By:

NIK ALOESNITA BT NIK MOHD ALWI (PhD.)Modern Language Dept.

Center for Modern Languages & Human SciencesUniversiti Malaysia Pahang

REFERENCING AND CITATIONS

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

understand the basic rules using the APA styles of referencing and citations. apply the APA styles when citing and

referring to others’ work. create a reference list using the APA

style.

REFERENCING AND CITATIONS

• What is a citation? - Ideas referred to in writing.

• What is a reference? - Sources referred to in writing.

• Different types of format are available.

- Examples: APA, MLA, Chicago, Bulls, IEEE

• Why are they essential in writing? - To acknowledge sources you use to support your argument - To avoid plagiarism that includes self-plagiarism

PLAGIARISMhttp://www.plagiarism.org

• What is plagiarism? - Plagiarism is when you use someone else's words or ideas and pass them off as your own.

• Tools to detect plagiarism - Turnitin http://www.turnitin.com/static/index.php

(licensed software) - Dustball http://www.dustball.com/cs/plagiarism.checker/

(free website)

• Different types of plagiarism - Sources not cited - Sources cited (but still plagiarized)

LANGUAGE USE FOR CITATIONShttp://iteslj.org/Techniques/Criollo-LitReview.html

Understand the functions of the following:

1. Connectors

2. Verbs

3. Phrases

4. Expressions referring to previous research

Subordinators Sentence Connectors Phrase Linkers

Addition   Furthermore, ...In addition, ...Moreover, ...

In addition to..., ...

Adversative ..., althoughAlthough ..., ...Even though ____, ...Despite the fact that..

However, ...Nevertheless, ...

Despite ..., ...In spite of ..., ...

Cause and Effect ...because...Since..., ......, since ...

Therefore, ...As a result, ...Consequently, ......, hence...Thus, ...

Because of...Due to...As a result of...

Clarification   In other words, ...That is, ...i.e., ...

 

Contrast While ..., ......, whereas ...

In contrast, ...However, ...On the other hand, ...Conversely, ...

Unlike ... , ...

Illustration   For example, ...For instance, ...

 

Intensification   On the contrary, ...As a matter of fact, ...In fact, ...

 

CONNECTORS

Academic English Connectors and Their Meaning (cf Criollo, 2003)

AssertAdvocate

ArgueAccept

AcknowledgeBelieveClaim

CommentConcedeConcludeConfirmContendDefine

DemonstrateDraws attention to

EmphasizeExplain

ExpressFeel

IllustrateIndicate

InsistMaintain

Make clearMention

NoteObserve

OfferPoint outPostulateProposeProtest

(contradictory)Recognize

Recommend

RecordRefer toReflect

ReiterateRemarkReportReveal

SayShow

SpecifyState

StipulateStress

SuggestSummarize

ThinkWrite

VERBS

PHRASES

 1. Adams (2007) commented/ demonstrated/

indicated/ suggested that ….

2. According to Newton and McCarthy (2006:20) “……………………….”

3. Holmes (2009) observed that …………

4. In the words of Nation (2006) “………………….”

5. To quote Robinson (2005) “…………………….”

6. With regard to ……………….. , Skehan and Foster (2004) stipulated that……………….

EXPRESSIONS REFERRING TO PREVIOUS RESEARCH

1.Coxhead (2007) contended that …………………….. while Kingsley (2006) emphasized that………………….

2.Wyles (2005) recommended that …………………….. . Mackey (2006) agreed to this notion and adds that ………………….. Gass (2007) later summarized this by stating ………………………………………..

3.Abrams (2003) suggested that …………………………………… but Iwasaki and Oliver (2004) challenged this notion by claiming that ………………………… . The study by Sanz (2004) supported the claim by Iwasaki and Oliver (2004) that …………………..

APA STYLES OF REFERENCING AND CITATIONS

How to write references for the following sources?

BooksJournals

Proceedings / Conference papersNewspapers

Other forms of information resources

WHAT IS APA STYLE?

“APA” stands for “American Psychological Association”.

Also known as an “Author-Date” System, in contrast to a “Note System.”

Example:

Citation in Text

The connection between brain damage and autism is no longer disputed (Bailey,1993).

Entry in Reference List

Bailey, A. (1993). The biology of autism. Psychological Medicine, 23, 7-11.

1. Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work.

2. The first line of the reference is flushed left. Any additional lines are indented as a group, three spaces, to create a hanging indention.

3. Use one space after all punctuations.

4. Double-spaced between references. Single-spaced within a reference.

5. Arrange entries in alphabetical order.

6. List of references should NOT be numbered

7. Use italics for titles of books, newspapers, magazines, and journals.

8. References cited in text must appear in the reference list; conversely, each entry in the reference list must be cited in text.

GENERAL RULES

MORE ACTIVITIES AWAIT YOU!

WRAP UP

Plagiarism

Referencing

Citations

Hope you have achieved or will soon achieve these….

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

understand the basic rules using the APA styles of referencing and citations. apply the APA styles when citing and

referring to others’ work. create a reference list using the APA

style.

PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT!

THANK YOU