By Miriam SchcolnikBy Miriam Schcolnik

Noriko Koizumi

Advance studentsAdvance students

have all four skillshave all four skills good knowledge of the good knowledge of the

language(bottom-up skills)language(bottom-up skills) an ability to deal with authentic an ability to deal with authentic

textstexts an ability to find main ideas, an ability to find main ideas,

understanding logical relations, understanding logical relations, etc. (Top-down skills)etc. (Top-down skills)

What do the students expect to What do the students expect to lean?lean?

Extract the gist of the ideas Extract the gist of the ideas presented in a textpresented in a text

Analyze the text by explaining Analyze the text by explaining or paraphrasing those ideasor paraphrasing those ideas

Evaluate the arguments Evaluate the arguments presented and to recognize the presented and to recognize the author’s assumptions author’s assumptions

Electronic ReferencesElectronic References

Pre-readingPre-reading- - Searching the informationSearching the information about the articleabout the article

better prepared to use cognitive processes better prepared to use cognitive processes While readingWhile reading

- Looking up difficult or problematic concepts in an Looking up difficult or problematic concepts in an electronic encyclopedia or dictionaryelectronic encyclopedia or dictionary

Post readingPost reading- - The articles encountered in the electronic resource The articles encountered in the electronic resource can be used to encourage cross-reference and can be used to encourage cross-reference and further reflection and evaluationfurther reflection and evaluation

Advantages of electronic reference Advantages of electronic reference materialsmaterials

Easier to access than printed texts in Easier to access than printed texts in a librarya library

speedyspeedy be able to have most of information be able to have most of information

neededneeded If not, at least served as a If not, at least served as a

springboard for further queries and springboard for further queries and research activitiesresearch activities

Ruben (1989)Ruben (1989)

Audio and visual aidsAudio and visual aids

VisualVisual - provide background knowledge - provide background knowledge - illustrate, clarify, contrast with, or - illustrate, clarify, contrast with, or demonstrate textual demonstrate textual informationinformation

Audio resourcesAudio resources - appeal to listening comprehension - appeal to listening comprehension - clarify point view ( - clarify point view (through his/her through his/her voice, manner voice, manner of speaking, intonation, and of speaking, intonation, and

accentaccent.).)

An approach to takeAn approach to take

The tasks should focus and The tasks should focus and demand reflection, analysis, and demand reflection, analysis, and critical interpretation.critical interpretation.

Tasks/activities need to search on Tasks/activities need to search on CD-ROMCD-ROM

compare articles found in a CD-compare articles found in a CD-ROMROM