MAJOR CHARACTERS

BYZANTIUMHumanists

Theodore Metochites (1270 – 1332).Statesman, scholar, patron of the arts; founded Last Byzantine Renaissance; rebuiltChurch of the Chora.

Barlaam of Calabria (c. 1290 – 1348).First opponent of Hesychasm; taught Greek to Petrarch.

Demetrius Cydones (c. 1324 – c. 1398).Byzantine statesman; translated Thomas Aquinas into Greek.

Manuel Chrysoloras (c. 1350 – 1415).Diplomat and educator; first successful teacher of ancient Greek in the West.

George Gemistos Pletho (c. 1360 – 1452).Philosopher and scholar; stimulated interest in Plato among Italian humanists.

John Bessarion (c. 1399 – 1472).Expatriate scholar, translator, patron of Byzantine and Italian humanists in Italy; helpeddraft the decree of union between Orthodox and Catholic churches (1439), then becamea Catholic cardinal.

John Argyropoulos (1415 – 1487).Teacher and philosopher; completed the shift in interest toward Plato that Pletho hadinitiated among the Italians.

Monks

Gregory Palamas (c. 1296 – 1359).Mystical theologian and saint; main proponent of Hesychast movement in Orthodoxmonasticism.

Cyril (c. 826 – 869) and Methodius (c. 815 – 885).Orthodox missionary brothers and apostles to the Slays; inventors and promoters ofOld Church Slavonic, the Byzantine­inspired written language of Slavic Orthodoxy.

Emperors

Justinian (c. 482 – 565; ruled from 527).Carried out Reconquest of Italy; built Hagia Sophia.

Heraclius (c. 575 – 641; ruled from 610).Saved Byzantium from Persians, then lost wealthiest provinces to the Muslim Arabs atthe onset of Byzantium’s Dark Age.

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (905 – 959; ruled from 945).Emperor of the Macedonian dynasty and author of On the Administration of the Empire,an important historical source for his period.

2 Major Characters

Basil II (958 – 1025; ruled from 976).Emperor of the Macedonian dynasty; brought Byzantium to the height of its revivedpower in First Byzantine Renaissance.

Alexius I Comnenus (c. 1057 – 1118; ruled from 1081).Founder of Comnenan dynasty, which, after the collapse of the late eleventh century,temporarily revived Byzantine fortunes in the era of the Crusades.

John VI Cantacuzenos (c. 1295 – 1383; ruled 1347 – 54).Statesman, regent, emperor, theologian, historian, and finally monk; patron of humanistsbut also a committed Hesychast; formulated unity policy toward Russia.

Manuel II Paleologos (1350 – 1425; ruled from 1391).Grandson of John VI Cantacuzenos; friend and patron to many Byzantine humanistsduring Last Byzantine Renaissance.

Patriarchs of Constantinople

Photius (c. 810 – c. 895; patriarch 858 – 867 and 877 – 886).Humanist scholar who brought the First Byzantine Renaissance to fruition; initiatedthe mission of Cyril and Methodius to the Slays.

Nicholas Mysticus (852 – 925; patriarch 901 – 907 and 912 – 925).Regent for the young Constantine VII Porphyrgenitus during the wars against Byzan­tium of Symeon of Bulgaria.

Philotheos Kokkinos (c. 1300 – c. 1378; patriarch 1353 – 1354 and 1364 – 1376).Hesychast monk who helped carry out unity policy toward Russia.

THE WEST

Theoderic (c. 454 – 526). King of the Goths (from 471).educated in Constantinople and installed by Byzantines to rule in Italy.

Boethius (c. 480 – c. 524).Late Roman philosopher and scholar; attempted to translate Aristotle into Latin.

Cassiodorus (c. 487 – c. 580).Late Roman scholar and administrator, then monk.

Liudprand of Cremona (c. 920 – c. 972).Lombard noble and diplomat who visited Constantinople twice in the service of Westernmonarchs.

Enrico Dandolo (c. 1107 – 1205).Venetian doge (from 1192) who orchestrated the sack and occupation of Constantinopleby Western soldiers in the Fourth Crusade (1204 – 1261).

Petrarch (1304 – 1374).Italian poet who founded Renaissance humanism in Italy and tried to learn Greek.

Coluccio Salutati (1331 – 1406).Humanist chancellor of Florence who arranged for Manuel Chrysoloras to teach Greekthere.

Major Characters 3

Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444).Rhetorician and historian; a student of Chrysoloras and the main proponent of civichumanism.

Poggio Bracciolini (1380 – 1449).Renowned Latinist who joined the Florentine circle of Chrysoloras as a young man.

Niccolo Niccoli (1364 – 1437).Elusive classicist who studied with Chrysoloras in Florence; wrote little but exerted astrong influence on artists and other humanists.

Guarino da Verona (1374 – 1460).Pioneer Italian educator who was Chrysoloras’ closest follower.

Tommaso Parentucelli (1397 – 1455).Italian humanist who became Pope Nicholas V (from 1446). founded the VaticanLibrary and arranged for Bessarion to oversee the translation of Greek manuscriptsthere.

Lorenzo Valla (1407 – 1457).Gifted Italian classicist and philologist; a protege of the expatriate Byzantine humanistCardinal Bessarion.

Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499).Friend and associate of Cosimo and Lorenzo de Medici; founded the Platonic Academyin Florence after learning Greek.

THE ISLAMIC WORLD

Muhammad (c. 570 – 632).Prophet and founder of Islam.

Muawiyah (c. 602 – 680).Fifth caliph (from 661) and founder of Umayyad dynasty, based in the former Byzantineprovince of Syria.

Abd al­Malik (646 – 705).Umayyad caliph (from 685); restored Umayyad power; built the Dome of the Rock.

Al­Mansur (c. 710 – 775).Abbasid caliph (from 754) and founder of Baghdad; initiated Greco­Arabic translationmovement.

Al­Mamun (786 – 833).Abbasid caliph (from 813); carried on Greco­Arabic translation movement; associatedin later sources with ”House of Wisdom.“

Hunayn ibn Ishaq (808 – 873).Nestorian Christian translator of Greek medical and scientific texts into Arabic; traveledto former Byzantine territory to get texts.

4 Major Characters

THE SLAVIC WORLD

Boris I (?­907).Khan of Bulgaria (852 – 889); converted to Christianity in 865; adopted Slavonic liturgyof Cyril and Methodius.

Symeon the Great (c. 865 – 927).Boris’ son and Bulgaria’s first tsar (from 893); ardently Orthodox; carried out twomajor wars against Byzantium in an effort to capture Constantinople.

Stefan Nemanja (? – c. 1200).Ruler of medieval Serbia who brought it into the Byzantine Commonwealth; foundedSerbia’s ruling dynasty and numerous Orthodox monasteries; became a monk and anOrthodox saint.

Sava (1175 – 1235).Youngest son of Stefan Nemanja; became a monk at Mt. Athos; founded independentSerbian Orthodox Church; Orthodox saint.

Olga (? – c. 969).Russian princess and ruler (from 945) of Kiev; journeyed to Constantinople and con­verted to Orthodox Christianity.

Svyatoslav (c. 945 – 972).Russian prince of Kiev and son of Olga; a pagan warrior who was killed by thePetchenegs while crossing the Dnieper.

Vladimir the Great (c. 956 – 1015).Russian prince of Kiev and son of Svyatoslav; credited with converting his people toOrthodox Christianity; an Orthodox saint.

Yaroslav the Wise (978 – 1054).Russian prince of Kiev and son of Vladimir; rebuilt Kiev as an Orthodox capital andbrought it to the height of its power.

Cyprian (c. 1330 – 1406).Bulgarian monk who, working with patriarch Philotheos, was the main exponent ofByzantine Hesychasm in Russia.

Sergius of Radonezh (1314 – 1392).Russian Orthodox monk and saint; founder of Russian monasticism and promoter ofRussian Hesychasm.

Euthymius of Turnovo (c. 1317 – c. 1402).Bulgarian Hesychast monk and patriarch of Turnovo; founder of ”second South Slavic“movement, the Hesychast revitalization of the Old Church Slavonic legacy.

Maxim Grek (c. 1470 – 1556).Born Michael Trivolis and educated in humanist circles in Florence before convertingto Christianity; as the monk Maximos he spent a decade at Mt. Athos before going toRussia, where he was known as Maxim Grek, ”Maxim the Greek.“