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By Jamal Panhwar 11
By Jamal Panhwar 22
When you change
the way you look at things, the
things you look at change.
By Jamal Panhwar 33
A unique interpretation of a situation not an actual recording of it
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
People’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
By Jamal Panhwar 44
Perception
What is Perception? How we view and interpret the events
and situations in the world about us.
Why is it Important? Because people’s behavior is based on
their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
By Jamal Panhwar 5
Factors that Influence Perception
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By Jamal Panhwar 66
Organisation
Selection Interpretation
InputInput Outputs
By Jamal Panhwar 7
PRINCIPLES OF ORGANISATION
Figure and Ground Principle of Similarity Principle of Proximity Principle of continuity Principle of Closure Principle of Symmetry
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By Jamal Panhwar 88
Figure and ground
Figure and ground
By Jamal Panhwar 99
Gestalt Approach
Figure
Ground
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Similarity Proximity
Continuity
Closure Symmetry
By Jamal Panhwar 1111
The Vertical lines are both the same length.
The center circles are both the same size.
Mother and Child are of same height
By Jamal Panhwar 12/2012
By Jamal Panhwar 13
PERCEPTUAL AMBIGUITY
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By Jamal Panhwar 1414
Word Color Test
In this test DO NOT READ the words, say aloud the COLOR of each word.
YELLOW BLUE ORANGEBLACK RED GREEN
PURPLE YELLOW REDORANGE GREEN BLACK
BLUE RED PURPLEGREEN BLUE ORANGE
By Jamal Panhwar 1515
Wavy Squares? No!The background of concentric circles makes the squares appear distorted.
By Jamal Panhwar 1616
What is attribution theory?
Attribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation by focusing on how people attempt to: Understand the causes of a certain event. Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the
event. Evaluate the personal qualities of the people
involved in the event.
By Jamal Panhwar 17
Attribution Theory: Judging Others Our perception and judgment of
others is significantly influenced by our assumptions of the other person’s internal state.
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
Internal causes are under that person’s control External causes are not – person forced to act in
that way
Causation judged through: Distinctiveness -Shows different behaviors in different
situations. Consensus - Response is the same as others to same
situation. Consistency - Responds in the same way over time.
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By Jamal Panhwar 18
Elements of Attribution Theory
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Causes of Behavior
Internal factors – Personal characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., ability, effort)
External factors – Environmental characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., task difficulty, good/bad luck)
By Jamal Panhwar 2020
Kelley’s Attribution Model Consensus – Involves the comparison of an
individual’s behavior with that of his or her peers
Indiv
idual Perf
orm
ance
People
A B C D E
People
Indiv
idual
Perf
orm
ance
A B C D E
Low High
By Jamal Panhwar 2121
Distinctiveness is determined by comparing a person’s behavior on one task with his or her behavior on other tasks.
Kelley’s Theory of Attribution
Tasks
Indiv
idual Perf
orm
ance
A B C D ETasks
Indiv
idual Perf
orm
ance
A B C D E
Low High
By Jamal Panhwar 2222
Consistency is determined by judging if the individual’s performance on a given task is consistent over time.
Kelley’s Theory of Attribution
Time
Indiv
idual
Perf
orm
ance
Time
Indiv
idual
Perf
orm
ance
Low
High
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How Kelley’s Model Works
External AttributionHigh consensusHigh
distinctivenessLow consistency
Internal AttributionLow consensusLow
distinctivenessHigh consistency
By Jamal Panhwar 2424
Test Your Knowledge Nadia’s performance is declining. Her peers
performance hasn’t changed, it is occurring on several tasks, and has occurred for the past six months.
This represents:1. High (A) or Low (B) consensus2. High (A) or Low (B) distinctiveness3. High (A) or Low (B) consistency4. The attribution her supervisor is likely to make
is…a. Internalb. External
By Jamal Panhwar 25
Errors and Biases in Attributions Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others
We blame people first, not the situation
Self-Serving Bias The tendency for individuals to attribute their
own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors
It is “our” success but “their” failure
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By Jamal Panhwar 26
Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others
Selective Perception - People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, and attitudes
Halo Effect- Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
Contrast Effects - Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics
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Projection: The tendency to attribute one’s own characteristics to other people.
Stereotyping - Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs – a prevalent and often useful, if not always accurate, generalization
By Jamal Panhwar 28
Specific Shortcut Applications in Organizations Employment Interview
Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of interviewers’ judgments of applicants
Formed in a single glance – 1/10 of a second! Performance Expectations
Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect): The lower or higher performance of employees reflects preconceived leader expectations about employee capabilities
Performance Evaluations Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental)
perceptions of appraisers of another employee’s job performance
Critical impact on employees
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