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Chapter 3Cultural
By ; numkwan wongpatum
Topic:What is culture ?The characteristic of culture ?The element of culture ?The level of culture ?What makes cultures change?
What Is Culture?
What Is Culture?The customary ways in which humans live. For example; diet, family forms and processes, social organizations, and religions.
Info taken from: The Four Skills of Cultural Diversity Competence, by Mikel Hogan-Garcia
Ethnic Group or Culture Group
The cultural heritage, or aspects of culture, that a group shares and attempts to hand down from one generation to the next through learning.
Info taken from: The Four Skills of Cultural Diversity Competence, by Mikel Hogan-Garcia
WeavingSilk reeling Dancing
12 Aspects of Culture or Ethnicity1. History-time period and conditions under which
a group migrated or immigrated.2. Social Status Factors – education, occupation,
income3. Social Group Interaction Patterns: Intra-group
(within group relations) and Inter-group (between-group relations)
4. Value Orientation – standards by which members of a culture judge their personal actions and those of others.
5. Language and Communication: Verbal and Nonverbal
6. Family Life Processes – gender roles, family dynamics
Ritual crib bedding
To the uterus dry
Fire ritual
Sift sieve
12 Aspects of Culture or Ethnicity7. Healing Beliefs and Practices – attitudes
and beliefs about health.8. Religion – spiritual beliefs and practices9. Art and Expressive Forms – art, music,
stories, dance, etc.10. Diet/Foods – preferred food eaten by
groups.11. Recreation – activities, sports for leisure,
etc.12. Clothing – types, styles, and extent of
body coverings.
Culture is learned behaviorEach child goes through a process of enculturation when they grow up in a culture.Children learn by observing the behaviors of people in their surroundings, including the recognition of symbols specific to that culture.
Fed food
Undeniable
Examples of cultural symbols
Culture is shared
Culture is an attribute not of individuals per se but of individuals as members of groups.Culture is transmitted by society.Enculturation unifies people by providing us with common experiences.
Fried pork skin
Culture is symbolic
Symbols can either be verbal (linguistic) or nonverbal (object, written symbol).
Culture and Nature: Differences in How we meet the call
Culture defines what people eat, how food is prepared, and when and how food is eaten.Waste elimination is culturally prescribed.Sexual activities are also dictated by culture (with who, how, where, and when).
Culture is all-encompassing and integrated
Culture envelopes each of us, and touches every aspect of our lives.Culture is systematic and integrated (it is not a random phenomenon).Cultures teach us to share certain core values that helps shape the personality of the individuals within a culture.
Cultures are dynamic: rules are made to be broken
Humans are creative animals and always do not strictly follow the dictates of their culture.There is individual interpretation of each aspect of culture that is in part due to family and personal history.Real vs. Ideal culture.
Culture can be both adaptive and maladaptive
Modern technology has provided for the adaptation of humans to every part of the globe, as ancient technologies provided successful to environments on a smaller scale.Short-term vs. long-term adaptive strategies.
21
Culture Defined
Culture is an integrated system of learned behavior patterns that are characteristic of the members of any given society.
The Meaning of Culture:
The Key to Human Diversity
23
Characteristics of CultureCulture is learned, shared, and transmitted from one generation to the next.
Culture can be passed from parents to children, by social organizations, special interest groups, the government, schools, and churches.
Culture is multidimensional, consisting of a number of common elements that are interdependent.
24
AcculturationAcculturation is the process of adjusting and adapting to a specific culture other than one’s own. It is one of the keys to success in international operations.
25
Elements of CultureLanguage (verbaland nonverbal) Religion Values and
Attitudes
Material Elements
Manners andCustoms
AestheticsEducationSocial Institutions
26
The Four Roles of LanguageLanguage aids in information gathering and evaluation.
Language provides access to local society.
Language capability is increasingly important in company communications.
Language provides more than the ability to communicate because it extends beyond mechanics to the interpretation of contexts that may influence business operations.
27
Nonverbal languageDistinctions must be made in five key topics:
TimeSpace
Material Possessions
Friendship PatternsBusiness
Agreements
28
Dominant Religions
ChristianityIslam
Hinduism
BuddhismConfucianism
29
Values and AttitudesValue of U.S. Culture Alternate Value Function Affected
The individual can influencethe future
Life follows a preordained course
Planning and scheduling
We must work hard to accomplish our objectives
Hard work is not the pre-requisite for success; wisdom,luck, and time are also required
Motivation and rewardsystem
Commitments should be honored
A commitment may be super-seded by a conflicting request
Negotiating or bargaining
One should effectively useone’s time
Schedules are important but only in relation to other priorities
Long and short range planning
A primary obligation of the employee is to the organization
The individual employee has a primary obligation to the family
Loyalty, commitment, and motivation
The best qualified person shouldbe given the position available
Family issues and friendshipcan determine employment
Employment, promotionsrecruiting, selection
30
Manners and CustomsPotential ways in which negotiators may not be prepared:
the understanding of different ways of thinkingattention to the necessity to save faceknowledge and appreciation of the host countryrecognition of the decision-making process and the role of personal relations and personalitiesthe allocation of time for negotiations
31
Material ElementsMaterial culture refers to the results of technology and is directly related to how a society organizes its economic activity.
It is manifested in the availability and adequacy of the basic economic, social, financial, and marketing infrastructure for the international business in a market.
32
Material Elements Chart
transportation energy
communications
health banks research firms
EconomicInfrastructure
SocialInfrastructure
Financial andMarketing
Infrastructure
Material Culture
education
housing
33
AestheticsGood taste is expressed through colors, form, and music.
The meanings of colors and symbols vary from country to country.
34
EducationEducation, either formal or informal, plays a major role in the passing on and sharing of culture.
International firms need to understand the varying emphases on particular skills and the overall level of education provided.
35
Social InstitutionsSocial stratification is the division of a particular population into classes.
Reference groups provide the values and attitudes that influence behavior. Primary reference groups include the family and coworkers.
Social organization determines the roles of managers and subordinates and how they relate to each other.
Personal Culture – Core Identity
Includes everything an individual finds meaningful, beliefs, values, perceptions, assumptions, and framework about reality.Developed through social interaction with family and others in your environment.
Cultural Competence Skill Areas
Awareness and Acceptance of DifferencesSelf-AwarenessDynamics of DifferenceKnowledge of Client’s CultureAdaptation of Skills
38
High- versus Low-Context Cultures
High-context culturecontext is at least as important as what is actually saidwhat is not being said can carry more meaning than what is saidfocuses on group developmentJapan and Saudi Arabia are examples
Low-context culturemost of the information is contained explicitly in wordswhat is said is more important that what is not saidfocuses on individual developmentThe U.S. is an example
Levels of cultureNational: learned behavioral patterns, beliefs, values, and institutions shared by the citizens of a nation.International: cultural traditions that expand beyond cultural boundaries.Subculture: different traditions practiced by groups set within a larger culture. Frequently regionally based.
What makes cultures change?
Diffusion: borrowing of traits between cultures.Acculturation: exchange of cultural features that results from long-term exposure between cultures.Independent invention: Developing to solution to problems by individual cultures. Example: agriculture.
One World Culture? Globalization in the 21st Century
Cultures are increasingly coming in contact as a result of improved trade relations, better communication, and easier travel.Multinational corporations and business “outsourcing” to the Third World are becoming more commonplace.
Q & A
Question chapter 31.Why is it important to understand culture?2. What is culture ?3. What are the characteristic of culture ?4. What are the element of culture ?5. Your life at any the level of culture ?6. What makes cultures change?
1. Geographer2. Political Scientist3. Archaeologist4. Economist5. Historian6. Anthropologist
a. studies the past by examining artifacts and ancient ruins
b. studies the world’s landscapes and climate
c. studies the operations of different forms of governments
d. studies the past by examining primary and secondary sources
e. studies how goods and services are distributed in societies
f. studies culture and how people interact with society
7. MATCH THE FOLLOWING.
Dinner on a stickDink in a bagThy pink tissuesInhalers
Study Group Very Thai