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By: Omar AL-Rawajfah, RN, PhD
What Is Nursing Research?What Is Nursing Research?
Research: diligent systematic Research: diligent, systematic inquiry that used disciplined method to answer question or solve method to answer question or solve problemNursing Research: issues related Nursing Research: issues related to the profession of nursing, nursing education, administration, nursing education, administration, practice & informatics
Examples of nursing researchExamples of nursing researchPractice
A comparison of patients' and nurses' assessments of A comparison of patients and nurses assessments of pain intensity in patients with coronary artery disease
EducationN i d i d d i h Nursing students attitudes toward nursing research course
AdministrationNurse Staffing and Patient Mortality in Intensive Care Units
ProfessionalProfessionalCreating a Healthy Workplace for New‐Generation Nurses
InformaticsUse of computerized nursing documentation system
f hImportance of Nursing Research
Evidence‐based practicepDocument the social relevanceUnderstand the different di i f th f i f dimensions of the profession of nursingu s g
Level of Nurses in the Research ProcessProcess
Evaluator of nursing Evaluator of nursing research
Producer of nursing research
Utilization of nursing hresearch
C f i Consumer of nursing research
Hi t i l B k dHistorical BackgroundThe word “nurse” originates from the Latin word The word nurse originates from the Latin word “Nutricius” which means something that nourishes, fosters and protects. NURSING AS AN ART means that the nurse
d l kill d h i i h must develop skilled techniques in the performance of the various procedures required for giving adequate care to the patient. NURSING AS A SCIENCE means that the NURSING AS A SCIENCE means that the underlying principles of nursing care depend on knowledge of biological sciences such as anatomy, physiology, microbiology and y, p y gy, gychemistry. NURSING AS A SPIRITUAL QUALITY means that the primary aim is to serve humanity, not
l b i i ti t th b di f th only by giving curative care to the bodies of the sick and injured, but by serving the needs of the mind and the spirit as well”. (Alice L. Price)
Hi t i l B k dHistorical BackgroundIn 1859, Miss Nightingale published h fi l i l b k i l d “N
59, g g pher first classical book titled “Notes On Nursing: What It Is, And What It Is Not” Nightingale to 1950s
1900 American Journal of NursingResearch on nursing educationResearch on nursing educationThe Journal of Nursing Research 1952
R h i 6Research in 1960sMore concern about lack of research in practicepThe International Journal of Nursing Studies
Hi i l B k dHistorical BackgroundResearch in 1970sResearch in 1970s
More Journal in NursingMore concern about practice researchresearchResearch on psychological and sociological backgrounds
Research in 1980sResearch in 1980sEvidence‐Based MedicineIncreased of research utilizationS i i i f i Set priorities for nursing researchSpecialized institutions in nursing research started e g nursing research started e.g., NCNR at the NIH
Historical Background
Research in 1990s ‐ PresentN i l I i f N i National Institute of Nursing Research2010 budget $144 millionMore research on intervention More collaboration with other health care disciplineshealth care disciplinesMore randomized clinical trialsMore publication on other health care related journalshealth care‐related journals
Future Direction of Nursing ResearchFuture irection of Nursing ResearchOutcome research: effectiveness of healthcare
iservicesIncreased focus on biophysiologic researchPromotion of evidence‐based practiceUse confirmatory researchyMultidisciplinary collaborationsExpand dissemination of research findingsExpand dissemination of research findingsIncrease the visibility of nursing research
Sources of Nursing KnowledgeSources of Nursing Knowledge
TraditionTradition
Authorities
Personal Experience
Trial and Error
Logical Reasoning:Logical Reasoning:Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Disciplined ResearchDisciplined Research
Logical Reasoning g gInductive reasoning
Part‐to‐whole: where the whole is assumed to be like individual parts (only bigger).Extrapolations: where areas beyond the area of p ystudy are assumed to be like the studied area. Predictions: where the future is assumed to be like the past.the past.
Mohammed is Jordanian. (premise)Most Jordanians eat Mansaf. (premise)Mohammed ate Mansaf. (conclusion)
Deductive reasoningAll infections are associated with fever. pneumonia i i f i Th f i i i d is infection. Therefore pneumonia is associated with infection .All chemists are smart, since chemists are scientists and all scientists are smart.
Qualitative vs Quantitative ResearchQualitative vs. Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Qualitative ModeQuantitative Mode
AssumptionsAssumptions• Reality is subjective• Variables are complex, interwoven,
and difficult to measureE i (i id ' i t f i )
• Objectivity of reality• Variables can be identified and
relationships measuredEti ( t id ' i t f i ) • Emic (insider's point of view) • Etic (outside's point of view)
Purpose• Contextualization
Purpose• Generalizability • Contextualization
• Interpretation• Understanding actors' perspectives
• Generalizability• Prediction• Causal explanations
ApproachApproach Approach• Ends with hypotheses and
grounded theory• Emergence and portrayal
Approach• Begins with hypotheses and
theories • Manipulation and control Emergence and portrayal
• Researcher as instrument• Naturalistic• Inductive
Manipulation and control• Uses formal instruments• Experimentation• Deductive
• Searches for patterns• Makes minor use of numerical
indices
• Component analysis• Reduces data to numerical
indices
Researcher Role• Personal involvement• Empathic understanding
Researcher Role• Detachment • Objective
Basic vs Applied Nursing ResearchBasic vs. Applied Nursing Research
Basic Research Applied Research
Basic vs. Applied Nursing ResearchBasic Research (fundamental or pure research)
Primary objective the advancement of knowledgeIt is conducted without any practical end in mindTheoretical understanding of the relations among variablesvariables
Applied Nursing Research:Primary goal is finding solution of immediate problemsPrimary goal is finding solution of immediate problemsFindings can be used to generate basic research questionsq
Questions and Answers