one amino acid

3 letters on the mRNA strand that tells the tRNA

which amino acid to attach.

A connect U

C connect G

Translation

Process of changing the information in mRNA into

an amino acid chain in a protein,using rRNA and

tRNA

in the CYTOPLASM, mRNA is used to make a protein

with the help of bubble rRNA and squiggly tRNA

1. Bubbly rRNA attaches to start codon AUG on

mRNA strand

2. Squiggly tRNA finds the letters that fit with its

anticodon and carries over the amino acid

3. Methionine starts all proteins because it is the

start codon

4. A new squiggly tRNA molecule starts to attach

other amino acids according to the codon by a

PEPTIDE BOND

5. After peptide bond formed bubbly rRNA moves

over to the next codon and the used squiggly

tRNA is released. a new squiggly tRNA attaches

6. A chain continues to make a protein until the stop

codon is reached on the mRNA strand

Mutation

Any change in DNA sequence caused by errors

in replication, transcription, cell division, or by

external agents.

when the base pairs in a DNA sequence are

changed Mutation in the

gametes will be

passed on to

children

Mutation in the

body cells will

not be passed

on to the

children

Point shift mutation

A change in a single base pair in DNA that could

change the ONE AMINO ACID FOR THAT BASE

when the base pairs in a DNA sequence are

changed MAY ONLY CHANGE ONE AMINO

ACID

EX:

THE DOG BIT THE CAT.

THE DOG BIT THE CAR.

FRAME SHIFT

MUTATION

Mutation that occurs when a single nitrogenous

base is added or deleted from the DNA

sequence; causes a shift in the reading of codons

by one base

when one base in added or taken away from the

DNA sequence causing the codons to change

after that point on.

EX:

original:THE DOG BIT THE CAT.

deleted:THE DOB ITT HEC AT.

Added:THE DOT GBI TTH ECA T

Chromosomal

mutation

Mutation that occurs when parts of the

chromosomes break off during mitosis or meiosis

and join to the wrong chromosome, or join

backwards or in the wrong place on the

chromosme.

when pieces of chromosome break and off and

join to wrong chromosome, join backwards, or in

the wrong place.

mutagen

Any outside agent that can cause a change in

DNA;includes high temperature, radiation, or

chemicals

anything that causes a DNA to change; includes

xray, cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and

nuclear radiation

Genetic

engineeringMethod of cutting DNA from one organism and

inserting the DNA fragment into a host organism

of the same or different species

cutting DNA from one organism into small

fragments and inserting the fragments into a host

organism of the same or different species.

EX: putting a firefly gene in a tobacco plant to

make it glow

Recombinant DNA

DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA

from different sources

cutting and pasting parts of DNA together from

the same organism or different organism

Restriction enzyme

DNA cutting enzyme that can cut both strands of

a DNA molecule at a specific nucleotide

sequence

an enzyme that can cut both strands of DNA into

pieces based on a certain order of bases

Plasmid

Small ring of DNA found in a bacterial cell that is

used as a biological vector

small ring of DNA from a bacterial cell that is

used to put a foreign DNA into another species

Gel electrophoresisA. Sample of DNA is cut up by

restriction enzymes

B. The gel that is firmer than

dessert jello is molded with

wells that DNA fragmented

sample is added to wells

C.An electric field is applied

make one end positive and

the other negative

D.Negatively charged DNA

fragments travel towards the

positive end. Smaller

fragments move faster and

farther

These are the

conections

A-----T

A----U

C---G