Upload
ryan-adair
View
219
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
By J. Fraser Mustard *Alfredo Tinajero
The Founders’ Network
* Founding President, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
February 24, 2010
Brain Development and its Influence on Human Development
Washington, DC
Joint Special Session, OAS
Human Development
Nature Nurture
Genes Epigenetics Stimulation and Nutrition
Gene Function
Neurobiological Pathways
Physical Mental Learning Health Health
10-008
Epigenetics
Epigenetics is the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing the function of normal genes [all the 100 billion neurons in your head have the same DNA].
10-004 need new number
What is experience?
The stimuli that you encounter both pre- and post-natally as well as in later stages differentiate neuron function.
Examples: sound, touch, vision, smell, food, thoughts, drugs, injury, disease, physical activity, etc.
Experience begins in utero that effects the differentiation and function of the neurons in the brain.
Kolb, U Lethbridge
08-026
03-080
Health(physical and mental) Learning (literacy) Behaviour
Experience-Based Brain Development in the early years of life sets neurological and biological pathways throughout life that affect:
Early Human Development
and
Literacy & Health
Early Child Development and Language
Starts early – first 7 months – neurons differentiate language sounds (e.g. English, Japanese)
Sets capability for mastering multiple languages in early life
Sets literacy, language and learning trajectory for the second and third stages of development
04-200
Literacy Levels for the Population Ages 16 to 65 – USA
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5
Per
cen
t
Level NALS, p. 17, 2002
Prose
Document
Quantitative
05-178
Low High
Literacy Levels (Quantitative) and Physical, Mental or Other Health Conditions – USA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 2 3 4 5
Per
cen
t
Level NALS, p. 44, 2002
Health Problems
Mental or Emotional Problems
Long-term Illness
05-173
Percentages of Adults in Poverty, by Literacy Level – USA (Prose)
0 10 20 30 40 50
5
4
3
2
1
Percent
Lev
el
NALS, p. 61, 2002
05-170
Early Experience and Brain Architecture and Function
Affects gene expression and neural pathways
Shapes emotion, regulates temperament and social development
Shapes perceptual and cognitive ability
Shapes physical and mental health and behaviour in adult life
Shapes physical activity (e.g. skiing, swimming, etc.)
Shapes language and literacy capability
07-001
Success by TenEarly Child Development
Intervene early
Intervene often
Intervene effectively
Integrate with primary schools
06-001
Ludwig and Sawhill, Brookings Institution
Grade 3 Language Scores
UNESCO, 1998
100 250 300 350 400150 200
Argentina _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Brazil _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Chile _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Cuba _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Mexico _ _ _ _ _ _ _
05-066
Community PolyclinicsPregnancy to Age 6
Developmental Health (pre and post natal)
Weekly Home Visits
Services provided by Community Polyclinics Nutritional support
Child (Care) Stimulation (Puericultura)
Cub
a
Mor
talit
y R
ate
4th grade Language (UN
ES
CO
, 1998)
350
330
310
290
270
250
230
Chi
le
Arg
entin
a
Ven
ezue
la
Col
ombi
a
Par
agua
y
Méx
ico
Hon
dura
s
Bra
zil
Dom
inic
an
Rep
.
Bol
ivia
Under One Mortality Rate (WHO, 1990)
Language Scores – UNESCO First Regional Study (1998)
Mustard, JF. @ Tinajero, A., 2009
Health and Language Scores
70
50
30
10
90
Association Between Preschool Attendance and Learning
Cu
ba
Pe
rce
nt e
nro
lled
in p
resc
ho
ol
Reading S
cores – 6th grade (UN
ES
CO
, 2008)
Ch
ile
Uru
gu
ay
Co
sta
Ric
a
Arg
enti
na
Per
u
Co
lom
bia
Do
min
ica
n R
.
Pa
rag
ua
y
Mustard, JF. @ Tinajero, A., 2009
100%
80%
90%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10% 5
25
20
15
10
35
30
45
40
50% of preeschool enrolment - children ages 3-5 (UNESCO-LLECE, 2008)
% of children at Level IV – Reading Scores (high) - 6th grade (UNESCO, 2008)
03-085
Early Development Instrument (EDI)Kindergarten – Age 5
Physical health and well-being
Communication skills and general knowledge
Social knowledge and competence
Emotional health/maturity
Language and cognitive development
EDI – Canada and CENDI - Monterrey, Mexico
% Low on % Low on One Domain Two Domains
CENDI 18.5% 3.8%(centre-based)
(Monterrey)
CanadianMiddle Class 25.9% 12.9%(120,000)
08-046
02-056
Policies to Foster Human Capital
"We cannot afford to postpone investing in children until they become adults nor can we wait until they reach school - a time when it may be too late to intervene."
Heckman, J., 2001(Nobel Prize Economics, 2000)
WHO – Marmot Commission on Social Determinants of Health
Chapter 5 – Equity from the Start
Recommendation 5.1:WHO and UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) set up an interagency mechanism to ensure policy coherence for early child development such that, across agencies, a comprehensive approach to early child development is acted on. WHO, August 2008
08-151
WHO, August 2008
Recommendation 5.2
The Commission recommends that:
Governments build universal coverage of a comprehensive package of quality early child development programmes and services for children, mothers, and other caregivers, regardless of ability to pay.
Of all the countries in the Americas, Cuba’s programs of nutrition and stimulation for rural and urban children provide the best example of equity for early human development in the Americas. We all can learn from what Cuba has accomplished.
10-002
01-039
www.founders.net
To download this presentation, go to:Slides - Slide Shows
References
Mustard, J.F. Early child development and experience-based brain development: the scientific underpinnings of the importance of early child development. Washington: The Brookings Institution. 2006. Available at: www.founders.net
Mustard, J.F. Early human development – Equity from the start – Latin America. Latin American Journal of Social Sciences, Childhood and Youth, vol. 7, #2, July-Dec 2009. Available at: www.founders.net
Mustard, J.F. The effects of nature and nurture on early human development and health, behaviour and learning. Presentation at the First International Symposium in Puebla, Mexico. January 27, 2010. Available at: www.founders.net
CP23764E