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By Lennart Nilsson, 1965
Is Sex necessary for species to be created and Is Sex necessary for species to be created and maintained?maintained?
We do not even in the least know the final cause of sexuality; Why new beings should be produced by the union of the two sexual elements, instead of by a process of parthenogenesis.
––––– Charles Darwin
So why Sex? So why Sex? Did it occur by accident? Did it occur by accident? A dice played with universe by God?A dice played with universe by God?
Bryaninops-yongei- 海鞭虾虎鱼
Sex is incredibly magic.
The physiology related
with sex is complex
biological activity
Reproductive functions of the male and female
Pregnancy
Lactation
Estrogen
Progesterone
Androgens
(Testosterone)
(Dihydrotestosterone)
(Androstenedione)
Hormone-Producing cells
OvumSpermGerm cells
OvariesTestisGonad Gland
FemaleMale
Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male
I. Spermatogenesis
II. Male Sex Hormones
Seminiferous tubule
Male Reproductive System
Interstitial cells(Leydig cells)
Spermatids
Mitosis
Meiosis
Spermatozoa(23
chromosomes)
Temperature: Cryptorchidism Disease: Inflammation/Tuberculosi
s X-Ray Smoking & Drinking
Factors Impacting Sperm
Functions of Testis
Spermatogenesis --- Seminiferous tubule; Synthesis and Release of Androgens such as testosterone
etc --- Interstitial Cells;
Under influence of FSH and LH released from anterior pituitary gland respectively.
Functions of Testosterone
To cause descent of the testes into scrotum; Effects on development of adult primary and
secondary sexual characteristics
(Distribution of body hair; Baldness; Voice; Acne; Protein formation and muscle etc…..)
Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female
Hormones
1. Female Hormonal System?
2. Ovarian Follicle growth?
3. Secretion of estrogen and progesterone?
4. Interplay between Hypothalamic-Pituitary
and ovarian Hormones?
5. Relations between Ovarian hormones and
menstruation?
Hypothalamus
I. Female Hormone System
Gonadotropin Hormone:
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Estrogen/Progesterone; Inhibin
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Cyclical Secretion of FSH and LH
FSH and LH secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in cyclical rhythm regulate the cyclical ovarian changes and subsequent secretion of ovarian hormones.
LH
FSH
Female sexual cycle in 28 days
Importance: surge of LH and FSH?
II. Ovarian Follicle growth
Ovum
Follicle cells Granulosa
Thecal cells
Proliferation and Secretion of Hormones are regulated by FSH and LH.
Histology of Ovarian Follicle
Ovulation
6-12
Granulosa & Theca cells
Lutein cells
Luteal PhaseFollicular Phase
Estrogen
Granulosa cells
Estrogen
Progesterone
(Inhibin)Hormone
Lutein cellsCell type
Estrogen
Progesterone
Ovarian Cycle
III. Sex Hormone Secretion in Ovarian Cycle
Functions of the Ovarian Hormones
Estrogen Effect on the Uterus and external female sex organs; Effect on the Fallopian Tubes and Breast; Effect on the Skeleton; Effect on Protein Deposition, fat deposition and Body metabolism; Effect on Hair Distribution and Skin; Effect on electrolyte Balance; Negative and Positive feedback effect on Anterior Pituitary Gland;
Progesterone Effect on the Uterus, Fallopian tubes and Breast;
Effect on the body temperature; Feedback effect on Anterior Pituitary Gland
Before Ovulation After Ovulation
IV. Interplay between Hypothalamic-Pituitary and ovarian Hormones
GnRH induces Anterior Pituitary Gland to Secret LH
and FSH;
LH and FSH regulate the follicle growth and
subsequent estrogen and progesterone secretion;
Negative feedback effects of estrogen and
progesterone on LH and FSH secretion;
Positive feedback effect of estrogen before ovulation
-- LH surge
Hypothalamus
GnRH
FSH LH
Estrogen
EstrogenProgesterone
⑥ Ovulation
Hypothalamus
GnRH①
③ Estrogen
(Low level)
④ Estrogen(High Leve
l)
⑧ Estrogen
Progesterone(Inhibin)
⑦ Corpus Luteum
⑨ Corpus Albicans
② FSH、 LH
LH Surge
⑤ LH↑FSH↑
Interplay between FSH/LH and Ovarian Hormones
Menstrual phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
V. Relations between Ovarian hormones and menstruation