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By Jennifer Hopkins
Leptospirosisin Cattle
“Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection of animals that is responsible for significant economic loss in livestock, particularly through abortion and stillbirth, and for zoonotic infection in people.”
Floyd Jr., J. G. (n.d.). Leptospirosis in Cattle. Alabama cooperative Extension system. Retrieved April 11, 2011, from www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0858/ANR-0858.pdf
Microscopic bacteria
Has over 180 subclassifications called serovars
3 most common that infect cattle are Leptospira Hardjo, Leptospira Pomona, and Leptospira Grippotyphosa
Each serovar is adapted to a particular host species.
The serovar adapted to certain species tend to cause less severity in that species than in species that are not adapted to it. Ex. Serovar Pomona, the type that pigs are adapted to causes more of a severe disease in cattle because they aren’t adapted to it.
The kidney’s, liver, lungs and reproduction tract of pregnant cows can be infected
Etiology
www.famil...enter.com/medical_articles1.htm
The infection is spread when the animal comes in contact with infected urine, urine contaminated feed, water and leptospires that penatrate mucosal surfaces and infect blood with the bacteria.
It accumulates in the urinary and reproductive tracts and gets passed in large numbers in urine in the early stages of the disease and can stop for a long periods of time then infect again later.
The spread of the infection is higher during grazing seasons
The infection is usually introduced to the herd through an addition of cattle to the herd, but can also be carried by pigs, horses and sheep.
It can also be introduced by water courses that are run through other farms
Is Zoonotic!
Pathogenesis
coloradod...state.edu/prefairdisease/dz/Leptospriosis.html
picasaweb.google.com/lhphoto/omMxG1BP6OOS3dSLCNNIeA
www.theepochtimes.com/n2content/view/6498
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HdeLzd93hM
Video on pathophysiology of Lepto
Depend on the degree of resistance or immunity within the herd
When there is adequate resistance, usually when you have good vaccination programs, some of the herd may be infected but not show signs.
With herd’s that have low resistance, the cows that are infected may show signs
There are three forms: acute, sub-acute or chronic
Clinical Signs
Often affects calves
High fever with dullness and anorexia
Jaundice
Nursing cows milk yield drops, for a week of longer the milk can be thick and yellow
there can be hemorrhaging under the mucous membranes
Hemoglobinuria
There has also been meningitis recorded
Usually death
Acute
Signs are milder
Nursing mother has reduced milk yield and is dull.
Some jaundice
Some hemoglobinuria
With some cases abortion occurs about a month later
Sub- acute
Affects pregnant cows
Causes abortions
Causes stillbirths
Birth of weak calves
Most economically important form In dairy cows due to the mastitis there is a decrease in milk
production More cost if farmer, family member of farmer or ranch hand get
infected with the disease
Chronic http://www.raisingcountrykids.com/2008/02/motherhood.html
www.kosvi.com/courses/vpat5215_1/vpat5310/fetus/fet07.htm
Microscopic agglutination test- most common used serologic test to diagnose
Measures antibodies to leptospirosis that appear about 12 days after initial infection
Two blood samples should be taken, one close to the time of the abortion or disease as possible, then a second one about 2-3 weeks later
Immunofluorescent staining- detects organisms in tissues or fluids of aborted fetuses or others that are infected
Grow organism on culture plate-difficult and usually unsuccessful
The best way to diagnose an abortion caused by the disease is to have the aborted fetus and the placenta taken to a lab.
Diagnosis
www.afbini.gov.uk/indexservices/services-...nalytical/ fish-unit-diseases-intro/fish-nit...c-testing/fish-unit...ology.htm
Sometimes blood transfusions help
Antibiotics: Streptomycin and Tetracyline
Treatment after an abortion is too late
Treatment
www.medicare24x7.com/index.php?route=productproduct&product_id=60
detail.en.china.cn/providedetail,1062152179.html
Quarantine any new cow that comes into the herd
Separate infected cows from non infected
Annual vaccinations of all serovars
Lepto vaccines in the US include 5 serovars: Hardjo, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, and Grippotyphosa This vaccine is known as five-way lepto vaccine
Replacement heifers and young bulls should be vaccinated twice ASAP after entering the herd
Management methods to reduce transmission from rodents and wildlife
Control
1. Andrews, A. H., Blowey, R. W., & Boyd, H. (2007). Bacterial conditions, Mastitis, Fetal Loss. Bovine Medicine: Diseases and Husbandry of Cattle. (2nd ed., pp. 335,580,581,734,735). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..
2. Animal Production, Animal Feed, Poultry and Pig Industry, Dairy Cattle, Mycotoxins, Equines. (2009, March 12). Viral & Bacterial Diseases in Beef & Dairy Cattle – Natural Products. Retrieved April 30, 2011, from http://en.engormix.com
3. Floyd Jr., J. G. (n.d.). The Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Leptospirosis in cattle. Retrieved April 30, 2011, from http://www.aces.edu
4. Shapiro, L. (2001). Dairy Industry. Introduction to animal science (pp. 154, 155). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Bibiliography