By: Tiffany CautilliBy: Tiffany Cautilli

Strong Monarchs in Strong Monarchs in EnglandEnglandDuring this time England was overcome with invaders.

They consisted of Angles, Vikings, and Saxons.

Their king died in the year 1066 and there was confusion over who was to assume the throne.

Nobles wanted Harold, the king’s brother-in-law, to assume the throne.

But Duke William, a Viking argued that he deserved the throne.

The result was a huge war.

William won the backing of the pope and his own army to battle against Harold.

On Christmas day in 1066, William won the throne.

King WilliamWilliam created the Domesday book, a census of the whole kingdom.

Through this, he created a strong tax system.

Henry IIHe assumed the throne in 1154.

He was known for his expanded system of royal justice.

He extended the country’s customs into law.

This was called Common Law.

It consisted of the country’s customs and court rulings and was mandatory for all English to follow.

Henry also created a system of juries.

There were many issues that rose between Henry II and the Catholic Church.

Henry felt that, just like other citizens, the church should be able to be taxed and should have to serve in court.

A strong insurgent of the king and the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, fought against the king.

After Henry made fools of his nobles for not avenging him to Becket, four nobles killed Becket in his own cathedral.

Thomas Becket was considered a martyr and a saint.

King John and Pope Innocent IIIKing John and Pope Innocent III

John, Henry’s son, was a hated ruler.John, Henry’s son, was a hated ruler.

He had 4 adversaries: William the Conqueror ,ruler of Britain with a He had 4 adversaries: William the Conqueror ,ruler of Britain with a

Norman heritage, King Phillip II of France, Pope Innocent III, and Nobles.Norman heritage, King Phillip II of France, Pope Innocent III, and Nobles.

He lost Anjou and Normandy to Phillip II.He lost Anjou and Normandy to Phillip II.

He fought against Pope Innocent III.He fought against Pope Innocent III.

They argued over who should be next in line to assume the role as pope.They argued over who should be next in line to assume the role as pope.

The Pope, in return, excommunicated John from church.The Pope, in return, excommunicated John from church.

The Pope also put England in an interdict.The Pope also put England in an interdict.

John also had to pay taxes to Rome.John also had to pay taxes to Rome.

The Magna Carta and ParliamentAfter threats, the Magna Carta was After threats, the Magna Carta was signed by John.signed by John.In it ,many rights were given to the In it ,many rights were given to the commoners and Church by the king.commoners and Church by the king.It granted protection from arbitrary It granted protection from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment.arrest and imprisonment. In it, the King was prohibited from In it, the King was prohibited from raising taxes.raising taxes.It must be obeyed by all.It must be obeyed by all.

Parliament was a Great Council.Parliament was a Great Council.It created unity amongst England.It created unity amongst England.It was made up of many representatives, It was made up of many representatives, each from a different county, each from a different county, but only 2 knights from each county could but only 2 knights from each county could sit on the council.sit on the council.It was considered to be the “framework” of It was considered to be the “framework” of English legislatures and English legislatures and became known as Model Parliament.became known as Model Parliament.It divided into 2 bodies: House Of Lords and It divided into 2 bodies: House Of Lords and House of Commoners.House of Commoners.

French MonarchsFrench MonarchsThe CapetiansThey were ruled by Hugh Capet.He expanded royal supremacy and made the throne inheritable.He gained support from the Church.He created a well-constructed bureaucracy.He also gained support from the middle class.

Philip AugustusHe increased the regal supremacy.He was the strongest European king.He paid the middle class to take over jobs in the government.He also administered many charters.He took over many new lands: Southern France, Anjou, Normandy, and Albigensian.

French MonarchsFrench Monarchs

Louis IXHe tried to increase the theological part of France.Fought against Muslims twiceDisagreed with Muslim and heretic rulersOutlawed wars and owning of serfsHe became a saint.He took court cases and turned France into a sufficient monarchy.

French MonarchsFrench Monarchs

Philip IVPhilip IVHe was the grandson of Louis IX.He was the grandson of Louis IX.He expanded the regal supremacy.He expanded the regal supremacy.He attempted at taxing the clergy.He attempted at taxing the clergy.The Pope, Pope Boniface VII prohibited it.The Pope, Pope Boniface VII prohibited it.Boniface said that Philip didn’t have Boniface said that Philip didn’t have ““papal consent.”papal consent.”Louis attacked back at the Pope byLouis attacked back at the Pope by threatening to threatening to imprison the unpaidimprison the unpaid clergymen.clergymen.Philip went after Boniface but Boniface escaped.Philip went after Boniface but Boniface escaped.Boniface died because he was hurt from Philip’s Boniface died because he was hurt from Philip’s men.men.A new Pope was elected and the papal court A new Pope was elected and the papal court was put in was put in Avignon, France.Avignon, France.

French MonarchsFrench Monarchs

By: Tori Maiellano

By: Tina Roccia

The Crusades!

• Alexius I urgently asked pope Urban II for Christian knights to help them fight the Turks.

• Schism is split between the Roman and Byzantine churches.

• Only the first crusades came to achieving its goals.

Economic Expansion *

• The Crusades increased trade• The crusades helped to increase the

power of feudal monarchs.• Levy was to collect takes in order to

support the crusades.• The crusades did not end the split

between the Roman and Byzantine churches.

Reconquista in Spain*

• Christian kingdom survived the fight and boards expanded and were close to Muslims land.

• Churches forces pushed slowly and steadily southward

• Muslim influences remained strong.

Ferdinand and Isabella*

• Ferdinand married Isabella of Aragon • They were king and queen of Spain • Religious Toleration is a policy of

allowing people to worship as they chose.

Ferdinand and Isabella

By: Margaret StrauserBy: Margaret Strauser

In 1100’s schools had popped up near the GreatIn 1100’s schools had popped up near the GreatCathedrals to train the clergy.Cathedrals to train the clergy.They were organized like guilds with chartersThey were organized like guilds with chartersprotecting the rights of member and also they setprotecting the rights of member and also they setstandards for training.standards for training.By 1200’s other cities rushed to organizeBy 1200’s other cities rushed to organizeuniversities. universities. A program of study covered the seven liberal arts;A program of study covered the seven liberal arts;Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, Music, Grammar,Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, Music, Grammar,Rhetoric, and Logic. Rhetoric, and Logic. Woman were not allowed to attend the universities. Woman were not allowed to attend the universities. Without a university education they couldn’tWithout a university education they couldn’tbecome, doctors, lawyers, Administrators, or Churchbecome, doctors, lawyers, Administrators, or Churchofficials. officials.

• Women were not allowed to attend the universities.

• Without a university education, they couldn’t become doctors, lawyers, Administrators, or Church officials.

• Muslim scholars had translated the works of Aristotle and other thinkers into Arabic .

• These Arabic texts had spread across the Muslim world.

• In 1100’s these new translation were seeping into Western Europe.

• Writings of the ancient Greeks posed a challenge to the Christians and other scholars.

Aristotle taught that you should discover basic truths.

Christians however accepted different ideas on faith.

They believed the church was the final authority for all questions.

Scholastics, also known as Christian’s scholars tried to resolve

conflict between faith and reason.Scholastism their methods used reason to support

their beliefs.

Works of science were translated from Arabic and Greek and also

reached Europe.Science made little progress in the middle ages .It took many centuries before Christian thinkers

changed the waythey viewed the physical world. Writing began to appear in the vernacular. Also it appeared in the everyday languages of

ordinary peoplesuch as French, German, and Italian. People across Europe began writing down oral

traditions in theVernacular.

Song of Ronland was the most popular, which Song of Ronland was the most popular, which praised one ofpraised one of

Charlemagne’s knights. Charlemagne’s knights. A true feudal hero, Roland loyally sacrifices his life A true feudal hero, Roland loyally sacrifices his life

out ofout ofsense of honor. sense of honor. Spain’s great epic, poem of the Cid involves battle Spain’s great epic, poem of the Cid involves battle

againstagainstMuslim forces. Muslim forces. The Cid was about Rodrigo Diaz, a bold Christian The Cid was about Rodrigo Diaz, a bold Christian

Lord whoLord whobattled Muslims in Spain. battled Muslims in Spain. Developed by the builders became, known as Goth Developed by the builders became, known as Goth

Style ofStyle ofArchitecture. Architecture. Flying Buttresses was a key feature in it, it was a Flying Buttresses was a key feature in it, it was a

stonestonesupport that stood outside the church, which support that stood outside the church, which

allowedallowedbuilders to construct higher walls for stain glass builders to construct higher walls for stain glass

windows.windows.

In 1300s &1400s, this Gothic style was applied to paintings and illumination, which is the artistic decoration of books. Examples of gothic paintings appeared in prayer books, known as books of hours.