A COMPARISON O F P E R S O N A L I T Y TRAITS B E T W E E N C O L L E G E

S T U D E N T S R E A R E D WITHIN A S E L E C T E D POLAR REGION BY

N O N - N A T I V E P A R E N T S AND C O L L E G E S T U D E N T S R E A R E D

WITHIN N O N - P O L A R REGIONS BY N A T I V E P A R E N T S

A P P R O V E D :

G r a d u a t e C o m m i t t e e :

M a j o r P r o f e s s o ^ /

M i n o r P r o f e s s o r

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C o m m i t t e e M e m b e r

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Cor :ee M e m b e

c 0,

D e a n of the S c h o o l of E d u c a t i o n

- / dr*-*— D e a n of the G r a d u a t e S c h o o l

P o p e , John W. , A C o m p a r i s o n of P e r s o n a l i t y T r a i t s be tween

Col lege Students R e a r e d wi thin a Se lec ted P o l a r Region by N on-Nat ive

P a r e n t s ; and Col lege Students R e a r e d wi th in N o n - P o l a r Regions by

Nat ive P a r e n t s . Doc tor of Ph i losophy (College Teach ing) , D e c e m -

b e r , 1971, 128 p p . , 4 t a b l e s , 2 i l l u s t r a t i o n s , b ib l iography , 149 t i t l e s .

The p r o b l e m with which this s tudy is c o n c e r n e d is that of

d e t e r m i n i n g if c l i m a t i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s s ign i f i can t ly a f f e c t p e r s o n a l i t y

d e v e l o p m e n t .

The p u r p o s e s of this s tudy a r e t h r e e f o l d . The f i r s t is to

d e t e r m i n e if s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s in p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s e x i s t be tween

co l lege s tuden ts r e a r e d wi thin po l a r r eg ions by p a r e n t s r e a r e d within

n o n - p o l a r r e g i o n s , a s c o m p a r e d to co l lege s tuden ts r e a r e d within non-

p o l a r r eg ions by p a r e n t s who w e r e r e a r e d wi thin n o n - p o l a r r e g i o n s .

The second p u r p o s e of this s tudy is to ident i fy the a r e a or a r e a s in

which p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s d i f f e r among t he se ind iv idua l s . The t h i rd

p u r p o s e is to r e p o r t t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s and t he i r s i gn i f i c ance to

soc i e ty and our educa t iona l s y s t e m .

The method employed to d e t e r m i n e the e f f e c t of c l i m a t i c

c i r c u m s t a n c e s on p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t is t h r e e f o l d . The f i r s t i s

to s e l e c t 30 m a l e s and 30 f e m a l e s f r o m two d i f f e r e n t geograph ic

l oca t ions , e ach of which en joys to ta l ly d i f f e r e n t c l i m a t i c c i r c u m -

s t a n c e s wi th in the p h y s i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t . The second is to divide the

30 m a l e s and 30 f e m a l e s c o m p r i s i n g each g r o u p into ce l l s of 15 m a l e s

wi th s i b l i n g s , 15 m a l e s wi thout s i b l i ngs , 15 f e m a l e s wi th s ib l ings , and

15 f e m a l e s wi thout s i b l i ngs . The th i rd is to a d m i n i s t e r the Gui l ford

Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey to each of the 120 s u b j e c t s c o m p r i s -

ing both g r o u p s .

The hypotheses f o r m u l a t e d to c a r r y out the p u r p o s e s of th is

s tudy s t a t e tha t s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s be tween the mean s c o r e s on

each of the ten s c a l e s of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

S u r v e y wi l l ex i s t be tween the r e s p e c t i v e g r o u p s .

Based on the r e s e a r c h f indings and conc lus ion of this s tudy ,

which s u g g e s t tha t f e m a l e s b o r n and r e a r e d wi th in po l a r r eg ions

without s ib l ings d i sp lay s o c i a l w i t h d r a w a l to a g r e a t e r d e g r e e than

do t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s in the m o r e t e m p e r a t e loca t ions of th is s o c i e t y ,

the fol lowing r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e m a d e :

1. An ex t ens ive longi tudinal s tudy des igned to a s s e s s fu l l y

the e f f e c t s of p o l a r r eg ion c i r c u m s t a n c e s on c h i l d r e n ' s i n t e l l ec tua l

a b i l i t i e s , t h e i r a t t i tudes t oward school , t h e i r p a r e n t s , and if p r e s e n t ,

t h e i r s i b l i n g s .

2 . An ex tens ive longi tudinal s tudy des igned to a s s e s s fu l ly

p a r e n t a l a t t i t udes pe r t a in ing to child r e a r i n g p r a c t i c e s , e s p e c i a l l y

f e m a l e c h i l d r e n fol lowing r e loca t ion into p o l a r r e g i o n s .

3. C o m m u n i t y p a r t i c i p a t i o n toward the deve lopmen t of day-

c a r e c e n t e r s f o r a l l c h i l d r e n under the age of s ix y e a r s .

4 . Deve lopment and imp lemen ta t i on of p r o g r a m s within the

ex i s t i ng educa t iona l f a c i l i t i e s in p o l a r r eg ions to p rov ide ex t ens ive

oppor tun i ty f o r m a x i m u m s o c i a l c o n t a c t .

5. Funded p r o g r a m s des igned in such a m a n n e r as to p r o -

vide knowledge to p a r e n t s in r e g a r d to the p o s s i b l e l o n g - t e r m e f f e c t s

on t h e i r c h i l d r e n ' s p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopment pos s ib ly r e s u l t i n g f r o m

being r e s t r i c t e d to the home e n v i r o n m e n t p r e d o m i n a n t l y du r ing the

w i n t e r months in po l a r r e g i o n s .

A COMPARISON O F PERSONALITY TRAITS BETWEEN C O L L E G E

STUDENTS REARED WITHIN A S E L E C T E D POLAR REGION BY

NON-NATIVE PARENTS AND C O L L E G E STUDENTS REARED

WITHIN NON-POLAR REGIONS BY NATIVE PARENTS

DISSERTATION

P r e s e n t e d to the Gradua te Counci l of the

N o r t h Texas Sta te Un ive r s i t y in P a r t i a l

F u l f i l l m e n t of the R e q u i r e m e n t s

F o r the D e g r e e of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

By

John Win f r ed Pope , B . B . A . , B . S . , M . E d .

Denton, T e x a s

D e c e m b e r , 1971

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vi

Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1

Sta tement of the P r o b l e m P u r p o s e of the Study-Hypotheses Background of the Study Significance of the Study Definition of T e r m s Limita t ion of the Study Basic Assumpt ions Summary

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 22

III. METHODS AND PROCEDURES 57

Subjects Design of the Study Ins t rumenta t ion P r o c e d u r e s fo r Collecting the Data P r o c e d u r e s for Trea t ing the Data

IV. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS . . . 67

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 78

Summary-Cone lusions R ec ommendations

iii

Page

APPENDICES 99

Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D

BIBLIOGRAPHY 115

IV

LIST OF TABLES

Tab le P a g e

I. The ou tcome of the Two-Way Ana lys i s of V a r i a n c e on E a c h of the Ten Hypotheses Which R e p r e s e n t the Ten Sca le s of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t S u r v e y 69

II. The Outcome of the One -Way A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e among the To t a l N u m b e r of F e m a l e s wi th in G r o u p A and Group B on E a c h of the Ten Hypo theses . . . . 72

III. The Outcome of the One -Way Ana lys i s among the To t a l N u m b e r of Males wi thin G r o u p A and G r o u p B on E a c h of the Ten Hypotheses 76

IV. A One-Way Ana lys i s of V a r i a n c e be tween Group A and Group B F e m a l e s with and without S ib l ings , and be tween F e m a l e s wi th and without Sibl ings C o m p r i s i n g Group B on Hypo theses One, T h r e e , and F o u r 82

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

F i g u r e P a g e

1. An I l l u s t r a t i on of the Des ign of the Study Showing D i s t r i bu t i on of the Sub jec t s 61

2. An I l l u s t r a t i o n of the Rel iab i l i ty of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey 62

V I

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

P r i o r to exp lo ra t ion of p o l a r r e g i o n s , l i t t le was known in

r e g a r d to the e f f e c t s of i so la t ion on human b e h a v i o r . Howeve r ,

r e p o r t s f r o m au tob iog raph i ca l wr i t i ngs (5) and f r o m m i l i t a r y p e r -

sonne l s t a t ioned wi th in the a n t a r c t i c and a r c t i c r eg ions sugges t ed tha t

p rofound changes in human behav io r o c c u r du r ing the long po la r

w i n t e r (7, 9, 17, 22). T h e s e o b s e r v a b l e b e h a v i o r a l changes r e p r e -

s e n t the n e u r b s e s in v a r y i n g d e g r e e s of s e v e r i t y and in i t ia l ly m a n i f e s t

in i n c r e a s e d anx ie ty and d e p r e s s i o n (17), fol lowed by i n c r e a s e d i r r i -

t ab i l i ty , r e s t l e s s n e s s , s ens i t i v i t y to sound, i n t e l l e c t u a l i n e r t i a ,

i m p a i r e d m e m o r y and c o n c e n t r a t i o n , and ha l luc ina t ions of v a r y i n g

d e g r e e s (17, 22).

In addi t ion to psycho log ica l c h a n g e s , a ccompany ing being

loca ted wi thin t h e s e r eg ions dur ing the w i n t e r mon ths , s tud ie s have

r e v e a l e d tha t a v a r i e t y of phys io log ica l compla in t s a l s o o c c u r (17)

wh ich , l ike the psycho log ica l phenomena o b s e r v e d , p e r s i s t t h r o u g h -

out the p o l a r w i n t e r and only begin to d i m i n i s h wi th the coming of

s p r i n g and the sun (9).

H e r o n (13) r e l a t e s tha t the p ionee r ing w o r k of Donald O.

Hebb in 1951 r e s u l t e d in the f i r s t s u c c e s s f u l e x p e r i m e n t a l a p p r o x i m a -

tion of the r e a l i so la ted c i r c u m s t a n c e s which e x i s t in p o l a r r e g i o n s .

This s u c c e s s f u l e x p e r i m e n t a l a p p r o a c h r e s u l t e d f r o m Hebb ' s o r ig ina l

conclusion tha t wi thin both the r e a l and s imu la t ed s i tua t ions involving

i so la t ion one c o m m o n f a c t o r could be i so l a t ed f r o m both c i r c u m -

s t a n c e s . This f a c t o r was the " s a m e n e s s of l i f e" hypothes i s wi thin

both s i t ua t i ons , which prov ided the impe tus f o r developing and e x p e r i -

m e n t a l monotonous e n v i r o n m e n t .

Hebb in i t i a l ly r e p o r t e d that fol lowing e x p o s u r e to an e x p e r i -

m e n t a l monotonous e n v i r o n m e n t , his s u b j e c t s e x p e r i e n c e d iden t i ca l

b e h a v i o r a l phenomena a s those phenomena e x p e r i e n c e d wi thin the

a c t u a l i so la ted s i tua t ion . T h e s e b e h a v i o r a l phenomena in i t ia l ly m a n i -

f e s t e d in anx ie ty and d e p r e s s i o n fol lowed by i r r i t a b i l i t y , r e s t l e s s n e s s ,

inabi l i ty to c o n c e n t r a t e , i m p a i r e d m e m o r y , and v i s u a l ha l l uc ina t i ons .

L i l ly (15), Li l ly and Shur l ey (16), and Zubek , Sanson and P r y s i a z -

niuk (28) a l s o have r e p o r t e d s i m i l a r phenomena in t h e i r s u b j e c t s

fo l lowing e x p e r i m e n t a l i so la t ion . Zubek , Sanson and P r y s i a z n i u k

f u r t h e r r e l a t e tha t the e f f e c t s of i so la t ion on human behav io r a p p a r -

ent ly a f f e c t s ign i f i can t ly m o r e b e h a v i o r a l phenomena in the f e m a l e

than wi th in the m a l e .

Unti l r e c e n t l y t h e r e ex i s t ed no r e a l need to p u r s u e the

e f f e c t s of i so la t ion on human behavior , o ther than to fu l ly a s s e s s i t s

e f f e c t s on m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l s t a t i a i ed within po l a r r e g i o n s . How-

e v e r , due to i n c r e a s i n g needs f o r f u t u r e f u e l , food and land a v a i l a -

b i l i t y wi th in th is s o c i e t y , the geograph ic a r e a s wi th in the a r c t i c

p o l a r r eg ions a r e being populated by individuals and f a m i l i e s who a r e

r e l o c a t i n g f r o m the m o r e t e m p e r a t e geograph ic loca t ions of th is

soc ie ty .

The l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n e d with m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l and the

b e h a v i o r a l phenomena which a c c o m p a n y being r e l o c a t e d into p o l a r

r eg ions c l e a r l y r e f l e c t s tha t p rofound changes p r i m a r i l y m a n i f e s t

du r ing the long w i n t e r months when a n indiv idual is dep r ived of his

u s u a l amoun t of a c t i v i t i e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e is e v e r y r e a s o n to

suppose tha t the b e h a v i o r a l e f f ec t s r e s u l t i n g f r o m dep r iva t i on of

n o r m a l e x p e r i e n c e s , a s o b s e r v e d wi thin m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l wi th in

t he se r e g i o n s , m a y a l s o g e n e r a l i z e to the f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e .

F r o m the p e r s p e c t i v e of p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t , th is p o s -

s ib i l i t y m a y have a t r e m e n d o u s i m p a c t on c h i l d r e n wi th in t he se

r e g i o n s , r e a r e d by p a r e n t s who m a y d i sp l ay i n c o n s i s t e n t b e h a v i o r s

th roughout a s ign i f i can t por t ion of each y e a r , fo l lowing r e loca t ion

into p o l a r r e g i o n s , f r o m the m o r e t e m p e r a t e geograph ic loca t ions of

th is soc i e ty . Bandura (1) and B a n d u r a , Ross and Ross (2) s t a t e

4

tha t c o n s i s t e n t behav io r s m u s t be d i sp layed by p a r e n t s e a r l y in the

c h i l d ' s d e v e l o p m e n t a l p r o c e s s . They f u r t h e r s t a t e that dev ia t ions

f r o m o t h e r w i s e n o r m a l p a r e n t a l behaviors m a y have l a s t ing a d v e r s e

e f f e c t s on e v e r y s e g m e n t of a ch i ld ' s p e r s o n a l i t y . Other s tud ie s a l s o

r e f l e c t this o r i en t a t ion th roughout t h e i r g e n e r a l r e p o r t e d f indings

(3, 4 , 6, 10, 11, 27).

B a n d u r a , and B a n d u r a , Ross and Ross a l s o r e l a t e d tha t a

chi ld a c q u i r e s the g r e a t e s t po r t ion of his b e h a v i o r d i r e c t l y th rough

the p r o c e s s of im i t a t i ng and model ing p a r e n t a l b e h a v i o r s . They

f u r t h e r r e l a t e tha t i n c o n s i s t e n t o r a b n o r m a l p a r e n t a l b e h a v i o r s r e p r e -

s e n t f au l ty mode l s and may be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the t endency f o r m e n t a l

i l l n e s s e s to run in f a m i l i e s and f o r the acqu i s i t i on of ma ladap t ive

b e h a v i o r which is in d i r e c t c o n t r a s t to the goal of educat ion wi thin

th i s s o c i e t y .

T h e r e ex i s t s the g e n e r a l c o n s e n s u s that e a r l y l e a rned

b e h a v i o r s m a y p e r s i s t throughout chi ldhood, and may be r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r much b e h a v i o r a t the adul t leve ls (1, 2 , 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 21).

T h e r e f o r e , a s p e r s o n a l i t y is be l ieved to be f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d a t the

young adul t l eve l (26, p . 176), i t should be p o s s i b l e to a s c e r t a i n if

s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s a t the adul t leve l e x i s t be tween those ind iv i -

dua ls r e a r e d wi thin p o l a r r eg ions as opposed to those who w e r e r e a r e d

throughout o the r geograph ic loca t ions of th is s o c i e t y .

S t a t e m e n t of the P r o b l e m

The p r o b l e m wi th which th is s tudy w a s c o n c e r n e d was tha t

of d e t e r m i n i n g of c l i m a t i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s s ign i f i can t ly a f f e c t p e r s o n -

a l i ty d e v e l o p m e n t .

P u r p o s e of the Study

In o r d e r to c l a r i f y the p r o b l e m with which th is s tudy was

c o n c e r n e d , the fol lowing spec i f i c p u r p o s e s w e r e p r e s e n t e d :

1. To d e t e r m i n e if s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s in p e r s o n a l i t y

t r a i t s e x i s t be tween co l lege s tuden ts r e a r e d wi th in p o l a r r eg ions by

p a r e n t s who w e r e r e a r e d wi th in n o n - p o l a r r e g i o n s , a s c o m p a r e d to

co l lege s tuden ts r e a r e d wi th in n o n - p o l a r r eg ions by p a r e n t s who

w e r e r e a r e d wi th in n o n - p o l a r r e g i o n s .

. 2 . To iden t i fy the a r e a o r a r e a s in which p e r s o n a l i t y

t r a i t s d i f f e r among t h e s e ind iv idua l s .

3 . To r e p o r t t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s , and t h e i r s i gn i f i c ance to

s o c i e t y and our educa t iona l s y s t e m .

Hypotheses

In o r d e r to c a r r y out the p u r p o s e s of th is s tudy , the f o l l o w -

ing hypo theses w e r e f o r m u l a t e d :

1. The m e a n s c o r e of n o n - p o l a r r e g i o n s ' s u b j e c t s ( f u r t h e r

r e f e r r e d to a s G r o u p A) w i l l d i f f e r s ign i f i can t ly on the G e n e r a l

Act iv i ty Sca le of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t S u r v e y

f r o m the m e a n s c o r e s of the po l a r r eg ion s u b j e c t s ( f u r t h e r r e f e r r e d

to a s Group B).

2 . The m e a n s c o r e of Group A wi l l d i f f e r s ign i f i can t ly on

the R e s t r a i n t Sca le of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t S u r v e y

f r o m the m e a n s c o r e s of Group B.

3. The m e a n s c o r e of Group A wi l l d i f f e r s ign i f i can t ly on

the A s c e n d a n c e Scale of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

S u r v e y f r o m the m e a n s c o r e s of Group B.

4 . The mean s c o r e of Group A wi l l d i f f e r s ign i f i can t ly on

the Soc iab i l i ty Sca le of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

S u r v e y f r o m the m e a n s c o r e s of Group B.

5. The m e a n s c o r e of Group A w i l l d i f f e r s ign i f i can t ly on

the E m o t i o n a l S tabi l i ty Sca le of the Gui l fo rd Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

S u r v e y f r o m the m e a n s c o r e s of Group B.

6. The m e a n s c o r e of Group A wi l l d i f f e r s ign i f i can t ly on

the Objec t iv i ty Scale of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t S u r v e y

f r o m the m e a n s c o r e s of Group B.

7. The m e a n s c o r e of Group A wi l l d i f f e r s i gn i f i can t ly on

the F r i e n d l i n e s s Scale of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

S u r v e y f r o m the m e a n s c o r e s of Group B.

8. The m e a n s c o r e of Group A wi l l d i f f e r s ign i f i can t ly on

the Though t fu lness Sca le of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

S u r v e y f r o m the m e a n s c o r e s of Group B.

9. The m e a n s c o r e of Group A wi l l d i f f e r s ign i f i can t ly on

the P e r s o n a l Re la t ions Scale of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n

T e m p e r a m e n t Survey f r o m the m e a n s c o r e s of Group B.

10. The m e a n s c o r e of Group A wi l l d i f f e r s ign i f i can t ly on

the Mascu l in i ty Scale of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

S u r v e y f r o m the m e a n s c o r e s of Group B.

Background of the Study

A n u m b e r of s tud ies have c o n c e r n e d t h e m s e l v e s wi th the

e f f e c t s of i so la t ion on the human infant . H o w e v e r , a s i so la t ion d u r -

ing in fancy m a y lead to p e r m a n e n t d a m a g e , t h e r e can be no e x p e r i -

m e n t a l i so l a t ion among human infan ts (24). The r e s u l t of th is o r ien-

ta t ion n e c e s s i t a t e s t ha t i n f e r e n c e s be d r awn r e g a r d i n g the e f f e c t s of

i so l a t ion f r o m both i n f r a h u m a n s tud ie s and s tud ies involving i so la t ion

among ins t i tu t iona l i zed c h i l d r e n . Har low and Z i m m e r m a n (12)

have d e m o n s t r a t e d tha t t h e r e ex i s t s a need f o r n o r m a l m a t e r n a l

e x p e r i e n c e s wi thin the infant r h e s u s monkey . The e f f e c t s of

m a t e r n a l dep r iva t i on on this p a r t i c u l a r s p e c i e s r e s u l t in both a b n o r -

m a l phys io log ica l and psycho log ica l deve lopmen t .

8

Har low and Z i m m e r m a n e m p h a s i z e the need f o r e a r l y t a c t i l e

con tac t cont inued throughout the d e v e l o p m e n t a l p e r i o d . Depr iva t ion

of th is con tac t e a r l y in infancy a p p a r e n t l y i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the

in fan t monkey not l e a rn ing the a p p r o p r i a t e s ex ro l e and g e n e r a l

s o c i a l b e h a v i o r s n e c e s s a r y f o r adequa te a d j u s t m e n t . They f u r t h e r

r e l a t e that t h e s e deb i l i t a t ing a s p e c t s of behav io r r e s u l t in the inabi l i ty

to r e p r o d u c e the s p e c i e s . When a r t i f i c i a l me thods f o r concep t ion

a r e u t i l i zed , the monkey m o t h e r , f r o m the m o m e n t of h e r o f f s p r i n g ' s

b i r t h , t ends to to ta l ly d i s r e g a r d i ts m o s t b a s i c n e e d s .

S tudies c o n c e r n e d wi th the e f f e c t s of p a r t i a l m a t e r n a l d e p r i -

vat ion a m o n g ins t i tu t iona l i zed c h i l d r e n who a r e d e p r i v e d of adequa te

m a t e r n a l c a r e r e l a t e tha t the r e s u l t of th is m a t e r n a l dep r iva t i on

wi th in the human in fan t r e s u l t s in the infant be ing g e n e r a l l y

d e p r e s s e d , i m m o b i l e f o r long p e r i o d s of t i m e , and f e a r f u l of

adu l t s (11). White and Cas t l e (27) r e l a t e that m a t e r n a l d e p r i v a -

t ion r e s u l t i n g f r o m ins t i tu t iona l i za t ion m a y a l s o f o s t e r p e r m a n e n t

i n t e l l e c t u a l d e v e l o p m e n t . In addi t ion , White and C a s t l e r e l a t e tha t

ev idence d e r i v e d f r o m obse rva t i ons on ins t i tu t iona l i zed c h i l d r e n

s t r o n g l y ind ica t e s t ha t e a r l y s e n s o r y e x p e r i e n c e has s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r

a l l s u b s e q u e n t s e n s o r y func t ion ing and n o r m a l d e v e l o p m e n t .

Bowlby (4) and Rubens te in (23) a g r e e wi th White and

C a s t l e . Go ld fa rb (11) a l s o lends much s u p p o r t to t h e s e findings

and r e l a t e s tha t the a b s e n c e of adequa te m o t h e r i n g def in i t e ly r e s u l t s

in a b a s i c de f i c i t in t o t a l p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t , and tha t the

neg lec ted chi ld c a n n e v e r b e c o m e a w e l l - a d j u s t e d adu l t .

I so la t ion a t the adul t l eve l , t h e r e b y be ing d e p r i v e d of one ' s

n o r m a l e x p e r i e n c e s , induces many b e h a v i o r a l changes (5, 7, 9, 13,

15, 16, 17, 22, 28, 29). However , i t does not d e t e r m i n e a l l f u t u r e

b e h a v i o r a s wi th in the human infant (4, 11, 23, 2 7). S tudies invo lv-

ing i so la t ion a t the adul t l eve l wi th in both the a n t a r c t i c and a r c t i c

p o l a r r eg ions r e v e a l that among m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l s t a t ioned wi th in

t he se r eg ions du r ing the po la r w i n t e r , o b s e r v a b l e b e h a v i o r a l changes

o c c u r which in i t i a l ly m a n i f e s t in anx ie ty and d e p r e s s i o n , fol lowed by

i r r i t a b i l i t y , r e s t l e s s n e s s , s ens i t i v i t y , i n t e l l e c t u a l i n e r t i a ,

inabi l i ty to c o n c e n t r a t e , and ha l l uc ina t i ons . Both the b e h a v i o r a l

and phys io log ica l phenomena (17) which a c c o m p a n y m i l i t a r y duty in

t h e s e r eg ions is be l ieved a t t r i b u t a b l e to the monotonous e n v i r o n m e n t

and f o r c e d c l o s e - g r o u p i n t e r a c t i o n du r ing the w i n t e r months (7).

H e r o n (13) c i t e s the p ionee r ing w o r k of Donald O. Hebb

a s be ing the f i r s t e x p e r i m e n t a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n of i so l a t i on . This

in i t i a l e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n in d e t e r m i n i n g the e f f e c t s of i so la t ion f r o m

a n ob jec t ive s tandpoin t n e c e s s i t a t e d the a p p r o x i m a t i o n of a m o n o -

tonous e n v i r o n m e n t . To s u c c e s s f u l l y dup l ica te a monotonous e n v i r o n -

men t , Hebb hypothes ized tha t the s a m e n e s s of l i fe wi th in both

10

s i tua t ions was the m o s t s a l i en t f a c t o r of a l l . In i t i a l f indings s u b -

s t an t i a t ed the va l id i ty of th is hypo thes i s , and Hebb r e p o r t e d tha t h i s

s u b j e c t s e x p e r i e n c e d iden t i ca l phenomena a s to those phenomena

r e p o r t e d l y o c c u r r i n g in the r e a l s i tua t ion .

T h e s e in i t i a l obse rva t i ons r e l a t e d tha t in addi t ion to i den t i ca l

phenomena r e s u l t i n g f r o m e x p e r i m e n t a l i so l a t ion , the h i e r a r c h i c a l

o c c u r r e n c e of t he se phenomena m a n i f e s t e d in anx ie ty , d e p r e s s i o n ,

i r r i t a b i l i t y , s ens i t i v i t y , inabi l i ty to c o n c e n t r a t e , m e n t a l i m p a i r m e n t ,

and v i s u a l ha l luc ina t ions . E s s e n t i a l l y , t he se p a t t e r n s of o c c u r r e n c e

a r e i den t i ca l to those o b s e r v e d in the r e a l s i tua t ion involving i so l a t ion

wi th in po l a r r e g i o n s . Li l ly (15) and Li l ly and S h u r l e y (16) have

r e p o r t e d b e h a v i o r a l phenomena s i m i l a r to those r e p o r t e d by Hebb.

In addi t ion , Li l ly (15) r e l a t e s tha t when s u b j e c t s a r e su spended in

w a t e r t anks , the dep r iva t i on a p p a r e n t l y induces the e f f e c t s of i s o l a -

t ion m o r e r ap id ly than th rough u t i l iz ing Hebb ' s o r i g ina l i so la t ion

c h a m b e r .

Zubek , Sanson and P r y s i a z n i u k (28) and Z u c k e r m a n , P e r s k y ,

Link and B a s u (29) a g r e e that e x p e r i m e n t a l i so la t ion e f f e c t s d e l e -

t e r i o u s changes in human b e h a v i o r , which p a r a l l e l t hose b e h a v i o r a l

phenomena r e p o r t e d throughout o b s e r v a t i o n s wi th m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l

in p o l a r r e g i o n s . Zubek , Sanson and P r y s i a z n i u k f u r t h e r r e l a t e tha t

d e x t e r i t y is s ign i f i can t ly i m p a i r e d fo l lowing i so l a t i on . In addi t ion ,

11

Z u c k e r m a n , P e r s k y , Link and Basu have r e p o r t e d tha t i so la t ion

a p p a r e n t l y is capab le of producing g e n e r a l i z e d endoc r ine a r o u s a l in

both s e x e s , and tha t f e m a l e s a r e a f f ec t ed s ign i f i can t ly m o r e than

m a l e s in a l l b e h a v i o r a l a r e a s .

An exhaus t ive s e a r c h of the l i t e r a t u r e f a i l ed to r e v e a l the

e f f e c t s upon the o f f sp r i ng of individuals i so l a t ed and dep r ived of

n o r m a l e x p e r i e n c e s f o r long p e r i o d s of t i m e wi thin p o l a r r e g i o n s .

H o w e v e r , t h e r e is no r e a s o n to suppose tha t the needs of the h u m a n

infant b o r n to individuals dep r ived of a s ign i f i can t por t ion of n o r m a l

e x p e r i e n c e s would be any d i f f e r e n t than those e l s e w h e r e .

M u s s e n , Conger and Kagan (19, p . 154) s t a t e tha t the n e w -

b o r n i n f a n t ' s p r i m a r y h e e d s , i . e . , oxygen and e l imina t ion , a r e

r educed a u t o m a t i c a l l y th rough innate m e c h a n i s m s , and tha t m o r e

c o m p l e x n e e d s , cons i s t i ng of h u n g e r , t h i r s t , a l l ev ia t ion of pain or

cold , r e q u i r e a n o t h e r p e r s o n f o r g r a t i f i c a t i o n . In addi t ion to t h e s e

p r i m a r y n e e d s , the need f o r t ac t i l e con tac t wi th the m o t h e r is s e e m -

ingly of u p p e r m o s t i m p o r t a n c e (4, 23).

Ribble (21) obse rved 600 in fan ts ove r a long pe r iod of

t i m e and t he i r i n t e r a c t i o n s wi th the m o t h e r . H e r conc lus ions w e r e

tha t t ac t i l e m o t h e r - i n f a n t con tac t was n e c e s s a r y f o r the in fan t ' s phy-

s io log i ca l deve lopmen t . She obse rved that in fan ts denied t ac t i l e

con t ac t m a n i f e s t e d p e r s i s t e n t m u s c u l a r t ens ion , inadequate

12

b r e a t h i n g , and g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l d i s o r d e r s . T h e s e t ens ions d i s -

a p p e a r e d when the infant was a l lowed to suck his m o t h e r ' s b r e a s t o r

was put into c lo se con tac t with h e r body. She f u r t h e r a s s e r t s tha t

w o m e n who a r e emot iona l ly d i s t u r b e d o r who r e j e c t t he i r c h i l d r e n f o r

v a r i o u s r e a s o n s do not p rov ide adequa te m o t h e r i n g f o r t h e m , and the

r e s u l t of th is dep r iva t i on m a n i f e s t s in n e g a t i v i s m cons i s t i ng of l o s s

of appe t i t e , h y p e r t e n s i o n and r ig id i ty . The a l t e r n a t e r e a c t i o n to

m a t e r n a l dep r iva t ion a c c o r d i n g to Ribble is r e g r e s s i o n which m a n i -

f e s t s in s t u p e r o u s s l e e p , loss of m u s c l e tone, i r r e g u l a r b r e a t h i n g ,

vomi t ing and d i a r r h e a .

The i m p o r t a n c e of adequate and cons t an t m a t e r n a l c a r e is

f u r t h e r r e f l e c t e d by M u s s e n , Conger and Kagan (19). They r e l a t e

tha t du r ing the e a r l y deve lopmen ta l s t ages of in fancy the c h i l d ' s p e r -

sona l i ty deve lopmen t is cont ingent on adequa te p a r e n t a l b e h a v i o r s of

which the chi ld m u s t mode l . Hur lock (14) lends much s u p p o r t to

this hypothes i s and r e l a t e s that f a m i l y c i r c u m s t a n c e s a r e r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r e i t h e r adequa te or inadequate p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t in the

ch i ld . She conc ludes that " p e r s o n a l i t y is f o r m e d f r o m the i n t e r a c -

t ion of s ign i f i can t f i g u r e s ( f i r s t the m o t h e r , l a t e r the f a t h e r and s i b -

l i ngs , l a t e r e x t r a - f a m i l i a l f i g u r e s ) in his e n v i r o n m e n t . "

O the r s tud ies a l s o r e f l e c t this o r i en t a t ion tha t e a r l y c i r c u m -

s t a n c e s wi thin the f a m i l y a r e i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s in p e r s o n a l i t y

13

deve lopmen t (3, 8, 10, 18, 25). C o l e m a n (6, 7) a l s o a s s e r t s that

f a m i l y behav io r has a d i r e c t in f luence upon the c h i l d ' s p e r s o n a l i t y

deve lopmen t . He s t a t e s tha t fau l ty p a r e n t - c h i l d r e l a t i o n s h i p s o r

pa thogenic f a m i l y i n t e r ac t i ons a r e a f e r t i l e s o u r c e of m a l a d j u s t m e n t .

C o l e m a n f u r t h e r a s s e r t s that many types of c h i l d - r e a r i n g p r a c t i c e s

a r e u t i l ized which m a y or may not d e t r i m e n t a l l y a f f e c t p e r s o n a l i t y

d e v e l o p m e n t . Howeve r , he s t a t e s that s e v e r a l types a r e c o n s i s t -

en t ly found in the backgrounds of d i s t u r b e d ind iv idua l s . T h e s e

include the fol lowing p a t t e r n s pe r t a in ing to the ch i ld : r e j e c t i o n , o v e r -

p r o t e c t i o n , o v e r - i n d u l g e n c e , p e r f e c t i o n i s t i c d e m a n d s , r ig id , u n r e a l i s -

tic m o r a l d e m a n d s , f au l ty d i s c ip l i ne , s ib l ing r i v a l r y , f au l ty p a r e n t a l

m o d e l s , and m a r i t a l d i s c o r d and b roken h o m e s .

Bandura (1) and B a n d u r a , Ross and Ross (2) f u r t h e r

a s s e r t tha t the ch i l d ' s key mode l s a r e his p a r e n t s and tha t t h e i r

b e h a v i o r can have a highly b e n e f i c i a l or d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t on the way

a child l e a r n s to p e r c e i v e , think, f e e l , and a c t . Bandu ra (1) f u r t h e r

a s s e r t s tha t when p a r e n t s t h e m s e l v e s a r e emot iona l ly d i s t u r b e d or

men ta l ly i l l , they prov ide fau l ty mode l s f o r the child to fo l low. In

s u m m a r y , Bandura s t a t e s that this is undoubtedly an i m p o r t a n t

f a c t o r in the t endency f o r de l inquency and c r i m e as we l l a s f o r

m e n t a l i l l n e s s to run in f a m i l i e s .

14

T h e r e f o r e , r e f l e c t i n g upon the p rev ious l i t e r a t u r e , i t is

r e a d i l y s e e n tha t both i so la t ion wi thin po l a r r eg ions and e x p e r i m e n t a l

i so la t ion a r e d i r e c t l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r g r o s s b e h a v i o r a l changes wi thin

the adul t , m a n i f e s t i n g in b e h a v i o r s which r e p r e s e n t the n e u r o s e s in

v a r y i n g d e g r e e s of s e v e r i t y (17). I t is known tha t p a r e n t a l i n f l uences

d e t e r m i n e much of a ch i ld ' s e a r l y a c q u i r e d behav io r (6, 19, 20). It

a l s o is known that many e a r l y l e a rned b e h a v i o r s p e r s i s t into e a r l y

adul thood w h e r e p e r s o n a l i t y is be l ieved f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d (26, p. 176).

T h e r e is no r e a s o n to suppose that c h i l d r e n b o r n and r e a r e d within

p o l a r r eg ions do not a l s o m o d e l p a r e n t a l b e h a v i o r , which as sugges t ed

by the l i t e r a t u r e , may undergo s ign i f i can t changes dur ing the po l a r

w i n t e r , t h e r e b y provid ing a f au l ty m o d e l f r o m o the rwi se n o r m a l

p a r e n t a l b e h a v i o r .

S ign i f icance of the Study

The l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n e d with the e f f e c t s of i so la t ion on

human behav io r in both the r e a l and e x p e r i m e n t a l s i tua t ion and the

a p p a r e n t n e c e s s i t y f o r adequa te p a r e n t a l mode l s and many o ther

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s e s t a b l i s h the n e c e s s i t y of a s tudy such a s fo l lows :

1. The f inding of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s be tween g roup

m e a n s on the pos tu la ted hypo thes i s would lend s u p p o r t to the p r o p o s i -

tion tha t geograph ic loca t ion , which e n c o m p a s s e s p r e v a i l i n g

15

condi t ions wi thin the phys i ca l e n v i r o n m e n t , may be an i m p o r t a n t

v a r i a b l e in p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t (8, 14, 23, 26).

2 . S igni f ican t d i f f e r e n c e s be tween g roup m e a n s on the p o s -

tu la ted hypothes is would s u g g e s t that b e h a v i o r a l change du r ing the

p o l a r w i n t e r is not l imi ted to the adul t m a l e (6) but a l s o a f f e c t s

b e h a v i o r a l change within the adul t f e m a l e wi th in the f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e

(29).

3. S igni f ican t f indings on the pos tu la ted hypo thes i s would

lend s u p p o r t to the t h e o r y that b e h a v i o r a l d i s t u r b a n c e s wi thin p a r e n t a l

mode l s may f o s t e r inadequate p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t (1, 2).

4. S igni f icant f indings on the pos tu la ted hypo thes i s would

point out the need f o r addi t iona l r e s e a r c h , des igned to d e t e r m i n e if

t hese d i f f e r e n c e s a r e deb i l i t a t ing . If so , the n e c e s s i t y f o r c o m p e n -

sa t ing i n t e rven t i on on the p a r t of soc i e ty and educa t ion to d e v i s e

means to a l l ev i a t e the d i f f e r e n c e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m being r e a r e d within

p o l a r r eg ions by non-na t ive p a r e n t s wi l l c l e a r l y be e s t a b l i s h e d .

Def in i t ion of T e r m s

F o r the p u r p o s e of th is s tudy the fo l lowing def in i t ions w e r e

f o r m u l a t e d :

I so la t ion f r o m n o r m a l e x p e r i e n c e s : - - r e f e r s to d e p r i v a t i o n

of those e x p e r i e n c e s to which the individual was p r e v i o u s l y a c c u s -

t o m e d .

16

Nat ive P a r e n t s - r e f e r s to both the adu l t ma le and f e m a l e

who w e r e b o r n and r a i s e d in the geograph ic loca t ions of the con t in -

en t a l United S t a t e s .

Non-Nat ive P a r e n t s - r e f e r s to both the adul t ma le and

f e m a l e who w e r e b o r n and r a i s e d in the geograph ic loca t ions of the

con t inen ta l United S ta tes then r e loca t ed into po l a r r e g i o n s .

N o n - p o l a r Regions . ' - - r e f e r s to a r e a s wi th in the geograph ic

b o u n d a r i e s of the con t inen ta l United S t a t e s , which , due to condi t ions

wi thin the p h y s i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t , do not p r e c l u d e the individual f r o m

engaging in a c c u s t o m e d ac t iv i t i e s f o r s ign i f i can t por t ions of each

y e a r .

N o r m a l P a r e n t a l M o d e l s - r e f e r s to both the adul t m a l e and

f e m a l e within the f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e , both of whom m u s t d i sp l ay soc i a l ly

adap t ive b e h a v i o r f o r the chi ld to both imi t a t e and m o d e l f r o m

in fancy throughout the deve lopmen ta l p r o c e s s .

P o l a r R e g i o n : - - r e f e r s to the m o s t populated a r e a of n o r t h e r n

A l a s k a ( F a i r b a n k s ) , which , due to geograph ic locat ion (147° 48 min .

W e s t Longi tude and 64° 50 min . Nor th Lat i tude) , p a r a l l e l s c l i m a t i c

condi t ions du r ing the p o l a r w i n t e r a s encoun te red wi thin the A r c t i c

C i r c l e , i . e . , the populated a r e a of F a i r b a n k s is s u b j e c t e d to both

in tense cold and sunl ight dep r iva t ion du r ing the p o l a r w i n t e r .

17

L imi ta t ions of the Study

This s tudy was l imi ted to co l l ege s tuden t s who w e r e en ro l l ed

a t both Nor th T e x a s Sta te Un ive r s i t y , Denton, T e x a s , and the

U n i v e r s i t y of A l a s k a , Col lege , A l a s k a , du r ing the f a l l s e m e s t e r ,

1971. In addi t ion , the fol lowing s p e c i f i c l imi t a t ions w e r e i m p o s e d

on this s tudy :

1. Sub jec t s s e l e c t e d f o r th is s tudy w e r e of C a u c a s i a n

e x t r a c t i o n . This l imi ta t ion was imposed b e c a u s e of the l ack of

N e g r o e s and L a t i n - A m e r i c a n e x t r a c t i o n s l iving wi thin po l a r r e g i o n s .

Those individuals of E s k i m o , Aleu t , and Indian e x t r a c t i o n s l iving

wi thin po la r r eg ions a r e sub j ec t ed to to ta l ly d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r a l and

soc io log i ca l f a c t o r s ; t h e r e f o r e , they w e r e r e s t r i c t e d f r o m the s tudy .

2 . The m e a s u r e m e n t of p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s was l imi ted to

those d i f f e r e n t i a t e d by the ten s c a l e s of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n

T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey .

3. As p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t is not be l ieved f i r m l y

e s t a b l i s h e d unt i l adul thood (26, p . 176), and a s adul thood is an

ambiguous t e r m as appl ied to ch rono log i ca l age , s u b j e c t age was

r e s t r i c t e d to e igh teen through twen ty- two y e a r s , which should be

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the adul t l eve l .

18

Bas ic A s s u m p t i o n s

It was a s s u m e d that adul t behav io r is the r e s u l t of the

soc i a l i za t i on p r o c e s s and that b e h a v i o r s l e a r n e d e a r l y in l i fe d e t e r -

mine much of the ind iv idua l ' s behav io r a t the adu l t l eve l .

In addi t ion , the fol lowing spec i f i c a s s u m p t i o n s w e r e m a d e :

1. That both the adul t m a l e and f e m a l e , when r e l o c a t i n g in to

p o l a r r eg ions f r o m the con t inen ta l United S t a t e s , e x p e r i e n c e g r o s s

b e h a v i o r a l changes du r ing the po l a r w i n t e r , which m a n i f e s t in

i n c r e a s e d anx ie ty , d e p r e s s i o n , i r r i t a b i l i t y , r e s t l e s s n e s s , inab i l i ty to

c o n c e n t r a t e , and ha l luc ina t ions of va ry ing d e g r e e s .

2 . Tha t b e h a v i o r a l changes which occu r du r ing the po l a r

w i n t e r a r e d i r e c t l y a t t r i bu t ab l e to the i so l a t ed c i r c u m s t a n c e and

dep r iva t i on f r o m n o r m a l e x p e r i e n c e s wi thin the adu l t .

3. That t he se b e h a v i o r a l changes a t the adul t l eve l a r e

t e m p o r a r y and occu r only du r ing the po l a r w i n t e r .

4 . That the ch i ld both i m i t a t e s and mode l s p a r e n t a l

b e h a v i o r , r e g a r d l e s s w h e t h e r i t is adap t ive or ma ladap t ive in n a t u r e .

5. Tha t the acqu i s i t i on of n o r m a l b e h a v i o r , a s i t p e r t a i n s

to the in fan t upward th roughout the d e v e l o p m e n t a l p r o c e s s leading to

adul thood, is cont ingent upon the u n i f o r m i t y of n o r m a l b e h a v i o r d i s -

played by p a r e n t s .

19

6. Tha t f au l ty p a r e n t a l m o d e l s , i . e . , emot iona l ly d i s t u r b e d

o r m e n t a l l y i l l p a r e n t s , m a y be an i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r in the acqu i s i t i on

of ma ladap t ive b e h a v i o r s a s pe r t a in ing to e v e r y s e g m e n t of the c h i l d ' s

p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t .

7. Tha t a l l sub j ec t s s e l ec t ed did r e spond hones t ly and

a c c u r a t e l y to both the se l ec t ion p r o c e d u r e q u e s t i o n n a i r e and the p e r -

sona l i ty i n s t r u m e n t u t i l i zed .

S u m m a r y

In this c h a p t e r , the background f o r th is s tudy was b r i e f l y

p r e s e n t e d . In addi t ion , a s t a t e m e n t of the p r o b l e m and the u n d e r l y -

ing p u r p o s e s of the s tudy w e r e a l s o p r e s e n t e d . As an outgrowth of

the l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n e d wi th the e f f e c t s of i so la t ion on human

behav io r in both the r e a l and e x p e r i m e n t a l s i t ua t i ons , and the

i m p o r t a n c e of adequa te p a r e n t a l m o d e l s , hypo theses w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d

including s t a t e m e n t s of the s ign i f i cance and l imi t a t ions of the s tudy .

To c l a r i f y t e r m i n o l o g y not g e n e r a l l y known, a def in i t ion of t e r m s

sec t ion has been inc luded. F ina l ly , the b a s i c a s s u m p t i o n s n e c e s s a r y

to conduct a s tudy of this n a t u r e have been out l ined.

CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. B a n d u r a , A . , "Soc ia l Lea rn ing Through Imi ta t ion , " in M . E . Jones (ed. ), N e b r a s k a S y m p o s i u m on Mot iva t ion , Lincoln , U n i v e r s i t y of N e b r a s k a P r e s s , 1962, pp. 211-269 .

2 . Bandura A . , R o s s , D. , and R o s s , A . , " Imi t a t i on of F i l m -Media ted A g g r e s s i v e M o d e l s , " J o u r n a l of A b n o r m a l Soc ia l P s y c h o l o g y ( J a n u a r y , 1963), 3 - 1 1 .

3. B o s s a r d , J . H . S . , and Bol l , E . S . , The Sociology of Child Deve lopmen t , 3rd ed. , New York , H a r p e r and Row, I960.

4 . Bowlby, J . , " M a t e r n a l C a r e and Menta l Hea l th , " Bul le t in of

the Wor ld Heal th Organ i za t i on , 3 (1951), 3.

5. B y r d , R. E . , A lone , New York , G. P . P u t n a m ' s Sons , 1938.

6. Co leman , J . C. , A b n o r m a l Psycho logy and Modern Li fe , 2nd ed . , Ch icago , Scott F o r e s m a n and Company , 1956.

7. , P sycho logy and Modern L i fe , 3rd ed . , Ch icago , Scot t F o r e s m a n and Company , 1964.

8. Dennis , W. , and Sayegh, Y. , "The E f f e c t of S u p p l e m e n t a r y E x p e r i e n c e s upon the B e h a v i o r a l Deve lopment of Infants in I n s t i t u t i o n s , " Child Deve lopment , 36 (March , 1965), 81-90 .

9. F r i s c h , B . H . , "Sol i tude: Who Can Take It and Who C a n ' t , " Sc ience Diges t (March , 1964), 13-18.

10. Gel fand , D. M. , Soc ia l L e a r n i n g in Childhood, Be lmon t , C a l i f . , Brooks / Cole Pub l i sh ing Company , 1969.

11. Go ld fa rb , W. , " P s y c h o l o g i c a l P r i v a t i o n in Infancy and S u b s e -quent A d j u s t m e n t , " A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of O r t h o p s y c h i a t r y , 15 (Apr i l , 1945), 247-55 .

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21

12. Ha r low , H . F . , and Z i m m e r m a n , R . R . , "Af fec t iona l R e s p o n s e s in the Infant M o n k e y , " Sc i ence , 130 (August , 1959), 421 -432 .

13. H e r o n , W. , " T h e Pathology of B o r e d o m , " Sc ien t i f i c A m e r i c a n , 196 ( J a n u a r y , 1957), 52-56 .

14. Hur lock , E . B . , Child Deve lopment , 4th ed . , San F r a n c i s c o , M c G r a w - H i l l Book Company , 1964.

15. L i l ly , J . C . , " M e n t a l E f f e c t s of P h y s i c a l R e s t r a i n t and of the Reduc t ion of O r d i n a r y Levels of P h y s i c a l S t imul i on In t ac t , Heal thy P e r s o n s , " P s y c h i a t r i c R e s e a r c h R e p o r t s , 5 (June, 1956), 331-339.

16. Li l ly , J . C . , and Shur ley , J . T . , " E x p e r i m e n t s in Sol i tude in M a x i m u m Achievab le P h y s i c a l I so la t ion with W a t e r S u s p e n -s ion of In tac t , Heal thy P e r s o n s , " S y m p o s i u m on S e n s o r y Depr iva t ion , JHarvard Med ica l School A r c h i v e s , Boston (June, 1958).

17. Mul len , C . S . , "Some P s y c h o l o g i c a l A s p e c t s of I so la ted A n t a r c -t ic L i v i n g , " A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of P s y c h i a t r y , 117 (Oc tober , I960), 323-325.

18. M u s s e n , P . H. , The P s y c h o l o g i c a l Deve lopment of the Chi ld , New J e r s e y , P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1963.

19. M u s s e n , P . H. , C o n g e r , J . J . , and Kagan, J . , Child Deve lopmen t and P e r s o n a l i t y , 2nd ed . , New York , H a r p e r and Row, 1963.

20. P a r k e r , F . C . , " C o m m e n t on C h i l d r e n , " Ch i ld r en , 7 (May-June , 1960), 116.

21. Ribble , M. , " Infan t i l e E x p e r i e n c e in Re la t ion to P e r s o n a l i t y D e v e l o p m e n t , " in J . McV. Hunt, ed . , P e r s o n a l i t y and B e h a v i o r D i s o r d e r s , New York , Ronald P r e s s , 1944.

22 . R o h r e r , J . H. , " A n t a r c t i c Af f ec t s B e h a v i o r , " Sc ience News L e t t e r (July 4, 1959), 180.

22

23. Rubens t e in , J . , " M a t e r n a l A t t e n t i v e n e s s and Subsequent E x p l o r a t o r y Behav io r in the I n f a n t , " Child Deve lopment , 38 ( D e c e m b e r , 1967), 1089-1100.

24. S a n f o r d , F . H . , and Wr igh t s man , L. S. , P sycho logy , A Sc ien t i f i c Study of Man, 3rd ed . , B e l m o n t , C a l i f o r n i a , Brooks / Cole Pub l i sh ing Company , 1970.

25. Smi th , H . C . , P e r s o n a l i t y Deve lopment , New York , M c G r a w -Hil l Book Company , 1913.

26 . Whi te , R . W . , The A b n o r m a l P e r s o n a l i t y , 2nd ed . , New York , Ronald P r e s s , 1964.

27. Whi te , B. L. , and C a s t l e , P . W . , " V i s u a l E x p l o r a t o r y Behav io r Fol lowing P o s t n a t a l Handl ing of Human In fan t s , " P e r c e p t u a l and Motor Sk i l l s , 18 (Apr i l , 1964), 497-502 .

28. Zubek , J . P . , S a n s o m , W. , and P r y s i a z n i u k , A . , " In t e l l ec tua l Changes Dur ing P ro longed P e r c e p t u a l I so la t ion : D a r k n e s s and S i l e n c e , " Canadian J o u r n a l of P sycho logy , 14 ( D e c e m b e r , I960), 233-242 .

29 . Z u c k e r m a n , M. , P e r s k y , H. , Link, K. E . , and Basu , G. K. , " E x p e r i m e n t a l and Subjec t F a c t o r s D e t e r m i n i n g R e s p o n s e s to S e n s o r y Depr iva t ion , Soc ia l I so la t ion , and Conf inemen t , " J o u r n a l of A b n o r m a l Psycho logy , 73 (Apr i l , 1968), 183-194.

CHAPTER U

REVIEW OF R E L A T E D LITERATURE

This c h a p t e r conta ins a b r ie f h i s t o r y of the e f f e c t s of i so la t ion

on human behav io r , r ang ing f r o m the e f f e c t s of i so la t ion wi thin po la r

r e g i o n s , to the e f f e c t s of e x p e r i m e n t a l i so la t ion on the adu l t . It

c u l m i n a t e s with the needs of both the human and i n f r a h u m a n infant ,

and the l a s t ing b e h a v i o r a l e f f e c t s if dep r ived of t hese n e e d s .

One of the e a r l i e s t documented i n s t a n c e s of b e h a v i o r a l

phenomena be ing a t t r i bu t ed to c i r c u m s t a n c e s wi thin the p h y s i c a l

e n v i r o n m e n t is r e f l e c t e d throughout the au tob iog raph i ca l w r i t i n g s of

R i t t e r (95), who du r ing the long po la r n ights on the lonely a r c t i c

i s land of Sp i t zbe rgen , e x p e r i e n c e d anx ie ty , d e p r e s s i o n and many t e r -

r i fy ing ha l luc ina t ions . Byrd (18), a l s o i so la ted and a lone wi th in the

v a s t n e s s of A n t a r c t i c a , e x p e r i e n c e d i d e n t i c a l phenomena, and, l ike

R i t t e r , a t t r i b u t e d t he i r c a u s e to a lack of change wi th in the e n v i r o n -

m e n t . S i m i l a r b e h a v i o r a l phenomena have been r e p o r t e d by p e r s o n s

i so l a t ed a t s e a (11, 108), du r ing b l i z z a r d s (58), and even m o r e

r e c e n t l y du r ing s p a c e f l i gh t (33).

23

24

A lack of change in m a n ' s e n v i r o n m e n t and the imp l i ca t i ons

f o r a b n o r m a l m e n t a l func t ioning is f u r t h e r r e f l e c t e d th rough the a u t o -

b i o g r a p h i c a l wr i t i ngs of p r i s o n e r s of w a r . It has been r e p o r t e d tha t

both the R u s s i a n and Ch inese g o v e r n m e n t s have u t i l ized e n v i r o n m e n t a l

man ipu la t ion in such a m a n n e r as to l i t e r a l l y c o n t r o l human behav io r

(24, 59). The n e c e s s i t y f o r a cont inual ly changing e n v i r o n m e n t is

f u r t h e r r e f l e c t e d throughout the l i t e r a t u r e , w h e r e b e h a v i o r a l pheno-

mena e x p e r i e n c e d by m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l in po l a r r eg ions r e p r e s e n t

the n e u r o s e s in v a r y i n g d e g r e e s of s e v e r i t y .

In i t i a l i nves t iga t ions among these p e r s o n n e l have r e v e a l e d

tha t in addi t ion to i n c r e a s e d anxie ty and d e p r e s s i o n being e x p e r i e n c e d

s h o r t l y a f t e r a r r i v a l into t h e s e reg ions the inc idence of phys io log ica l

changes c o n s i s t i n g of d i s t u r b a n c e s in the d i u r n a l r hy thms of the

body, g a s t r o - i n t e s t i n a l c o m p l a i n t s , h e a d a c h e s , and inc iden ts of

i n s o m n i a s ign i f i can t ly i n c r e a s e du r ing the w i n t e r months (80).

M o r e s y s t e m a t i c inves t iga t ions des igned to fu l ly a s s e s s the s p e c i f i c

types of b e h a v i o r a l phenomena encoun te red wi thin t he se r eg ions (33,

79, 85, 96) p rov ide ev idence sugges t ing that a l l r e p o r t e d phenomena

tended to follow a h i e r a r c h i c a l p a t t e r n beginning wi th no t i ceab le

i n c r e a s e s in both anx ie ty and d e p r e s s i o n (79).

Fo l lowing t he se in i t i a l b e h a v i o r a l c h a n g e s , an individual

r e p o r t e d l y begins to e x p e r i e n c e i n c r e a s e d s e n s i t i v i t y to the s l i g h t e s t

25

sound, i n t e l l e c tua l i n e r t i a , i m p a i r e d m e m o r y , concen t r a t i on , and

ha l luc ina t ions of va ry ing d e g r e e s (20, 79).

A t t e m p t s to f e r r e t out the c a u s e s f o r t he se phenomena have

been many , and the conc lus ions a r r i v e d a t have g e n e r a l l y been incon-

c l u s i v e . Rohe r (96) and F r i s c h (33) r e l a t e tha t a l l o b s e r v a b l e

phenomena tend to d i m i n i s h wi th the coming of s p r i n g and sunl igh t .

T h e r e f o r e , they have a t t r i bu t ed these phenomena to the in tense cold

and d a r k n e s s , which a c c o m p a n y the long, b i t t e r po l a r w i n t e r . I n i -

t i a l ly N a r d i n i , H e r r m a n n and R a s m a n n (85), fol lowing inves t iga t ions

into the pos s ib i l i t y of p e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s be ing r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the

phenomena , obse rved r e p o r t e d f indings which a g r e e d wi th R o h e r and

F r i s c h ' s c o n c l u s i o n s .

I t was f u r t h e r r e l a t e d that condi t ions c o n s i s t i n g of in t ense

cold and d a r k n e s s wi th in po la r r eg ions w e r e not s ign i f i can t ly r e l a t e d

to the phenomena o b s e r v e d . R a t h e r , t he se i n v e s t i g a t o r s (85) a t t r i -

bute the o c c u r r e n c e of t hese phenomena to the i den t i ca l condi t ions

p r e v i o u s l y p r o p o s e d by Mul len (79). The o r ig ina l hypo theses p r o -

posed by Mullen expla ined that t he se phenomena r e s u l t e d f r o m the

fol lowing f a c t o r s : (1) a b s e n c e of many a c c u s t o m e d s o u r c e s of

e m o t i o n a l g r a t i f i c a t i o n ; (2) c l o s e g r o u p i n t e r a c t i o n ; and (3) the

r e l a t i v e s a m e n e s s of the e n v i r o n m e n t . P o s s e n t i (93) and C o l e m a n

(20) a g r e e wi th these c o n c l u s i o n s . In addi t ion , Co leman f u r t h e r

26

r e l a t e s that c i r cums tances accompanying the polar winter r e p r e s e n t

a deprived s tate in man.

As ide f r o m the specif ic f ac to r s respons ib le f o r these

phenomena, R o h r e r (97) s ta tes that mi l i t a ry personne l in the

Anarc t i c exper ience sl ightly more phenomena than those located in the

a r c t i c regions . Realizing that c l imat ic conditions prevai l ing within

both regions a r e essen t ia l ly ident ical , Rohre r a t t r ibuted these d i f f e r -

ences to the fac t that duty within the an ta rc t i c a f fo rds l i t t le , if any,

opportunity f o r escape dur ing an emergency , whereas duty within the

a r c t i c at l eas t a f fo rds the possibi l i ty fo r escape during an emergency .

Possen t i (93) par t ia l ly ag ree s with R o h r e r ' s conclusion.

However , he re la tes that jus t being within any one of these regions

may not be the only de te rminan t for the d i f fe rences observed. In

defense , Possen t i r e l a t e s that an individual exper iences ident ical

psychological ef fec ts f r o m being isolated on a b a r r e n mountain si te

overlooking the Chukchi Sea , as does an individual isolated at a

r emote IGY stat ion connected by road, to a town or vi l lage. T h e r e -

f o r e , as re f lec ted throughout an autobiographical l i t e r a tu re (11, 18,

24, 58, 59, 95, 108) and a l i t e ra tu re concerned with both the psycho-

logical and physiological effects resul t ing f r o m being located within

polar regions dur ing the winter months (20, 33, 79, 80, 85, 93, 96,

97), it becomes readi ly apparen t that the mos t sa l ient f ac to r involved

27

wi th in e a c h s i tua t ion involving i so la t ion is monotony. Howeve r , the

e f f e c t s of a monotonous e n v i r o n m e n t on m o r e s p e c i f i c func t iona l

b e h a v i o r s in m a n w e r e v i r t u a l l y untouched th roughout this l i t e r a t u r e .

T h e r e f o r e , in o r d e r to fu l ly a s s e s s the e f f e c t s of i so la t ion on s p e c i f i c

f unc t i ona l ab i l i t i e s in man , i t s h a l l be n e c e s s a r y to exp lo re an

ex t ens ive l i t e r a t u r e wi th in the a r e a of which i so la t ion has been e x p e r i -

m e n t a l l y a p p r o x i m a t e d . He ron (53) r e l a t e s tha t the p i o n e e r i n g w o r k

of Donald O. Hebb conducted in 1951 r e p r e s e n t e d the f i r s t r e a l o b j e c -

t ive a t t e m p t to fu l ly a s s e s s the e f f ec t s of i so la t ion on man .

Hebb r e p o r t e d l y hypothes ized in o r d e r to e x p e r i m e n t a l l y

dup l ica te a monotonous e n v i r o n m e n t , i t would n e c e s s i t a t e an abso lu t e

r educ t ion in the in t ens i ty of s t i m u l i , the p a t t e r n i n g of s t i m u l i , and the

s t r u c t u r i n g of s t i m u l i wi thin an i so la t ion c h a m b e r . T h e s e e a r l y

beginnings toward e x p e r i m e n t a l l y dupl ica t ing i so la t ion v e r i f i e d

Hebb ' s hypo thes i s within t he i r in i t i a l app l ica t ion by p roduc ing

b e h a v i o r a l phenomena wi th in his s u b j e c t s which v i r t u a l l y p a r a l l e l e d

those phenomena r e p o r t e d throughout e a r l i e r a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l wr i t i ngs

(18, 95). T h e s e phenomena m a n i f e s t e d in s u b j e c t s beginning to

r e m i n i s c e about p a s t i nc iden t s , f r i e n d s and f a m i l y .

Fo l lowing this in i t i a l s t age , a l l s u b j e c t s began to exhibi t

ch i ld i sh e m o t i o n a l r e s p o n s e s and e x p e r i e n c e loss of p e r s p e c t i v e and

v i s u a l ha l luc ina t ions . At the ou tse t t he se v i s u a l phenomena w e r e

28

r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e and cons i s t ed of l i ne s , g e o m e t r i c a l p a t t e r n s and

dots of l ight . Howeve r , a s the du ra t ion of i so la t ion w a s i n c r e a s e d ,

t hese phenomena began to m a n i f e s t in m o r e complex i m a g e r y involving

a b s t r a c t p a t t e r n s and r ecogn i zab l e f i g u r e s fol lowed by fu l ly i n t e g r a t e d

s c e n e s .

T h e s e i n t eg ra t ed s c e n e s w e r e a m a z i n g l y u n i f o r m as r e p o r t e d

by Hebb ' s s u b j e c t s . They involved a n i m a t e d c h a r a c t e r s , p r e - h i s t o r i c

m o n s t e r s , and r anged upward to p r o c e s s i o n s of ob jec t s and a n i m a l s

m a r c h i n g p u r p o s e f u l l y a c r o s s the v i s u a l f i e l d . It was a l s o r e p o r t e d

wi thin the g e n e r a l f indings of th is in i t i a l r e s e a r c h tha t a l l v i s u a l p h e -

nomena e x p e r i e n c e d w e r e so vivid a s to i n t e r f e r e wi th s l e e p . In

addi t ion , i t is i n t e r e s t i n g to note tha t a l l s u b j e c t s r e p o r t e d l i t t l e , if

any , c o n t r o l over the content of t hese v i s u a l phenomena . F u r t h e r ,

a l l s u b j e c t s r e p o r t e d both aud i t o ry and t ac t i l e phenomena of which the

t ac t i l e phenomena w e r e s i m i l a r in many r e s p e c t s to those s e n s a t i o n s

r e p o r t e d by individuals who have s u f f e r e d the loss of a l imb or l imbs

(45).

A p a r t f r o m t h e s e f ind ings , Hebb ' s in i t i a l r e p o r t tha t m e n t a l

func t ion ing was i m p a i r e d fol lowing i so la t ion has been v e r i f i e d and

suppor t ed th roughout the g e n e r a l f indings of o ther s tud ies (8, 27, 38,

55, 104). In addi t ion , subsequen t r e s e a r c h r e p o r t e d by He"bb, Hea th

and S t u a r t (52) and H e r o n , Bexton and Hebb (54) v e r i f i e s Hebb ' s

29

o r ig ina l r e p o r t of changes wi thin the e l e c t r i c a l ac t iv i ty of the b r a i n

o c c u r r i n g dur ing i so l a t ion . Zubek and Wilgosh (134), He ron , Doane

and Scot t (55), and Zubek , Sanson and P r y s i a z n i u k (132) r e p o r t

s i m i l a r changes in b r a i n wave ac t iv i ty dur ing i so l a t ion . O the r s tud ie s

m e a s u r i n g t he se changes in b r a i n wave ac t iv i ty lend f u r t h e r s u p p o r t

to Hebb ' s in i t i a l r e p o r t (129, 131, 133).

In explana t ion f o r the b e h a v i o r a l phenomena in i t ia l ly r e p o r t e d ,

Hebb (54) o f f e r ed the hypothes i s s t a t ing that in o r d e r f o r an o r g a n i s m

to ma in t a in n o r m a l , in te l l igen t and adapt ive behavior , a cont inua l ly

v a r i e d a m o u n t of s e n s o r y input w a s n e c e s s a r y . With the except ion of

s e v e r a l ana ly t i c s tud ies (21, 37) which s u g g e s t tha t d i s t u r b a n c e s

wi th in ego func t ions , r a t h e r than c o r t i c a l dys func t ions (8, 88), a r e

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the sub jec t ive d i s t u r b a n c e s r e p o r t e d l y o c c u r r i n g dur ing

i so la t ion (23, 27, 72, 73), the o r ig ina l hypothes i s p r o p o s e d by Hebb

(54) has been sub j ec t ed to much e x p e r i m e n t a l s c r u t i n y and held to be

val id (51, 52, 55, 72, 73, 104, 121).

As is to be expec ted , the in i t i a l r e p o r t e d f indings of Hebb

p rov ided the impe tus f o r a v ib ran t m o v e m e n t to a s s e s s e x p e r i m e n t a l l y

the e f f e c t s of a monotonous env i ronmen t on v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of human

b e h a v i o r . Howeve r , i t should be noted tha t Hebb ' s in i t i a l f indings

w e r e r e p o r t e d unde r the n a m e of p e r c e p t u a l i so l a t ion , w h e r e a s many

subsequen t s tud ies have been r e p o r t e d unde r the n a m e of s e n s o r y

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dep r iva t i on , a m i s n o m e r , appl ied to the o r i g ina l i so la t ion p r o c e d u r e

(15, 110). T h e r e f o r e , f o r r e p o r t i n g p u r p o s e s of t he se l i t e r a t u r e ,

wi th the except ion of the a r e a s a s s o c i a t e d wi th m a t e r n a l d e p r i v a t i o n ,

the t e r m i so la t ion wi l l be u t i l i zed in l i eu of d i s t ingu i sh ing be tween the

s p e c i f i c p r o c e d u r e s employed f o r dupl ica t ing a monotonous e n v i r o n -

m e n t (65).

Al though t h e r e ex i s ted the g e n e r a l c o n s e n s u s that e x p o s u r e

to i so l a t ion r e s u l t e d in a wide v a r i e t y of s u b j e c t i v e d i s t u r b a n c e s r a n g -

ing f r o m anx ie ty to ha l luc ina t ions (23, 27, 43, 51, 52, 53, 72, 73,

132, 136), o ther i n v e s t i g a t o r s ignored Hebb ' s o r ig ina l hypo thes i s (54)

and the r e p o r t e d f indings tha t i so la t ion r e s u l t e d in both cogni t ive and

p e r c e p t u a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n (54, 55, 104, 121, 132). This o r i en t a t ion

r e s u l t e d in the d e t e r i o r a t i o n v e r s u s f ac i l i t a t i on of learning hypo thes i s .

This hypothes i s s t a ted tha t by adding the i n g r e d i e n t of in te l l igence to

Hebb ' s o r i g ina l hypo thes i s , the l e a r n i n g p r o c e s s would be f ac i l i t a t ed

dur ing i so la t ion due to a r educ t ion of e x t r a n e o u s s t i m u l i which ,

t h e o r e t i c a l l y , i n t e r f e r e wi th the acqu i s i t i on of new m a t e r i a l .

The advan tages of this o r i en ta t ion w e r e a p p a r e n t in tha t input

m a t e r i a l could be to ta l ly c o n t r o l l e d . In i t ia l ly , Vernon and Hof fman

(118) r e p o r t e d f indings which w e r e c o n s i s t e n t wi th the f a c i l i t a t i on

h y p o t h e s i s . Howeve r , subsequen t inves t iga t ion r e p o r t e d by V e r n o n

and McGil l (119) , u t i l iz ing longer du ra t i ons of i so l a t ion , r e s u l t e d in

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t h e i r r e fu t i ng e a r l i e r f indings (118) c o n s i s t e n t wi th the f ac i l i t a t i on

of the l e a r n i n g hypo thes i s . O the r s tud ies have r e p o r t e d s i m i l a r

f ind ings which lend suppor t to the d e t e r i o r a t i o n of l e a rn ing h y p o t h e s i s

when i so la t ed (2, 130). In addi t ion to both cogni t ive and p e r c e p t u a l

i m p a i r m e n t r e s u l t i n g f r o m i so la t ion , the r e p o r t e d f indings f r o m o ther

s tud ies r e l a t e tha t i so la t ion is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r changes in h o r m o n e

m e t a b o l i c s (138, 139), co lo r v i s ion (55), d e x t e r i t y (23, 116),

i n t e l l e c t u a l - p e r c e p t u a l changes s i m i l a r to those r e s u l t i n g f r o m old

age (9), and e x p e r i m e n t a l d e a f n e s s (52).

Al though f e m a l e s r e p o r t e d l y tend to t e r m i n a t e the i so l a t ed

c i r c u m s t a n c e s o o n e r than m a l e s , i so la t ion n e v e r t h e l e s s e f f e c t s i d e n -

t i c a l b e h a v i o r a l phenomena in the f e m a l e a s i t does wi thin the m a l e

(92, 139). H o w e v e r , i t has been r e p o r t e d tha t when m a l e s a r e

a l lowed v e r b a l con t ac t wi th f e m a l e s when i so l a t ed the e f f e c t s of

i so l a t ion s t i l l occu r but a r e a m e l i o r a t e d (23). In addi t ion to v e r b a l

con tac t r educ ing the e f f e c t s of i so la t ion , p r i o r knowledge of the e f f e c t s

of i so la t ion a l s o is be l ieved b e n e f i c i a l in r educ ing the phenomena

e x p e r i e n c e d (92, 135, 139).

Subsequen t inves t iga t ion conducted by Z u c k e r m a n and H a b e r

(137) r e l a t e s tha t indiv idual t o l e r a n c e toward the s t r e s s f u l s i tua t ion

of i so l a t ion , r a t h e r than p r i o r knowledge of the phenomena to be

expec ted , is the m o s t s a l i e n t f a c t o r r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the r educ t ion of

32

t h e s e phenomena . B e c k e r (7) a g r e e s with Z u c k e r m a n and H a b e r ' s

conc lus ion tha t t o l e r a n c e toward s t r e s s may s ign i f i can t ly r educe t h e s e

phenomena ; h o w e v e r , he r e l a t e s that s t r e s s t o l e r a n c e is i n t r i c a t e l y

r e l a t e d to p e r s o n a l i t y . G r e n b a u m , F r e e d m a n and Greenb l a t t (44)

lend much s u p p o r t to this t h e o r y . They r e l a t e tha t indiv iduals r e a c t

to i so la t ion in a c c o r d a n c e wi th hab i tua l d e f e n s e r e s o u r c e s which

e s s e n t i a l l y p a r a l l e l B e c k e r ' s r e p o r t e d f indings that i n t r o v e r t s u t i l ize

to ta l ly d i f f e r e n t coping m e c h a n i s m s than do e x t r o v e r t s du r ing i so la t ion

to r e d u c e i ts e f f e c t s .

A s i d e f r o m s tud ies sugges t ing that, d i f f e r e n c e s in p e r s o n a l i t y

may be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the obse rved reduc t ion of b e h a v i o r a l pheno-

mena dur ing i so l a t i on , i t has been r e p o r t e d by Dav i s , M c C o u r t and

Solomon (22), Doane, Mahotoo, H e r o n and Scot t (27), Ve rnon ,

McGi l l and S c h i f f m a n (117), Vernon and McGi l l (119), Zubek , Sanson

and P r y s i a z n i u k (132), and R o s e n b a u m , Dobie and Cohen (98) tha t

the p r e s e n c e of l ight wi thin the i so la ted s i tua t ion a p p a r e n t l y is

n e c e s s a r y to p roduce v i s u a l ha l luc ina t ions . F r e e d m a n and Held

(32) lend s t r o n g suppor t to t he se f indings and f u r t h e r r e l a t e that the

s e v e r i t y of v i s u a l ha l luc ina t ions ac tua l ly can be con t ro l l ed by l ight

man ipu la t ion .

Light manipula t ion dur ing i so la t ion has been u t i l ized f o r

p u r p o s e s o ther than con t ro l l ing the s e v e r i t y of v i s u a l ha l luc ina t ions .

33

Jones (61) r e l a t e s tha t he has s u c c e s s f u l l y employed l ight m a n i p u l a -

t ion f o r r e i n f o r c e m e n t of r e s p o n s e s in the human be ing . O the r

s tud ies a l s o r e l a t e s i m i l a r f indings (62, 78). T h e s e r e p o r t e d f i n d -

ings suppor t ed e a r l i e r sugges t ions by B u t l e r and A l e x a n d e r (16)

and Bu t l e r and Har low (17), p ropos ing tha t an o r g a n i s m r e q u i r e d a

f ixed amoun t of v i s u a l s t i m u l i on a da i ly b a s i s . In addi t ion to the

manipu la t ion of l ight f o r d e t e r m i n i n g its r e i n f o r c e m e n t va lue , o the r

s tud ies r e l a t e tha t both a u d i t o r y and t ac t i l e s t imu la t i on may be m a n i -

pula ted dur ing i so la t ion f o r p roduc ing i den t i ca l r e i n f o r c e m e n t qua l i t i e s

(63, 84).

T h u s , Hebb ' s in i t i a l f indings tha t i so la t ion p roduced v i s u a l ,

a u d i t o r y and t ac t i l e phenomena in man (53) p rov ided the impe tus f o r

employ ing t h e s e v a r i a b l e s to d e t e r m i n e the s t imulat ion need in m a n

(137). In i t i a l a t t e m p t s to d e t e r m i n e this s t i m u l a t i o n need led to a

w i d e s p r e a d i n t e r e s t in wha t has b e c o m e known a s s o c i a l i so la t ion

(71). The under ly ing p r e m i s e of this p a r t i c u l a r a s p e c t of i so la t ion

n e c e s s i t a t e s dep r iva t i on of s o c i a l con tac t du r ing i so la t ion fol lowed by

s o c i a l con tac t , u t i l ized f o r i ts r e i n f o r c e m e n t e f f ec t i venes s . The

u t i l i za t ion of th is technique has been found m o s t e f f ec t ive when only

v e r b a l con tac t is employed , and s e e m i n g l y p r o d u c e s b e s t r e s u l t s when

employed wi th c h i l d r e n who t h e o r e t i a l l y d i sp lay s ign i f i can t ly m o r e

need f o r s o c i a l con tac t than do adul t s (28, 31, 70).

34

In addi t ion to a bas i c need f o r s t imu la t i on in man , the u t i l i -

za t ion of s o c i a l con tac t fol lowing br ief p e r i o d s of i so la t ion , s i g n i f i -

can t ly i n c r e a s e s s i m p l e l e a rn ing or condi t ioning among c h i l d r e n

(28, 56, 68, 69, 70, 125). Gewir tz and Baur (35, 36), p u r s u i n g an

explana t ion f o r th is phenomenon , p roposed tha t man p o s s e s s e s an

innate need f o r s o c i a l con tac t which is a r o u s e d dur ing i so l a t ion , and

only s a t i s f i e d th rough s o c i a l s a t u r a t i o n . This explana t ion f o r the

e f f e c t i v e n e s s of s o c i a l con tac t fol lowing br ief i so la t ion i s c o n t r a r y to

the p ropos i t i on of W a l t e r s and K a r a l (122), who r e l a t e that the r e i n -

f o r c e r e f f e c t i v e n e s s of s o c i a l con tac t fol lowing i so la t ion is the r e s u l t

of anx ie ty p roduced by the i so la ted s i tua t ion . T a y l o r (114) and

T a y l o r arid Spence (115) lend suppor t to this p ropos i t i on as do the

f ind ings r e p o r t e d throughout o ther s tud ies (14, 64, 69, 123, 124, 125).

The e f f e c t s of i so la t ion in any f o r m a r e t e m p o r a r y wi th in the

adul t human being . T h e s e e f f e c t s a l s o a r e t e m p o r a r y when c a r e f u l l y

employed wi th young c h i l d r e n f o r e x p e r i m e n t a l p u r p o s e s . Howeve r ,

the e f f e c t s of i so la t ion f r o m the m a t e r n a l p e r s p e c t i v e dur ing e a r l y

in fancy r e f l e c t tha t i so la t ion f r o m n o r m a l m a t e r n a l e x p e r i e n c e s

has l a s t ing e f f e c t s . Ribble (94) has d e m o n s t r a t e d tha t if denied t a c -

t i le con tac t du r ing e a r l y in fancy , the human in fan t r e s p o n d s by m a n i -

f e s t i n g v a r i o u s phys io log ica l d i s o r d e r s . She r e l a t e s tha t t h e s e

d i s o r d e r s r ange f r o m g a s t r o - i n t e s t i n a l p r o b l e m s to s tupo rous s l e e p .

35

She f u r t h e r r e l a t e s tha t p r o b l e m s of this n a t u r e a r e o b s e r v e d in the

o f f s p r i n g of emot iona l ly d i s t u r b e d w o m e n , and tha t if the m o t h e r is

d i r e c t e d to p rov ide t ac t i l e con t ac t , t h e s e phys io log ica l d i s t u r b a n c e s

usua l ly r e v e r s e t h e m s e l v e s .

In addi t ion to phys io log ica l d i s t u r b a n c e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m p a r -

t i a l m a t e r n a l dep r iva t i on , Goldfa rb (43) r e l a t e s tha t o b s e r v a t i o n s of

in s t i tu t iona l i zed c h i l d r e n dep r ived of adequa te m o t h e r i n g in the f o r m

of p h y s i c a l con tac t exhibi t b a s i c de fec t s in a l l a r e a s of p e r s o n a l i t y

d e v e l o p m e n t . Subsequent r e s e a r c h by Gold fa rb (42) r e l a t e s tha t

t h e s e d e f i c i t s in p e r s o n a l i t y m a n i f e s t t h e m s e l v e s in dev ian t b e h a v i o r s

du r ing l a t e r chi ldhood. The m o s t p r e v a l e n t of t he se b e h a v i o r s a r e

anx ie ty , r e s t l e s s n e s s , h y p e r t e n s i o n , inabi l i ty to c o n c e n t r a t e , ove r t

a g g r e s s i o n , impudence , d e s t r u c t i v e n e s s , and c r u e l t y . In addi t ion to

t h e s e ma ladap t ive b e h a v i o r s , s p e e c h r e t a r d a t i o n , s choo l de f i c i ency ,

and m e n t a l r e t a r d a t i o n a r e be l ieved s ign i f i can t ly r e l a t e d to m a t e r n a l

d e p r i v a t i o n .

Go ld fa rb (41) in a p r ev ious s tudy c o n c e r n e d with i n s t i t u -

t iona l ized c h i l d r e n and the e f f e c t s of m a t e r n a l dep r iva t ion dur ing e a r l y

in fancy on p e r s o n a l i t y a t the a d o l e s c e n t l eve l r e p o r t s f inding tha t

r e t a r d a t i o n in s o c i a l m a t u r i t y r e s u l t s f r o m being e x t e r n a l l y con t ro l l ed

th roughout the deve lopmen ta l y e a r s of chi ldhood. He f u r t h e r r e l a t e s

tha t in s t i tu t iona l i zed c h i l d r e n upon r e a c h i n g the a d o l e s c e n t l eve l a r e

36

unable to cope wi th f o s t e r home s i tua t ions ,wh ich r e q u i r e s t h e i r r e l y i n g

upon the i r own i n n e r w i l l . To s u b s t a n t i a t e t he se p rev ious o b s e r v a -

t ions made a t the a d o l e s c e n t l eve l , Go ld fa rb (40) u t i l ized the R o r -

s c h a c h , a p r o j e c t i v e psycho log ica l t e s t ing i n s t r u m e n t des igned to a s s e s s

dev ian t p e r s o n a l i t y p a t t e r n s and in t e l l ec tua l a t t a i n m e n t . When c o m -

p a r e d to c h i l d r e n r e s i d i n g in f o s t e r h o m e s , ins t i tu t iona l i zed c h i l d r e n

w e r e found to be lower in (1) i n t e l l ec tua l a t t a i n m e n t , (2) m a t u r i t y ,

(3) con t ro l , (4) l e s s d i f f e r e n t i a t e d , m o r e i m p o v e r i s h e d , and

(5) m o r e p a s s i v e , l e s s ambi t ious and l e s s capab le of a d j u s t m e n t s in

r e l a t i o n to content ion or goa l s .

Rubens t e in (100, p . 1089) a g r e e s wi th G o l d f a r b ' s f i nd ings ,

a s does Dennis (25), Dennis and Sayegh (26, p . 81), Spitz (111), and

White and C a s t l e (128). S e v e r a l o the r s have conducted s i m i l a r

r e s e a r c h c o n c e r n e d wi th the e f f e c t s of depr iva t ion dur ing e a r l y in fancy

and have a l s o r e p o r t e d s i m i l a r f indings (13, 90, 120).

As t h e r e can be no e x p e r i m e n t a l dep r iva t ion wi th the human

in fan t (101), i n f e r e n c e s in r e g a r d to the to ta l e f f e c t s of m a t e r n a l

dep r iva t i on on the human infant m u s t be d e r i v e d f r o m s tud i e s u t i l iz ing

i n f r a h u m a n s p e c i e s . Har low and Z i m m e r m a n (49), u t i l iz ing m o t h e r

s u r r o g a t e s wi th infant r h e s u s monkeys , r e l a t e tha t t a c t i l e con t ac t is

n e c e s s a r y f o r adequa te deve lopmen t . In addi t ion to t ac t i l e con tac t ,

the f o r m a t i o n of e a r l y e m o t i o n a l a t t a c h m e n t s a p p a r e n t l y i s cont ingent

37

on food being suppl ied by the m o t h e r (47, 48). It a l s o has been

o b s e r v e d tha t e a r l y v i s u a l con tac t wi th m o t h e r ob jec t s f o r m l a s t ing

r e l a t i onsh ip s wi th in infant r h e s u s monkeys and t h e i r ab i l i t y to iden t i fy

wi th p a r e n t a l ob jec t s (46).

P e r h a p s the m o s t i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t of the c l a s s i c a l Har low

s tud ie s with the infant r h e s u s monkey has been the r e p o r t e d f indings

tha t when d e p r i v e d of adequa te m a t e r n a l c a r e dur ing e a r l y in fancy ,

b e h a v i o r a t the adul t l eve l is m a r k e d l y a b n o r m a l which m a n i f e s t s in

o v e r - a g g r e s s i v e n e s s , a n t i s o c i a l t e n d e n c i e s , and the inabi l i ty to i n i -

t i a te h e t e r o s e x u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . In addi t ion to t h e s e i n f r a h u m a n

b e h a v i o r s being r e m a r k a b l y s i m i l a r to human b e h a v i o r fo l lowing

m a t e r n a l dep r iva t i on (13, 25, 26, 40, 41, 42, 43, 90, 100, 111, 120),

r e p o r t s a l s o r e v e a l that both m a l e and f e m a l e r h e s u s monkeys dep r ived

of e a r l y m a t e r n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s lack the b e h a v i o r a l ab i l i ty to engage in

s e x u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . This inabi l i ty to engage in s e x u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s

i s be l ieved to be the r e s u l t of a de f i c i t in e a r l y l e a r n e d g r o o m i n g

b e h a v i o r s . Al though m a t e r n a l l y depr ived f e m a l e r h e s u s monkeys

have conce ived th rough being p laced wi th n o r m a l e x p e r i e n c e d m a l e s ,

th is a r t i f i c i a l method of r e p r o d u c t i o n has r e s u l t e d in the f e m a l e

m o n k e y ' s d i sp lay ing l i t t l e , if any , a t t en t ion to h e r o f f sp r ing f r o m the

m o m e n t of b i r t h onward .

38

S i m i l a r f indings to t he se have been r e p o r t e d th roughout the

g e n e r a l conc lus ions of o the r s tud ies c o n c e r n e d wi th the e f f e c t s of

m a t e r n a l dep r iva t i on on i n f r a h u m a n s p e c i e s (66, 74, 75, 76, 77, 86).

F r o m the s tandpoin t of child deve lopmen t , m a t e r n a l a t t e n t i v e n e s s

m u s t begin s h o r t l y fol lowing b i r t h (39). M u s s e n , Conger and

Kagan (83) r e l a t e that infant needs a t b i r t h in i t i a l ly c o n s i s t of the

need f o r oxygen and e l imina t ion , which a r e a u t o m a t i c a l l y r educed

th rough innate m e c h a n i s m s . Howeve r , needs cons i s t ing of a l l e v i a -

tion of t h i r s t , h u n g e r , pa in , and cold r e q u i r e the a s s i s t a n c e of an

adu l t who usua l ly i s the m o t h e r .

Munn (81) a g r e e s wi th M u s s e n , Conger and Kagan and adds

that g r a t i f i c a t i on of t hese e a r l y behav io r s i s a s i gn i f i can t f a c t o r in

the soc i a l i z a t i on p r o c e s s . He f u r t h e r r e l a t e s tha t in the p r o c e s s of

a l l ev i a t i ng t h e s e n e e d s , e a r l y dependency behav io r is in i t i a t ed . O t h e r

s tud ie s have r e p o r t e d s i m i l a r conc lus ions (103, 112, 113). Hur lock

(60, p. 704) lends h e r suppor t to the i m p o r t a n c e of mee t ing e a r l y

infant n e e d s . She a l s o r e l a t e s that ex i s t ing c i r c u m s t a n c e s wi thin the

f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e s ign i f i can t ly inf luence the i n f a n t ' s p e r s o n a l i t y d e v e l -

opment . In conc lus ion , she r e l a t e s that e a r l y p e r s o n a l i t y s t r u c t u r e s

a r e f o r m e d th rough the i n t e r a c t i o n of f i r s t the m o t h e r , then the

f a t h e r , and l a t e r the s ib l ings , and o the r f a m i l i a r f i g u r e s within the

i n f an t ' s e n v i r o n m e n t .

39

H o f f m a n (57) a g r e e s w i t h H u r l o c k ' s c o n t e n t i o n . P e t e r s o n ,

B e c k e r , H e l l m e r , S h o e m a k e r and Q u a y (91) a l s o a g r e e w i t h t h i s

c o n t e n t i o n , and add t h a t the p r i m a c y , the i n t i m a c y , and e x t e n s i v e

p r o t r a c t i o n of p a r e n t a l i n f l u e n c e s r e p r e s e n t a c r u c i a l r o l e in the

f o r m a t i o n of p e r s o n a l i t y t e n d e n c i e s a m o n g c h i l d r e n . T h e r e p o r t e d

f i n d i n g s of o t h e r s t u d i e s w i th in t h i s a r e a a l s o lend s t r o n g s u p p o r t t o

the t h e o r y of p e r s o n a l i t y t e n d e n c i e s b e i n g a c q u i r e d d i r e c t l y t h r o u g h

p a r e n t a l i n f l u e n c e s (1, 4 , 10, 12, 29 , 50, 89, 90, 105, 106, 126,

127).

M o r e s y s t e m a t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c o n c e r n e d w i t h the e a r l y

a c q u i s i t i o n of b e h a v i o r r e l a t e t h a t c h i l d r e n a c q u i r e s p e c i f i c b e h a v i o r s

t h r o u g h the p r o c e s s of bo th i d e n t i f y i n g w i t h p a r e n t a l b e h a v i o r s and

m o d e l i n g c e r t a i n a d u l t b e h a v i o r s (5, 30, 34, 67, 82, 87, 109).

B a n d u r a (3) and B a n d u r a , R o s s and R o s s (6) r e l a t e t h a t the c h i l d ' s

key f i g u r e s to m o d e l a f t e r a r e h i s p a r e n t s . In f a c t , i t i s f u r t h e r

e m p h a s i z e d t h a t the b e h a v i o r a l p a t t e r n s of p a r e n t a l m o d e l s s i g n i f i -

c a n t l y d e t e r m i n e if t h e ch i ld l e a r n s to t h i n k , p e r c e i v e , and b e h a v e

in b e n e f i c i a l o r d e t r i m e n t a l m a n n e r s .

B a n d u r a (3)) f u r t h e r a s s e r t s t h a t m o d e l i n g p a r e n t a l

b e h a v i o r i s s u c h a p o t e n t i a l l y p o w e r f u l f o r c e t h a t if p a r e n t a l m o d e l s

a r e e m o t i o n a l l y d i s t u r b e d o r m e n t a l l y i l l , t h e y p r o v i d e f a u l t y b e h a v i o r s

to bo th be i m i t a t e d and m o d e l e d a f t e r by the c h i l d . He f u r t h e r s t a t e s

40

tha t th is is undoubtedly a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r f o r the t endency f o r d e l i n -

quency , c r i m e , and v a r i o u s f o r m s of m e n t a l i l l n e s s e s to run in

f a m i l i e s . Co leman (19, 20) a g r e e s wi th B a n d u r a ' s g e n e r a l c o n c l u -

s ions tha t f au l ty p a r e n t a l behav io r may have d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t s upon

the ch i l d ' s p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t . C o l e m a n f u r t h e r s p e c i f i c a l l y

s t a t e s tha t f au l ty p a r e n t a l mode l s have l a s t ing e f f e c t s on the chi ld

throughout the d e v e l o p m e n t a l p r o c e s s upward to adul thood w h e r e p e r -

sona l i ty c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e believed f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d (127).

He f u r t h e r r e l a t e s that f au l ty p a r e n t - c h i l d r e l a t i o n s h i p s o r

pa thogenic f a m i l y i n t e r a c t i o n s a r e a f e r t i l e s o u r c e of m a l a d j u s t m e n t

th roughout the f o r m a t i v e y e a r s leading to adul thood. Although he

f a i l s to s p e c i f i c a l l y s t a t e which type of c h i l d - r e a r i n g p r a c t i c e s m o s t

of ten p r o d u c e s the m a l a d j u s t e d p e r s o n a l i t y , he does r e l a t e tha t

s e v e r a l types of c h i l d - r e a r i n g p r a c t i c e s a r e c o n s i s t e n t l y found in the

c l i n i c a l backg rounds of d i s t u r b e d ind iv idua l s .

F r o m the p e r s p e c t i v e of c h i l d - r e a r i n g p r a c t i c e s , t h e s e

p a r t i c u l a r p r a c t i c e s which s e e m i n g l y a r e r e l a t e d to m a l a d j u s t m e n t

in l a t e r y e a r s (107) c o n s i s t of p a r e n t a l o v e r p r o t e c t i o n , r e j e c t i o n ,

o v e r - i n d u l g e n c e , p e r f e c t i o n i s t i c d e m a n d s , f au l ty d i sc ip l ine , s ib l ing

r i v a l r y , m a r i t a l d i s c o r d , and b roken h o m e s .

R o s e n and Ian (99) and S c h a c h t e r (102) a g r e e with C o l e m a n

and Bandu ra that f au l ty p a r e n t a l models and p a r t i c u l a r c h i l d - r e a r i n g

41

p r a c t i c e s p roduce ma ladap t ive b e h a v i o r s . They r e l a t e tha t ch i l d r en

l e a r n s p e c i f i c ma ladap t ive behav io r s as d i sp layed by t h e i r p a r e n t s .

They f u r t h e r r e l a t e tha t n e u r o t i c p a r e n t s m a y r e w a r d t h e i r c h i l d r e n

f o r n e u r o t i c b e h a v i o r s .

S u m m a r y

C u r r e n t s o c i a l p sycho log ica l t h e o r i e s of p e r s o n a l i t y deve lop -

ment a r e c o n c e r n e d wi th the cumula t ive e f f e c t s of the p a r e n t s ' s o c i a l

and e m o t i o n a l behav io r on the chi ld . T h e r e ex i s t s a g e n e r a l c o n s e n -

sus tha t p a r e n t a l behav io r should be c o n s i s t e n t du r ing in fancy and

r e m a i n s o throughout chi ldhood. An ex tens ive l i t e r a t u r e , r e f l e c t i n g

the e f f e c t s of i so la t ion in both the r e a l and e x p e r i m e n t a l c i r c u m -

s t a n c e , s u g g e s t s that when i so la t ed wi thin e i t h e r s i tua t ion , the

b e h a v i o r a l phenomena r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the n e u r o s e s p e r s i s t s f o r the

d u r a t i o n of i so l a t i on .

Due to c l i m a t i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s within the p h y s i c a l e n v i r o n -

m e n t of po l a r r eg ions dur ing the w i n t e r mon ths , i so la t ion f r o m o t h e r -

w i s e n o r m a l l y en joyed ac t i v i t i e s is n e c e s s a r y due to the in tense cold

and d a r k n e s s which p r e v a i l s th roughout the w i n t e r mon ths . I so la t ion

e f f e c t s b e h a v i o r a l changes in both the ma le and f e m a l e human being .

If t he se changes should g e n e r a l i z e to the f a m i l y s t r u c t u r e wi th in

p o l a r r e g i o n s , th roughout the long w i n t e r m o n t h s , i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s

42

in m a t e r n a l c a r e m a y r e s u l t . T h e s e i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s in p a r e n t a l

behav io r may be po ten t ia l ly damag ing to e v e r y s e g m e n t of p e r s o n a l i t y

deve lopmen t a m o n g the o f f sp r ing of individuals r e l o c a t e d into t h e s e

a r e a s f o r v a r i o u s r e a s o n s .

CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHY

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2 . A r n h o f f , F . N . , Leon, H . Y . , and Brownf ie ld , C . A . , " S e n s o r y Depr iva t i on : E f f e c t s on Human L e a r n i n g , " S c i e n c e , 138 ( N o v e m b e r , 1962), 899-900.

3. B a n d u r a , A . , "Soc ia l L e a r n i n g Through Imi t a t ion , " in M . R . Jones edi t ion, N e b r a s k a S y m p o s i u m on Mot iva t ion , Lincoln , U n i v e r s i t y of N e b r a s k a P r e s s , 1962, pp. 211-269 .

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5. B a n d u r a , A . , and Menlove , F . L . , " F a c t o r s D e t e r m i n i n g V i c a r i o u s Ext inc t ion of Avoidance Behav io r Through Symbol ic M o d e l i n g , " J o u r n a l of P e r s o n a l i t y and Soc ia l P sycho logy , 8 ( F e b r u a r y , 1968), 99-108.

6. B a n d u r a , A . , R o s s , D. , and R o s s , S . A . , " Imi t a t i on of F i l m -Media ted A g g r e s s i v e Mode ls , " J o u r n a l of A b n o r m a l Soc ia l P sycho logy , 66 ( J a n u a r y , 1963), 3 - 1 1 .

7. B e c k e r , G. , " E g o - D e f e n s e P a t t e r n , E x t r a v e r s i o n -I n t r o v e r s i o n , and Sex -Ro le A d j u s t m e n t , " The B r i t i s h J o u r n a l of C l in i ca l and Soc ia l Psycho logy , 8 (Sep t embe r , 1969), 275-285 .

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9. B i l a sh , I . , and Zubek , J . P . , " T h e E f f e c t s of Age on F a c t o r i -a l ly ' P u r e ' Menta l Ab i l i t i e s , " J o u r n a l of Geron to logy , 15 (Apr i l , 1960), 175-82.

43

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10. Block, J . , " P e r s o n a l i t y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s A s s o c i a t e d wi th F a t h e r s ' At t i tudes Toward Ch i ld -Rea r ing , 1 1 Child Deve lopmen t , 26 (March , 1955), 4 1 - 4 8 .

11. B o m b a r d , A . , The Voyage of the H e r e t i q u e , New York , S imon and S c h u s t e r , 1953.

12. B o s s a r d , J . H . S . , and Bol l , E . S . , The Sociology of the Chi ld , 3 rd ed . , New York , H a r p e r and Row, I960.

13. Bowlby, J . , " M a t e r n a l C a r e and Menta l H e a l t h , " Bul le t in of the Wor ld Hea l th Organ iza t i on , 3 (1951), 355-534 .

14. Brown, J . S . , " P r o b l e m s P r e s e n t e d by the Concept of A c q u i r e d D r i v e s , " in C u r r e n t T h e o r y and R e s e a r c h in Mot ivat ion: A S y m p o s i u m , Lincoln , U n i v e r s i t y of N e b r a s k a P r e s s , 1953, 311-321 .

15. Brownf ie ld , C . A . , " D e t e r i o r a t i o n and F a c i l i t a t i o n Hypotheses in S e n s o r y - D e p r i v a t i o n R e s e a r c h , " P s y c h o l o g i c a l Bul le t in , 61 (Apr i l , 1964), 304-313.

16. B u t l e r , R . A . , and A l e x a n d e r , H. M. , "Dai ly P a t t e r n s of E x p l o r a t o r y Behav io r inlhe M o n k e y , " J o u r n a l of E x p e r i m e n t a l Psycho logy , 48 (August , 1955), 247-249 .

17. B u t l e r , R . A . , and Har low, H. F . , " P e r s i s t e n c e of V i sua l E x p l o r a t i o n in the M o n k e y , " J o u r n a l of C o m p a r a t i v e and P h y s i o l o g i c a l Psycho logy , 47 (June, 1954), 258-263 .

18. Byrd , R . E . , A lone, New York , G. P . P u t n a m ' s Sons , 1938.

19. C o l e m a n , J . C. , A b n o r m a l Psycho logy and Modern L i fe , 2nd ed . , Chicago , Scot t F o r e s m a n and Company , 1956.

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21. C o o p e r , D. G. , A d a m s , H. B. , and Gibby, R . G . , " E g o S t r eng th Changes Fol lowing P e r c e p t u a l D e p r i v a t i o n , " A r c h i v e s of G e n e r a l P s y c h i a t r y , 8 (March , 1965), 213-217 .

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22 . D a v i s , J . M . , M c C o u r t , L . R . C . P . , and S o l o m o n , P . , " T h e E f f e c t of V i s u a l S t i m u l a t i o n on H a l l u c i n a t i o n s and O t h e r M e n t a l E x p e r i e n c e s D u r i n g S e n s o r y D e p r i v a t i o n , " A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of P s y c h i a t r y , 116 ( A p r i l , I960) , 8 8 9 - 8 9 3 .

23 . D a v i s , J . M. , M c C o u r t , L . R . C . P . , C o u r t n e y , J . , and S o l o m o n , P . , " S e n s o r y D e p r i v a t i o n , " A r c h i v e s of G e n e r a l P s y c h i a t r y , 5 ( Ju ly , 1961), 8 4 - 9 0 .

2 4 . D e a n , M a j o r G e n e r a l , W. F . , G e n e r a l D e a n ' s S t o r y , New Y o r k , The Vik ing P r e s s , 1954.

25 . D e n n i s , W. , " C a u s e s of R e t a r d a t i o n A m o n g I n s t i t u t i o n a l C h i l -d r e n : I r a n , " J o u r n a l of Gene t i c P s y c h o l o g y , 96 ( M a r c h , I960 ) , 4 7 - 5 9 .

26 . D e n n i s , W. , and S a y e g h , Y. , " T h e E f f e c t s of S u p p l e m e n t a r y E x p e r i e n c e s upon the B e h a v i o r a l D e v e l o p m e n t of I n f a n t s in I n s t i t u t i o n s , " Chi ld D e v e l o p m e n t , • 36 ( M a r c h , 1965), 8 1 - 9 0 .

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C h i l d r e n , " Child Deve lopment . 25 (June , 1954), 125-146.

114. T a y l o r , J . A . , " D r i v e T h e o r y and M a n i f e s t Anxie ty , " P s y c h o l o g i c a l Bul le t in , 53 (July, 1956), 303-320 .

115. T a y l o r , J . A . , and Spence , K. W. , "The Re la t ionsh ip of Anxie ty to P e r f o r m a n c e in S e r i a l L e a r n i n g , " J o u r n a l of E x p e r i m e n t a l Psycho logy . 44 (July, 1952), 61-64 .

116. Vernon , J A. , McGil l , T . E . , Gul ick, W. L. , and C and land, D. K. , " E f f e c t of S e n s o r y Depr iva t ion on Some P e r c e p t u a l and Motor S k i l l s , " P e r c e p t u a l and Motor Sk i l l s . 9 (March , 1959), 91-97 .

54

117. Ve rnon , J . A . , McGil l , T . E . , and S c h i f f m a n , H. , " V i s u a l Ha l luc ina t ions Dur ing P e r c e p t u a l I so la t ion , 1 1 Canadian J o u r n a l of Psycho logy , 12 (March , 1958), 31-34 .

118. Ve rnon , J . A . , and H o f f m a n , J . , " E f f e c t of S e n s o r y D e p r i v a -t ion on L e a r n i n g Rate in Human B e i n g s , " Sc i ence , 123 (June , 1956), 1074-1075.

119. Vernon , J . A . , and McGil l , T . E . , "The E f f e c t of S e n s o r y Depr iva t i on upon Rate L e a r n i n g , " A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of Psycho logy , LXX ( D e c e m b e r , 1957), 637-639.

120. Wal l in , P . , and Ri ley , R . P . , "Reac t i ons of M o t h e r s to P r e g -nancy and A d j u s t m e n t of O f f s p r i n g in Infancy, " J o u r n a l of A b n o r m a l Psycho logy , 9 ( J a n u a r y , 1966), 237-242 .

121. W a l t e r W. G. , The Living B r a i n , New York , Nor ton P r e s s , 1955.

122. W a l t e r s , R . H . , and K a r a l , P . , "Soc ia l Depr iva t ion and V e r -ba l B e h a v i o r , " J o u r n a l of P e r s o n a l i t y , 28 (March , I960), 89-107 .

123. W a l t e r s , R . H . , M a r s h a l l , W. E . , and Shoo te r , J . R . , "Anxie ty , I so la t ion and Suscep t ib i l i ty to Soc ia l In f luence , " J o u r n a l of A b n o r m a l and Soc ia l Psycho logy , 68 (March , 1964), 181-187.

124. Wal te r s , R . H . , and Quinn, M . J . , " T h e E f f e c t s of S e n s o r y and Soc ia l Depr iva t ion on Autokine t ic J u d g m e n t s , " J o u r n a l of P e r s o n a l i t y , 28 (June , I960), 210-220 .

125. W a l t e r s , R . H . , and Ray, E . , "Anxie ty , Soc ia l I so la t ion and R e i n f o r c e r E f f e c t i v e n e s s , " J o u r n a l of P e r s o n a l i t y , 28 ( S e p t e m b e r , I960), 358-367 .

126. Watson , J . B. , and R a y n e r , R. , "Condi t ioned E m o t i o n a l R e a c t i o n s , " J o u r n a l of E x p e r i m e n t a l Psycho logy , 3 ( F e b r u -a r y , 1920), 1 - 1 4 .

127. Whi te , R . W . , The A b n o r m a l P e r s o n a l i t y , 2nd ed . , New York , The Ronald P r e s s Company , 1964.

55

128. W h i t e , B . L . , and C a s t l e , P . W . , " V i s u a l E x p l o r a t o r y B e h a v i o r F o l l o w i n g P o s t n a t a l H a n d l i n g of H u m a n I n f a n t s , " P e r c e p t u a l and M o t o r S k i l l s , 18 ( A p r i l , 1964), 4 9 7 - 5 0 2 .

129. Z u b e k , J . P . , " B e h a v i o r a l C h a n g e s A f t e r P r o l o n g e d P e r c e p t u a l D e p r i v a t i o n , " P e r c e p t u a l and M o t o r S k i l l s , 18 ( Ju ly , 1964), 4 1 3 - 4 2 0 .

130. Z u b e k , J . P . , A f t a n a s , M. , S a n s o m , W. , S c t o l u d e r m a n n , E . , W i l g o s h , L . , and W i n o c u r , G. , " I n t e l l e c t u a l and P e r c e p t u a l C h a n g e s D u r i n g P r o l o n g e d P e r c e p t u a l D e p r i v a t i o n : Low I l l u m i n a t i o n and N o i s e L e v e l , " P e r c e p t u a l and M o t o r S k i l l s , 15 (Augus t , 1962), 171 -198 .

131. Z u b e k , J . P . , B a y e r , L . , and S h e p h e r d , J . M. , " R e l a t i v e E f f e c t s of P r o l o n g e d S o c i a l I s o l a t i o n and C o n f i n e m e n t : B e h a v i o r a l and E E G C h a n g e s , " J o u r n a l of A b n o r m a l P s y c h o l o g y , 74 ( O c t o b e r , 1969), 6 2 5 - 6 5 0 .

132. Z u b e k , J . P . , S a n s o m , W. , and P r y s i a z n i u k , A . , " I n t e l l e c t u a l C h a n g e s D u r i n g P r o l o n g e d P e r c e p t u a l I s o l a t i o n : D a r k n e s s and S i l e n c e , " C a n a d i a n J o u r n a l of P s y c h o l o g y , 14 ( D e c e m -b e r , 1960), 2 3 3 - 2 4 2 .

133. Z u b e k , J . P . , and Welch , G. , " E l e c t r o e n c e p h a l o g r a p h i c C h a n g e s a f t e r P r o l o n g e d S e n s o r y and P e r c e p t u a l D e p r i v a t i o n , " S c i e n c e , 139 ( M a r c h , 1963), 1209 -1210 .

134. Z u b e k , J . P . , and W i l g o s h , L . , " P r o l o n g e d I m m o b i l i z a t i o n of the B o d y : C h a n g e s in P e r f o r m a n c e and the E l e c t r o e n -c e p h a l o g r a m , " S c i e n c e , 140 ( M a r c h , 1963), 3 0 6 - 3 0 8 .

135. Z u c k e r m a n , M. , " P e r c e p t u a l I s o l a t i o n a s a S t r e s s S i t u a t i o n , " A r c h i v e s of G e n e r a l P s y c h i a t r y , 11 ( S e p t e m b e r , 1964), 255 .

136. Z u c k e r m a n , M. , and C o h e n , N. , " Is S u g g e s t i o n the S o u r c e of R e p o r t e d V i s u a l S e n s a t i o n s in P e r c e p t u a l I s o l a t i o n s ? " J o u r n a l of A b n o r m a l and S o c i a l P s y c h o l o g y , 68 ( J u n e , 1964), 6 5 5 - 6 6 0 .

137. Z u c k e r m a n , M. , and H a b e r , M. M. , " N e e d f o r S t i m u l a t i o n a s a S o u r c e of S t r e s s R e s p o n s e to P e r c e p t u a l I s o l a t i o n , " J o u r n a l of A b n o r m a l P s y c h o l o g y , 70 ( O c t o b e r , 1965), .371-377 .

56

138. Z u c k e r m a n , M. , P e r s k y , H. , Hopkins , R . T . , Mur t augh , T . , B a s u , G. K. , and Schi l l ing , M. , " C o m p a r i s o n of S t r e s s

1 E f f e c t s of P e r c e p t u a l and Soc ia l I so la t ion , " A r c h i v e s of G e n e r a l P s y c h i a t r y , 14 (Apri l , 1966), 356-365 .

139. Z u c k e r m a n , M. , P e r s k y , H. , Link, K . E . , and B a s u , G. K. , " E x p e r i m e n t a l and Subjec t F a c t o r s D e t e r m i n i n g R e s p o n s e s to S e n s o r y Depr iva t ion , Soc ia l I so la t ion , and Conf inemen t , " J o u r n a l of A b n o r m a l Psycho logy , 73 (Apr i l , 1968), 183-194.

CHAPTER III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

This c h a p t e r dea l s wi th a d e s c r i p t i o n of the s u b j e c t s , de s ign

of the s tudy , d e s c r i p t i o n of the i n s t r u m e n t , and p r o c e d u r e s f o r co l l ec t -

ing and t r e a t i n g da ta .

Sub jec t s

The s u b j e c t s s e l e c t e d for th is s tudy w e r e co l lege s tuden t s

b o r n be tween the y e a r s 1949 and 1953, which is r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of ages

e igh teen th rough twen ty- two .

As v e r y few individuals of N e g r o and L a t i n - A m e r i c a n d e s c e n t

popula te the n o r t h e r n r eg ions of A l a s k a , and in o r d e r to c o n t r o l both

the soc io log ica l and c u l t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s which may e x i s t wi thin the

na t ive E s k i m o and those p e r s o n s of A l e u t e x t r a c t i o n s , s u b j e c t

s e l e c t i o n was r e s t r i c t e d to C a u c a s i a n s . The r e s t r i c t i o n in r e g a r d

to age was be l ieved n e c e s s a r y in o r d e r to d e r i v e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e

s a m p l e of co l lege s tuden ts f r o m the f r e s h m a n to s e n i o r l e v e l s , and to

d e r i v e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e of young adul thood which , when

r e l a t e d to a t t a ined age , is a m b i g u o u s .

57

58

T h e r e was a to ta l of 120 s u b j e c t s used in the des ign of th is

s tudy . Of th is n u m b e r , 60 s u b j e c t s w e r e en ro l l ed in Nor th T e x a s

Sta te Un ive r s i t y , Denton, T e x a s , and 60 s u b j e c t s w e r e en ro l l ed in

the U n i v e r s i t y of A l a s k a , Col lege , A l a s k a . The s u b j e c t s w e r e f u r t h e r

subdivided in that 30 m a l e s and 30 f e m a l e s c o m p r i s e d each g roup .

To f u r t h e r f a c i l i t a t e the des ign of th is s tudy , the s u b j e c t s w e r e f u r t h e r

subdiv ided based on the p r e s e n c e of s i b l i ngs . T h e r e f o r e , e ach g roup

conta ined 15 m a l e s and 15 f e m a l e s with s ib l ings , and 15 m a l e s and 15

f e m a l e s wi th no s ib l ings .

Des ign of the Study

Sub jec t s s e l e c t e d f o r Group A w e r e co l lege s tuden ts en ro l l ed

a t N o r t h T e x a s Sta te U n i v e r s i t y , Denton, T e x a s , du r ing the f a l l of

1971. Sub jec t s s e l e c t e d f o r Group B w e r e co l lege s tuden t s en ro l l ed a t

the U n i v e r s i t y of A l a s k a , Col lege , A l a s k a , du r ing the f a l l of 1971.

A t the onse t , to a s s u r e homogene i ty of Group A, the c o m p l e -

t ion of a q u e s t i o n n a i r e (Appendix C), i n c o r p o r a t i n g the fol lowing

r e q u i r e m e n t s p r i o r to f i na l s e l ec t i on m u s t have been m e t .

R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r Group A :

1. tha t the s u b j e c t be of C a u c a s i a n e x t r a c t i o n ;

2 . tha t the s u b j e c t be b o r n and r e a r e d within the con t in -en t a l United S t a t e s ;

59

3. tha t the sub jec t , t h roughou t his e n t i r e l i fe , n e v e r had been exposed to l ife wi thin po l a r r e g i o n s ;

4 . tha t the s u b j e c t ' s p a r e n t s had been b o r n and r e a r e d wi thin n o n - p o l a r r e g i o n s ;

5. tha t the s u b j e c t m u s t have been r e a r e d under the i n f lu -ence of both p a r e n t s unti l the e igh teen th b i r thday ;

6. tha t the s u b j e c t not r e c a l l any s ign i f i can t phys io log ica l hand icaps which may have a f f ec t ed p e r s o n a l i t y deve lop -m e n t throughout the deve lopmen ta l pe r iod ; and

7. tha t the s u b j e c t e i t he r has or does not have b r o t h e r s or s i s t e r s , or both. If y e s , the s u b j e c t m u s t have l ived wi th t h e m .

A f t e r comple t ion of the q u e s t i o n n a i r e , those s u b j e c t s , both

m a l e and f e m a l e , who m e t the se l ec t ion r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r Group A

w e r e divided into two s e p a r a t e groups c o n s i s t i n g of those wi th s ib l ings

and those wi thout s i b l i ngs . F r o m th is in i t i a l d iv i s ion , r a n d o m

s e l e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s w e r e ut i l ized f o r f i n a l s e l ec t i on of f i f t e e n m a l e s

with s ib l ings and f i f t e e n m a l e s wi thout s i b l i ngs . Random se l ec t i on

p r o c e d u r e s w e r e a l s o ut i l ized f o r s e l ec t i on of f i f t e e n f e m a l e s u b j e c t s

wi th s ib l ings and fifte.en f e m a l e s u b j e c t s wi thout s ib l ings .

At the ou t se t , to a s s u r e homogene i ty of G r o u p B, the c o m p l e -

tion of a q u e s t i o n n a i r e (Appendix D) i n c o r p o r a t i n g the fol lowing

r e q u i r e m e n t s p r i o r to f i n a l s e l ec t i on m u s t have been m e t :

R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r Group B:

1. tha t the s u b j e c t be of C a u c a s i a n e x t r a c t i o n ;

60

2 . t h a t the s u b j e c t be b o r n and r e a r e d w i t h i n p o l a r r e g i o n s ;

3. t h a t t he s u b j e c t , t h r o u g h o u t h i s e n t i r e l i f e , n e v e r had b e e n e x p o s e d to l i fe o u t s i d e p o l a r r e g i o n s f o r p e r i o d s e x c e e d i n g f o u r c o n s e c u t i v e m o n t h s ;

4 . t h a t the s u b j e c t ' s p a r e n t s w e r e bo th b o r n and r e a r e d o u t s i d e p o l a r r e g i o n s ;

5. t h a t the s u b j e c t m u s t have b e e n r e a r e d u n d e r the p a r e n t a l i n f l u e n c e of b o t h p a r e n t s un t i l the e i g h t e e n t h b i r t h d a y ;

6. t h a t the s u b j e c t no t r e c a l l any s i g n i f i c a n t p h y s i o l o g i c a l h a n d i c a p s w h i c h m a y have a f f e c t e d p e r s o n a l i t y d e v e l o p -m e n t t h r o u g h o u t the d e v e l o p m e n t a l p e r i o d ; and

7. t h a t the s u b j e c t e i t h e r . h a s o r d o e s no t have b r o t h e r s o r s i s t e r s , o r bo th . If y e s , the s u b j e c t m u s t have l ived w i t h t h e m .

A f t e r c o m p l e t i o n of the q u e s t i o n n a i r e , t h o s e s u b j e c t s , bo th

m a l e and female^ w h o m e t the s e l e c t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r both G r o u p A

and B w e r e e q u a l l y d iv ided in to two s e p a r a t e g r o u p s c o n s i s t i n g of

t h o s e w i t h s i b l i n g s and t h o s e w i t h o u t s i b l i n g s .

F r o m t h i s i n i t i a l d i v i s i o n , r a n d o m s e l e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s w e r e

u t i l i z e d for f i n a l s e l e c t i o n of f i f t e e n m a l e s w i th s i b l i n g s and f i f t e e n

m a l e s w i t h o u t s i b l i n g s . R a n d o m s e l e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s w e r e a l s o

u t i l i z e d f o r s e l e c t i o n of f i f t e e n f e m a l e s u b j e c t s w i th s i b l i n g s and f i f t e e n

f e m a l e s u b j e c t s w i thou t s i b l i n g s .

T o c l a r i f y the d e s i g n of the s t u d y , the f o l l o w i n g i l l u s t r a t i o n

i s p r e s e n t e d :

61

Sibl ings No Sibl ings

Group A

Sub jec t s who w e r e b o r n and r a i s e d outs ide p o l a r r eg ions by p a r e n t s r e a r e d outs ide po l a r r eg ions

15 m a l e s 15 f e m a l e s

15 m a l e s 15 f e m a l e s

G r o u p B

Sub jec t s who w e r e b o r n and r a i s e d in p o l a r r eg ions by p a r e n t s r e a r e d outs ide po l a r r eg ions

15 m a l e s 15 f e m a l e s

15 m a l e s 15 f e m a l e s

F i g . 1. An i l l u s t r a t i o n of the des ign of the s tudy showing d i s t r i bu t i on of the s u b j e c t s .

A l l s u b j e c t s m e e t i n g select ion r e q u i r e m e n t s wi thin both

Group A and B w e r e a sked to comple t e the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n

T e m p e r a m e n t S u r v e y on a g r o u p b a s i s . Those s u b j e c t s who w e r e

unable to comple t e the i n s t r u m e n t a t the des igna ted t i m e w e r e

a d m i n i s t e r e d the s c a l e indiv idual ly .

I n s t r u m e n t

The i n s t r u m e n t u t i l ized in o r d e r to c a r r y out the p u r p o s e s

of this s tudy was the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey .

This i n s t r u m e n t u t i l i zes ten s c o r e s which p r e s e n t f a i r l y u n i f o r m indi-

c a t o r s of the p a r t i c u l a r t r a i t s which the i n s t r u m e n t p u r p o r t s to

m e a s u r e (Appendix A) . Buros (2, p. 134) and B u r o s (3, p. 235)

62

l i s t s f i f t y - t h r e e s tud ies ut i l iz ing the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n

T e m p e r a m e n t Survey in age grouping nine th rough s ix t een and on the

adu l t l eve l . Saunde r s in the B u r o s rev iew is c o n c e r n e d wi th the u s e -

f u l n e s s of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey and a s s e r t s

tha t this p a r t i c u l a r i n s t r u m e n t has done much to d e m o n s t r a t e the

po ten t i a l advan tages of the f a c t o r - a n a l y t i c a p p r o a c h to p e r s o n a l i t y

m e a s u r e m e n t .

The r e l i ab i l i t y of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

Su rvey , a f t e r applying the R u d e r - R i c h a r d s on f o r m u l a and us ing a

r a n d o m s a m p l e of 100, is as fo l lows :

DATA ON RELIABILITY O F THE SCORES

T r a i t Re l i ab i l i t y Coe f f i c i en t

G . 7 9 R . 80 A . 82 S . 87 E . 8 4 O . 75 F . 75 T

o 00 •

P e 00

o

M . 85

F i g . 2. An I l l u s t r a t i o n of the Re l i ab i l i ty of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey

63

The i n t e r n a l va l id i ty of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n

T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey is rooted both in the f a c t o r a l va l id i ty and the

f a c t o r - a n a l y s i s s tud ies plus the s u c c e s s i v e i t e m - a n a l y s e s . The

app l i cab le (c l in ica l o r in use) va l id i ty based upon v a r i o u s c o r r e l a -

t iona l s t u d i e s , has been a c c u m u l a t e d throughout the y e a r s and r a n g e s

f r o m a low of . 86 to a high of . 9 3 . The val id i ty coe f f i c i en t s a r e

d e r i v e d by making use of the f o r m u l a w h e r e the va l id i ty is l e s s than

o r equa l to the s q u a r e roo t of the r e l i ab i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s .

The Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey a l s o u t i l i zes

the " y e s " and "no" r e s p o n s e p a t t e r n s as opposed to " t r u e " and

" f a l s e . " T h e r e f o r e , the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey

is so des igned as to obtain spontaneous r e s p o n s e s which a r e be l ieved

to be m o r e ind ica t ive of the ind iv idua l ' s t r u e f e e l i n g s .

P r o c e d u r e s f o r Col lec t ion of Data

Subjec t s e l ec t i on was c a r r i e d out f o r both G r o u p A and B

us ing the c r i t e r i o n outl ined in Appendix C and Appendix D. As the

l i t e r a t u r e sugges t s that the p r e s e n c e of s ib l ings within the f a m i l y

s t r u c t u r e s ign i f i can t ly in f luences the ch i l d ' s deve lopmen t , i . e . ,

c h i l d r e n s p a r e d s ib l ing r e l a t i onsh ips g e n e r a l l y make b e t t e r a d j u s t -

men t s to l ife and t h e i r p a r e n t s (5). The t h i r t y ma le and t h i r t y

f e m a l e s u b j e c t s in both Group A and Group B w e r e divided into equa l

64

g roups cons i s t i ng of f i f t e e n m a l e s with s ib l ings , f i f t e e n m a l e s wi thout

s i b l i n g s , f i f t e e n f e m a l e s with s ib l ings , and f i f t e e n f e m a l e s wi thout

s i b l i n g s . No o t h e r confounding v a r i a b l e s w e r e an t i c ipa ted in r e g a r d

to poss ib l e s ib l ing i n f l u e n c e s .

A l l s u b j e c t s mee t ing se l ec t ion r e q u i r e m e n t s in Group A and

Group B w e r e a sked to comple t e the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n

T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey on a g roup b a s i s . F o r those s u b j e c t s whose

schedu le did not allow comple t ion of the s u r v e y a t the des igna ted

t i m e s , the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey w a s a d m i n i s -

t e r e d ind iv idua l ly . Thus , no e l i g ib l e - sub jec t w a s e l im ina t ed f rom-

e i t h e r g r o u p b e c a u s e he could not comple te the s u r v e y a t the d e s i g -

na ted t i m e s .

P r o c e d u r e s f o r A n a l y s i s of the Data

The nul l hypothes i s that t h e r e wi l l be no s ign i f i can t d i f f e r -

ences be tween the two groups was t e s t ed a t the . 05 l eve l of s i g n i f i -

cance f o r a two tai led, t e s t .

In o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e the homogene i ty of v a r i a n c e of the

d i s t r i b u t i o n of the s a m p l e populat ion p r i o r to t e s t ing f o r s i gn i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e s , B a r t l e t t ' s T e s t of Homogene i ty was u t i l i z ed .

Since the homogene i ty of the g roup was s u p p o r t e d , w h i c h

a c c o r d i n g to Lindquis t (5, pp. 86-87) is the u s u a l s i t ua t ion , a l l t en

65

hypotheses were tes ted by making use of the two-way analys is of

va r i ance . In those ins tances where a d i f fe rence existed between the

personal i ty t r a i t s m e a s u r e d , as der ived f r o m each of the ten sca les

of the Guilford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Survey, a p a r a l l e l c o m p a r i -

son was made to de te rmine if those d i f f e rences w e r e s ta t i s t i ca l ly

s ignif icant . This was accompl ished through the use of Tukey's Tes t

of P a r a l l e l Compar i sons . In those ins tances where s t a t i s t i ca l d i f f e r -

ences w e r e found to be s ignif icant , the one-way analysis of var iance

was util ized to identify sex and sibling influences within each of the

two respec t ive groups .

Chapter III has presen ted a descr ip t ion of the subjec ts

involved in the study and the p rocedures involved in thei r se lec t ion .

A detailed explanation of the design of the study was a l so p resen ted .

Final ly , the p rocedures f o r collect ing and t rea t ing the data w e r e

outlined.

CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. B o s s a r d , J . H . S . , and Boll , E . S . , The Sociology of Child Deve lopmen t , 3rd ed.., New York , H a r p e r and Row, I960.

2 . B u r o s , O . K . , The F i f t h Menta l M e a s u r e m e n t s Yearbook , High-land P a r k , New J e r s e y , The Gryphon P r e s s , 1961, pp. 132-134.

3. , The Sixth Menta l M e a s u r e m e n t s Yearbook , High-land P a r k , New J e r s e y , The Gryphon P r e s s , 1965, pp. 235-237 .

4 . Gui l fo rd , G. P . , and Z i m m e r m a n , W . S . , The Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey , Manua l of In s t ruc t i ons and I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s , B e v e r l y H i l l s , C a l i f o r n i a , She r idan Supply Company , 1949.

5. L indquis t , E . F . , Des ign and Ana lys i s of E x p e r i m e n t s in Psycho logy and Educa t ion , C a m b r i d g e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , Houghton Miff l in Co. , 1953.

6. Winkley, K. K. , J a c k s o n , O . A . , F a u s t , M . F . , M u r r a y , A . O . , and C e r m a k , E . and J . G. , " E m o t i o n a l Reac t ions and B e h a v i o r of Ch i ld r en in the H o m e , " J o u r n a l of P e d i a t r i c s , 38 (1951), 476-481 .

66

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION O F RESULTS

The p r o b l e m of this s tudy was to d e t e r m i n e if c l i m a t i c

c i r c u m s t a n c e s s ign i f i can t ly a f f e c t p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t . The pur-

p o s e s of this s tudy w e r e : (1) to d e t e r m i n e if s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s

in p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s ex i s t be tween co l l ege s tuden ts r e a r e d within

po l a r r eg ions by p a r e n t s who w e r e r e a r e d wi thin n o n - p o l a r regions ,

a s c o m p a r e d to col lege s tuden ts r e a r e d within n o n - p o l a r r eg ions by

p a r e n t s who w e r e r e a r e d within n o n - p o l a r r eg ions ; (2) to iden t i fy

the a r e a or a r e a s in which p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s d i f f e r a m o n g t he se i nd i -

v idua l s ; (3) to r e p o r t t hese d i f f e r e n c e s and t h e i r s i gn i f i c ance to

soc i e ty and our educa t iona l s y s t e m .

To d e t e r m i n e if c l i m a t i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s s ign i f i can t ly a f f e c t

p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t , a to ta l of 120 s u b j e c t s w e r e s e l e c t e d f r o m

two popula t ions , each e n c o m p a s s i n g to ta l ly d i f f e r e n t c l i m a t i c c i r -

c u m s t a n c e s wi thin the phys i ca l e n v i r o n m e n t . Sub jec t s c o m p r i s i n g

G r o u p A w e r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of those individuals who w e r e b o r n in

the con t inen ta l United S ta tes and r e a r e d within t h e s e r e g i o n s . Sub-

j ec t s c o m p r i s i n g G r o u p B r e p r e s e n t e d those indiv iduals who w e r e

67

68

b o r n wi th in p o l a r r eg ions and r e a r e d wi th in t h e s e r eg ions by both

p a r e n t s unt i l age e igh teen . The m o s t c o m m o n f a c t o r be tween

Group A and Group B s u b j e c t s was that both groups w e r e s e l e c t e d

f r o m a populat ion which n e c e s s i t a t e d t h e i r p a r e n t s ' being bo rn and

r e a r e d wi thin the con t inen ta l United S t a t e s .

P r i o r to the s e l ec t i on of the a p p r o p r i a t e s t a t i s t i c a l t r e a t -

m e n t of the data de r ived f r o m the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the Gui l ford

Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Survey , the B a r t l e t t ' s T e s t of

Homogene i ty w a s ut i l ized to d e t e r m i n e if s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s in

v a r i a n c e ex i s t ed be tween the g r o u p s . In o r d e r f o r t h e r e to be a s i g -

n i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e in v a r i a n c e be tween the g r o u p s , the C h i - S q u a r e

va lue m u s t be equa l to or exceed 7. 81 when the . 05 leve l of s i g n i f i -

cance is c h o s e n . Resu l t s obtained f r o m the B a r t l e t t ' s T e s t of

Homogene i ty indica ted tha t no s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s in v a r i a n c e

ex i s t ed be tween both g r o u p s , be tween sex f a c t o r s within both g r o u p s ,

and be tween s u b j e c t s with and without s i b l i n g s .

To t e s t each of the ten hypo theses r e l a t e d to d i f f e r e n c e s

be tween s u b j e c t s within Group A and Group B, a two way a n a l y s i s

of v a r i a n c e was u t i l i zed . The a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e be tween both

g roups f o r a l l ten hypo theses is p r e s e n t e d in Tab le I .

The computed F levels f o r a l l t e s t ed hypo theses excep t

hypo theses t h r e e and seven a r e not s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ign i f i can t . This

69

TABLE I

THE OUTCOME OF THE TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ON EACH OF THE TEN HYPOTHESES WHICH REPRESENTS THE

TEN SCALES OF THE GUILFORD ZIMMERMAN TEMPERAMENT SURVEY

(N = 120)

Sum of Squares

Degrees of

F r e e d o m

Mean Squares

F Level

P

Hypothesis I

R ow C olumn In terac t ion W ithin

15.4083 52,0083 78.4083

3156.1667

1 1 1

116

15.4083 52.0083 78.4083 27.2083

0.5663 1.9115 2 .8818

0. 5402 0 .1659 0.0884

Total 3301.9917 119

Hypothesis II

R ow C olumn Inte ract ion Within

5.6333 9. 6333

56.0333 2600.0000

1 1 1

116

5.6333 9.6333

56.0333

0 .2513 0 .4298 2 .4999

0 .6231 0.5205 0. 1126

Total 2671.3000 119

Hypothesis III

R ow C olumn Interac t ion W ithin

1.6333 132.3000

1.2000 3816.3333

1 1 1

116

1. 6333 130.2083

1.2000

0. 0496 4 .0213* 0.0365

0 .8188 0.0445 0 .8431

Total 3951.4667 119

TABLE I (Cont 'd)

70

Sum of D e g r e e s Mean F P S q u a r e s of S q u a r e s Leve l

F r e e d o m

Hypothes i s IV

R ow 1 .4083 1 1 .4083 0 .0358 0 .8444 Column 130.2083 1 130.2083 3 .3143 0. 0677 Inte r a c t i o n 106.4083 1 106.4083 2. 7085 0. 0985 W ithin 4557 .3000 116 39 .2871

To ta l 4795 .3250 119

Hypothes i s V

Row 0 .0750 1 0 .0750 0. 0023 0. 9605 Column 37 .4083 1 37 .4083 1 .1646 0 .2825 I n t e r a c t i o n 57 .4083 1 57 .4083 1.7872 0 .1806 W ithin 3726 .1000 116 32. 1216

To ta l 3820 .9917 119

Hypothes i s VI

R ow 4 . 0 3 3 3 1 4 . 0 3 3 3 0 .1313 0 .7186 C olumn 2 . 1 3 3 3 1 2 . 1 3 3 3 0. 0694 0 . 7 8 8 7 Inte r ac t i on 8. 5333 1 8 .5333 0 . 2 7 7 8 0. 6057 W i thin 3563 .6667 116 30. 7213

To ta l 3578. 3667 119

Hypothes i s VII

R ow 13.3333 1 13 .3333 0 .4605 0 . 5 0 5 9 C olumn 145.2000 1 . 145.2000 5 . 0 1 5 0 * 0. 0254 Inte r a c t i o n 58. 8000 1 58. 8000 2 . 0 3 0 9 0 . 1 5 3 1 W ithin 3358 .5333 116 28. 9529

To ta l 3575 .8667 119

71

TABLE I (Cont'd)

Sum of Degrees Mean F P Squares of Squares Level

F reedom

Hypothesis VIII

R ow 11.4083 1 11.4083 0.4462 0.5126 Column 95.4083 1 95.4083 3.7315 0. 0527 Interact ion 15.4083 1 15.4083 0.6026 0.5547 Within 2965. 9000 116 25 .5681

Total 3088.1250 119

Hypothesis IX

R ow 0.0083 1 0.0083 0.0003 0. 9827 Column 15.4083 1 15.4083 0.6470 0.5715 Interact ion 1.0083 1 1.0083 0. 0423 0 .8317 Within 2762. 7000 116 23.8164

Total 2779. 1250 119

Hypothesis X

R ow . 4 .4083 1 4 .4083 0. 1123 0.7376 C olumn 23.4083 1 23.4083 0. 5966 0.5523 In terac t ion 0.4083 1 0.4083 0.0104 0.9156 W ithin 4551.7667 116

Tota l 4579. 9917 119

. 05 Level of Significance

means no s t a t i s t i ca l d i f fe rence between Group A and Group B exis ts

on Hypotheses One, Two, F o u r , F ive , Six, Eight , Nine, and Ten.

The findings of s ignif icant d i f f e r e n t e s between the group means on

Hypotheses Th ree and Seven incorpora te both sex and sibling f ac to r s

72

wi th in the to ta l populat ion of both g r o u p s . Howeve r , the f inding of

s ign i f i can t s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s on Hypotheses T h r e e and Seven

w e r e not f u r t h e r subs t an t i a t ed when T u k e y ' s T e s t of P a r a l l e l

C o m p a r i s o n s was employed .

T h e r e f o r e , to m o r e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e be tween the

po ten t ia l ly s ign i f i can t v a r i a b l e s of s u b j e c t s ex and s ib l ing in f luences ,

e a c h hypothes i s was t e s t ed in r e l a t i on to t he se v a r i a b l e s by c o m p a r -

ing m a l e s within both g r o u p s , with and wi thout s ib l ings , and f e m a l e s

wi thin both g r o u p s , wi th and without s ib l ings . The s t a t i s t i c a l

r e s u l t s obtained f r o m a one -way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e among f e m a l e

s u b j e c t s within both groups is p r e s e n t e d in Tab le II.

TABLE II

THE OUTCOME OF THE ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AMONG THE T O T A L NUMBER O F F E M A L E S WITHIN

GROUP A AND GROUP B ON EACH OF THE TEN HYPOTHESES

(N = 120)

Sum of S q u a r e s

D e g r e e s of

F r e e d o m

V a r i a n c e E s t i m a t e

F Leve l

P

Hypothes i s I

Be tween 290 .2000 3 96 .9333 4 . 0 9 0 2 * 0 . 0 1 0 8 W i thin 1324.4000 56 2 3 . 6 5 0 0

To ta l 1614.6000 59

TABLE II (Cont'd)

73

Sum of Squares

Degrees of

Freedom

Variance Est imate

F Level

P

Hypothesis II

Between 4 .8500 3 1 .6167 0 .0913 0 .9637 Within 991.7333 56 17. 7095

Total 996.5833 59

Hypothesis III

Between 334.1333 3 111. 3778 3. 1972* 0. 0296 W ithin 1950. 8000 56 . 34 .8357

Total 2284.9333 59

Hypothesis IV

Between 447. 1167 3 149. 0389 3 .8471* 0. 0141 W ithin 2169.4667 ' 56 38.7405

Total 2616.5833 59

Hypothesis V

Between 99. 9167 3 33.3056 1.1703 0 .3292 W ithin 1593.7333 56 28 .4595

Total 1693.6500 59

Hypothesis VI

Between 62.4667 3 20 .8222 0 .7644 0. 5216 Within 1525.4667 56 27 .2405

Total 1587.9333 59

Hypothesis VII

Between 42 .8500 3 14.2833 0. 6280 0 .6037 Within 1273.7333 56 22 .7452

Total 1316.5833 59

74

T A B L E II (Cont 'd)

Sum of S q u a r e s

D e g r e e s of

F r e e d o m

V a r i a n c e E s t i m a t e

F Leve l

P

Hypothes i s VIII

Be tween 134.2667 3 44 .7556 2. 2285 0. 0937 W i thin 1124.6667 56 20. 0833

T o t a l 1258.9333 59

Hypothes i s IX

Be tween 38 .7333 3 12 .9111 0. 5574 0. 6495 W i thin 1297.2000 56 • 2 3 . 1 6 4 3

T o t a l 1335.9333 59

Hypothes i s X

Be tween 2 5 . 9 3 3 3 3 8 .6444 0. 3895 0. 7642 Within 1242.8000 ' 56 2 2 . 1 9 2 9

To ta l 1268.7333 59

' . 05 Leve l of S ign i f icance

The computed F r a t i o s f o r a l l t e s t ed hypo theses among

f e m a l e s in both g roups with and without s ib l ings excep t Hypotheses

One, T h r e e , and F o u r w e r e not s ign i f i can t ly d i f f e r e n t . This m e a n s

tha t no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s ex i s ted on Hypotheses Two, F i v e ,

Six, Seven, E igh t , Nine , and Ten .

The s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s noted on Hypotheses One, T h r e e ,

and F o u r w e r e sub j ec t ed to Tukey ' s T e s t of P a r a l l e l C o m p a r i s o n s .

75

This was n e c e s s a r y to d e t e r m i n e exac t ly which f e m a l e s wi thin both

g roups d i f f e r e d . The r e s u l t s of Tukey ' s T e s t of P a r a l l e l

C o m p a r i s o n s r e f l e c t e d that the s i gn i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s noted on

Hypothes i s One ex i s t ed be tween f e m a l e s in Group A without s ib l ings

a s c o m p a r e d to f e m a l e s in Group B without s ib l ings (Tukey ' s Value =

4 . 75893). F u r t h e r m o r e , f e m a l e s in Group B without s ib l ings d i f -

f e r e d s ign i f i can t ly f r o m f e m a l e s in Group B wi th s ib l ings (Tukey ' s

Value = 4 .53919) . The s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s noted be tween f e m a l e s

wi th in Group A and Group B on Hypothes i s T h r e e w e r e conf ined to

f e m a l e s in Group A s p a r e d s ib l ings and f e m a l e s in Group B s p a r e d

s ib l ings (Tukey ' s Value = 5. 77572). No o the r g roups d i f f e r e d

s ign i f i can t ly f r o m each o the r when T u k e y ' s T e s t of P a r a l l e l

C o m p a r i s o n s was employed f o r Hypothes i s T h r e e .

The s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s noted on Hypothes i s F o u r a l s o

w e r e confined to f e m a l e s in Group A s p a r e d s ib l ings c o m p a r e d to

f e m a l e s in Group B s p a r e d s ib l ings (Tukey ' s Value = 6 .09082) . In

addi t ion the T u k e y ' s t e s t r evea l ed tha t s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s ex i s ted

be tween f e m a l e s in Group B wi th s ib l ings as c o m p a r e d to f e m a l e s

in Group B without s ib l ings (Tukey ' s Value = 5. 80959). Among

m a l e s u b j e c t s c o m p r i s i n g both Group A and B wi th and without s i b -

l ings a one -way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e was computed . T h e s e data f o r

a l l ten hypo theses a r e p r e s e n t e d in Table III.

76

TABLE III

THE OUTCOME OF THE ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AMONG THE TOTAL NUMBER OF MALES WITHIN GROUP

A AND GROUP B ON EACH OF THE TEN HYPOTHESES (N = 120)

Sum of Squares

Degrees of

F r e e d o m

Var iance Es t ima te

F Level

P

Hypothesis I

Between 10. 5833 3 3. 5278 0. 1182 0. 9483 W ithin 1671.6000 56 29. 8500

Total 1682.1833 59

Hypothesis II

Between 122.5833 3 40 .8611 1.4748 0 .2301 W ithin 1551.6000 56 27. 7071

Tota l 1674.1833 59

Hypothesis III

Between 98.0000 3 32.6667 1.1664 0.3307 W ithin 1568.4000 56 28 .0071

Tota l 1666.4000 59

Hypothesis IV

Between 65.9333 3 21. 9778 0. 6170 0 .6107 W ithin 1994. 8000 56 35.6214

Total 2060. 7333 59

Hypothesis V

Between 48.4000 3 16.1333 0.4488 . 0 .7230 W ithin 2012.9333 56 35.9452

Tota l 2061.333 59

TABLE III (Cont'd)

77

Sum of Squares

Degrees of

F r e e d o m

Var iance E s t i m a t e

F Level

P

Hypothesis VI

Between 148.5333 3 49 .5111 1. 5479 0.2110 W ithin 1791.2000 56 31. 9857

Total 1939. 7333 59

Hypothesis VII

Between 216.1833 3 72.0611 1. 9767 0.1266 W ithin 2041.4667 56 36.4548'

Total 2257.6500 59

Hypothesis VIII

Between 146.1833 3 48. 7278 1.7076 0.1746 W ithin 1598.0000 56 28.5357

Tota l 1744.1833 59

Hypothesis IX

Between 25.2500 3 8.4167 0. 3393 0. 7994 W ithin 1388.9333 56 24.8024

Total 1414.1833 59

Hypothesis X

Between 82.1833 3 27. 3944 1.1791 0 .3258 W ithin 1301.0667 56 23.2333

Total 1383.2500 59

78

The computed F leve ls f o r a l l t en t e s t ed hypo theses a r e not

s ign i f i can t ly d i f f e r e n t . This means tha t when s u b j e c t s ex , and p o s s i -

ble s ib l ing in f luences w e r e combined in the to ta l n u m b e r of m a l e s in

Group A c o m p a r e d to m a l e s in Group B, no s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s

w e r e a s c e r t a i n e d .

The r e s u l t s of in i t i a l s t a t i s t i c a l f ind ings u t i l iz ing a two-way

a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e on a l l ten s t a ted hypo theses r e v e a l e d no s t a t i s -

t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s among a l l sub j ec t s within Group A and Group B on

Hypotheses One, Two, F o u r , F i v e , Six, E ight , Nine , and Ten a t the

(p . 05) l eve l . Hypotheses T h r e e and Seven w e r e a c c e p t e d ;

h o w e v e r , the f ind ings of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s be tween the mean

s c o r e s on Hypotheses T h r e e and Seven m u s t be i n t e r p r e t e d v e r y gen -

e r a l l y . This is n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e the s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s be tween

the m e a n s c o r e s on Hypotheses T h r e e and Seven m a y have been c o n -

founded by the s u b j e c t s ex and the p r e s e n c e or l ack of p r e s e n c e of

s ib l ings throughout the deve lopmen ta l y e a r s . The p r o s p e c t of this

p o s s i b i l i t y n e c e s s i t a t e d f u r t h e r s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g

be tween s u b j e c t s ex and p r e s e n c e of s ib l ings wi th in both G r o u p A and

Group B.

A m o r e r i g o r o u s a n a l y s i s of t he se f a c t o r s u t i l iz ing the one -

way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e r e v e a l e d that s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s be tween

the m e a n s c o r e s on each of the ten s t a t ed hypo theses be tween m a l e s

79

in both Groups A and Groups B w e r e n o n - e x i s t e n t . Howeve r ,

s t a t i s t i c a l s c r u t i n y among f e m a l e s in both g roups A and Group B

r e v e a l e d that s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s be tween the m e a n s c o r e s on

Hypo theses One, T h r e e , and F o u r ex i s t ed . The s ign i f i can t d i f f e r -

e n c e s be tween groups noted on these hypo theses w e r e c o n s i s t e n t

in r e v e a l i n g tha t s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s in m e a n s c o r e s ex i s t ed

a m o n g f e m a l e s u b j e c t s s p a r e d s ib l ings th roughout the d e v e l o p m e n t a l

y e a r s .

The f ind ing of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s be tween the g roup

m e a n s on Hypothes is One r e v e a l e d tha t f e m a l e s in Group A wi thout

s ib l ings s c o r e d s ign i f i can t ly h ighe r on the G e n e r a l Act iv i ty s c a l e of

the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Survey than did f e m a l e coun -

t e r p a r t s in Group B. The Manua 1 f o r the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n

T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey does not i n c o r p o r a t e c l i n i ca l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s

of the s c a l e s which m a y be ut i l ized f o r g roup i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . How-

e v e r , f o r the p u r p o s e of making i n f e r e n c e s f r o m individual i n t e r p r e -

ta t ions to g roup s i t ua t i ons , a s ign i f i can t ly h i g h e r s c o r e on any of the

ten s c a l e s obtained by a homogeneous g roup should be s u f f i c i e n t f o r

d e t e r m i n i n g p e r s o n a l i t y t r e n d s wi th in the g roup .

The f inding of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s on Hypothes i s One

be tween f e m a l e s s p a r e d s ib l ing r e l a t i o n s h i p s wi thin both Group A and

Group B tends to ind ica te tha t Group A f e m a l e s may be m o r e ac t ive in

80

o v e r a l l e n d e a v o r s . The Manual f o r the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n

T e m p e r a m e n t S u r v e y r e l a t e s that high s c o r e s on the G e n e r a l Ac t iv i ty

s c a l e i nd i ca t e s an e n e r g e t i c and e f f i c i en t ind iv idua l .

The f indings of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s on Hypothes i s T h r e e

ind ica te s that f e m a l e s s p a r e d s ib l ings wi th in Group A s c o r e d h ighe r

on the A s c e n d a n c e s ca l e of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

Su rvey . T h e s e s ign i f i can t ly h igher g roup s c o r e s may ind ica te that

a s a g r o u p f e m a l e s s p a r e d s ib l ings wi thin Group A tend to d i s p l a y

m o r e l e a d e r s h i p h a b i t s , be m o r e soc i a l ly a g g r e s s i v e , and d i sp l ay

m o r e adap t ive s o c i a l b e h a v i o r s than t he i r f e m a l e c o u n t e r p a r t s in

Group B.

The f inding of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s on Hypothes i s F o u r

be tween f e m a l e s s p a r e d s ib l ings in Group A c o m p a r e d to t he i r

f e m a l e c o u n t e r p a r t s in Group B tends to ind ica te that G r o u p A

f e m a l e s m a y be m o r e soc i a l l y a c t i v e . I n t e r p r e t e d f r o m a g r o u p

p e r s p e c t i v e , the Manua l of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

S u r v e y s u g g e s t s that high s c o r e s on the Soc iab i l i ty s c a l e m a y be

ind ica t ive of having m a n y f r i e n d s , s eek ing f r i e n d s , d e s i r i n g s o c i a l

ac t iv i ty , and being a t e a s e a round o t h e r s .

S ign i f i can t f indings on Hypo theses One, T h r e e and F o u r tend

to ind ica te a soc i ab i l i t y t r end which ind ica te s that f e m a l e s s p a r e d

s ib l ings in Group A m a y be s ign i f i can t ly m o r e soc i a l l y o r i en ted than

81

f e m a l e s s p a r e d s ib l ings in Group B. T h e s e f indings lend s u p p o r t

to the p ropos i t i on tha t individuals s p a r e d s ib l ing in f luences th roughout

the d e v e l o p m e n t a l p r o c e s s make b e t t e r a d j u s t m e n t s to p a r e n t a l

d e m a n d s and g e n e r a l l y make b e t t e r o v e r a l l a d j u s t m e n t s to s o c i a l l i fe

a t the adu l t l eve l (7). The poss ib le r e l a t i o n s h i p of s ib l ing d e p r i v a -

tion to i n c r e a s e d s o c i a l behav io r is f u r t h e r r e f l e c t e d in the s ign i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e s noted among f e m a l e s in Group B on both Hypotheses One

and F o u r .

I t was noted that when f e m a l e s s p a r e d s ib l ing in f luences

w e r e c o m p a r e d to f e m a l e s wi th s ib l ings in Group B, the s ign i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e s noted be tween Group A and Group B f e m a l e s w e r e c o n s i s -

tent f o r Hypotheses One and F o u r . The s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s noted

on Hypotheses One and F o u r pe r t a ined to i n t e r a c t i o n be tween f e m a l e s

in Group B. T h e s e s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s be tween f e m a l e s in

Group A and Group B, and be tween f e m a l e s in Group B a r e p r e s e n t e d

in Tab le IV.

82

TABLE IV

A ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE BETWEEN GROUP A AND GROUP B F E M A L E S WITH AND WITHOUT SIBLINGS AND

BETWEEN F E M A L E S WITH AND WITHOUT SIBLINGS COMPRISING GROUP B ON HYPOTHESES ONE,

T H R E E , AND FOUR (N = 60)

Hypotheses Mean S c o r e s

Hypothes i s I

Group A f e m a l e s without s ib l ings 19. 0667 G r o u p B f e m a l e s without s ib l ings . . . . . . . . 13 .2667

Group B f e m a l e s with s ib l ings 18 .0667

G r o u p B f e m a l e s wi thout s ib l ings . . . . . . . . 13 ,2667

Hypothes i s II

Group A wi thout s ib l ings 17 .2000

G r o u p B without s ib l ings 10. 9333

Hypothes i s IV

Group A without s ib l ings 20. 8000 Group B without s ib l ings 13. 8000 Group B with s ib l ings 19. 9333 Group B without s ib l ings 13. 8000

83

The f inding of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s be tween g roup m e a n s

among f e m a l e s in Group A c o m p a r e d to f e m a l e s in Group B on

Hypo theses One, T h r e e , and F o u r s u g g e s t s t ha t s ib l ing a b s e n c e m a y

i n c r e a s e or d e c r e a s e s o c i a l behav io r in c e r t a i n a r e a s of p e r s o n a l i t y

d e v e l o p m e n t . The s ign i f i can t f indings be tween Group A and G r o u p B

means on Hypotheses One, T h r e e , and F o u r , and the s i gn i f i can t

f ind ings be tween f e m a l e s in Group B, s u g g e s t s tha t f e m a l e s r e a r e d

wi thout s ib l ings in the m o r e t e m p e r a t e c l i m a t e s d i sp l ay m o r e soc i a l l y

adap t ive b e h a v i o r than f e m a l e s r e a r e d in p o l a r r e g i o n s .

T h e s e c o n t r a s t i n g s t a t i s t i c a l f indings noted e x c l u s i v e l y

among f e m a l e s in both g r o u p s , and be tween f e m a l e s in Group B,

p a r t i a l l y nega te the p robab i l i t y of p a r e n t a l f a c t o r s be ing r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r the d i f f e r e n c e s o b s e r v e d . The m o r e p r o b a b l e explana t ion would

be the s o c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s s u r r o u n d i n g Group A and B. It has been

p r e v i o u s l y s t a t ed tha t s u b j e c t s dep r ived of s ib l ing in f luences usua l ly

make b e t t e r s o c i a l a d j u s t m e n t s . The f ind ings be tween Group A and

Group B lend s u p p o r t to this p ropos i t i on .

Howeve r , i t should be noted that t h e s e s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s

only w e r e found in Group A f e m a l e s who w e r e s p a r e d s ib l ing in f lu -

ences wi th in the m o r e t e m p e r a t e g e o g r a p h i c a l r eg ions of the con t in -

en ta l United S t a t e s . It a l s o should be noted tha t the a b s e n c e of s i b -

l ings in Group B f e m a l e s p roduced a r e v e r s a l of the e f f e c t s of s ib l ing

84

dep r iva t i on . Notwi ths tanding the e f f e c t s of p a r e n t a l in f luences being

i m p o r t a n t v a r i a b l e s in the ch i l d ' s s o c i a l i z a t i o n p r o c e s s , the a v a i l a -

b i l i ty of s o c i a l avenues m a y be m o r e i m p o r t a n t f o r adequa te a d j u s t -

m e n t th roughout the d e v e l o p m e n t a l y e a r s .

Sub jec t s in the geograph ic r eg ions of the con t inen ta l United

S t a t e s have m o r e oppor tun i t i e s f o r s o c i a l con tac t s wi th t he i r p e e r s

due to m o r e a m e n a b l e c l i m a t i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s than s u b j e c t s in p o l a r

r e g i o n s . F r o m the s tandpoin t of p e r s o n a l i t y d e v e l o p m e n t and the

a c q u i s i t i o n of .adapt ive s o c i a l behav io r play ac t iv i ty wi thin p e e r

g roups a p p a r e n t l y is a n e c e s s a r y componen t . C o l e m a n (7, p. 64) r e l a t e s

tha t th rough p lay ac t i v i t i e s wi th in p e e r g roups the chi ld l e a r n s a p p r o -

p r i a t e s e x r o l e s , his r e l a t i on to his w o r l d , and a p p r o p r i a t e s o c i a l

b e h a v i o r s .

The ava i l ab i l i t y of avenues leading to e a r l y p lay a c t i v i t i e s

a r e abundant th roughout the con t inen ta l United S ta tes w h e r e c l i m a t i c

conditions a r e both p r e d i c t a b l e and c o m p a t i b l e . T h e r e f o r e , a chi ld

s p a r e d s ib l ings m a y c o m p e n s a t e f o r age m a t e s th rough p lay ac t iv i ty

th roughout the y e a r . The p ropos i t i on tha t individuals s p a r e d s ib l ing

e f f e c t s a r e m o r e we l l a d j u s t e d (7) p e r h a p s d e s e r v e s m e r i t . Howeve r ,

th is p ropos i t i on is s e e m i n g l y val id only wi th in the t e m p e r a t e r eg ions

of th is s o c i e t y .

85

The s ign i f i can t f indings noted on Hypo theses One, T h r e e ,

and F o u r be tween f e m a l e s in Group A and Group B a r e c o n t r a r y to

t hose f indings noted on Hypotheses One and F o u r in Group B. T h e s e

c o n t r a s t i n g f indings r e f l e c t that f e m a l e s r e a r e d in p o l a r r eg ions a r e

m o r e s o c i a l l y w i thd rawn if denied s ib l ing e f f e c t s th roughout the

d e v e l o p m e n t a l p r o c e s s . T h e s e f indings s u g g e s t tha t a need ex i s t s

among t he se individuals f o r s ibl ing e f f e c t to f o s t e r the acqu i s i t i on of

s o c i a l b e h a v i o r .

This hypothes i s is n e c e s s a r y due to the f a c t tha t within p o l a r

r eg ions f o r s ign i f i can t p e r i o d s of each y e a r the chi ld is p roh ib i t ed by

c l i m a t i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s f r o m engaging m a x i m u m amoun t s of p e e r

ac t iv i ty . P e e r ac t i v i t i e s a r e n o r m a l l y conducted outs ide the home

e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e r e f o r e , if p r eva i l i ng c i r c u m s t a n c e s p roh ib i t t he se

a c t i v i t i e s , s o c i a l dep r iva t ion may r e s u l t which m a y o f f e r a p laus ib le

explana t ion f o r the r e v e r s a l e f f e c t noted a m o n g f e m a l e s in G r o u p B

wi thout s ib l ings and the c o n s i s t e n c y of this e f f e c t th roughout a l l s i g -

n i f i c a n t h y p o t h e s e s .

In s u p p o r t of the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of f indings be tween Group A

and Group B, and the c o n t r a s t i n g f indings be tween f e m a l e s in G r o u p B

on Hypo theses One and F o u r . R e f e r e n c e is made to C o l e m a n (1,

p . 142), who r e l a t e s that if n o r m a l avenues f o r p e e r i n t e r a c t i o n s a r e

b locked , a l l f u t u r e s o c i a l behav io r may be p e r m a n e n t l y i m p a i r e d .

86

White (6, p. 179) and Muns inge r (3) lend t h e i r s u p p o r t to this

t heo ry and White f u r t h e r s t a t e s that many f a c t o r s including g e o g r a -

ph ica l loca t ion m a y r e d u c e the o c c u r r e n c e of p e e r i n t e r a c t i o n s .

The f a i l u r e to find s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s be tween m a l e s u b -

j e c t s c o m p r i s i n g Group A and Group B on any v a r i a b l e t e s t e d by

the ten hypo theses cannot be expla ined in c e r t a i n t e r m s . H o w e v e r , i t

is known tha t m a l e s a r e not r e s t r i c t e d to the home e n v i r o n m e n t due

to s o c i a l n e c e s s i t y . T h e r e f o r e , the ab i l i ty to engage in a wide

v a r i e t y of s o c i a l b e h a v i o r s f r o m a v e r y e a r l y age a t loca t ions o the r

than wi thin the home m a y expla in why no s ign i f i cance was no ted .

S u m m a r y

C h a p t e r IV has p r e s e n t e d the r e s u l t s of the B a r t l e t ' s T e s t

of Homogene i ty of V a r i a n c e f o r Group A and Group B, fo l lowing the

d e t e r m i n a t i o n tha t v a r i a n c e be tween Group A and G r o u p B w a s h o m o -

geneous . The two-way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e was employed to d e t e r -

mine if s i gn i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s ex i s t ed be tween the m e a n s c o r e s of

e a c h g roup on e a c h of the ten hypo theses t e s t e d . In i t ia l ly , s i g n i f i -

can t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e noted on Hypotheses T h r e e and Seven among

both g r o u p s . Howeve r , the T u k e y ' s T e s t of P a r a l l e l C o m p a r i s o n s

f a i l ed to s u p p o r t t he se d i f f e r e n c e s .

87

The one -way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e was employed to d i f f e r e n -

t i a t e be tween s u b j e c t s ex and s ib l ing e f f e c t s a m o n g s u b j e c t s in Group

A and Group B. The a n a l y s i s of t he se v a r i a b l e s r e f l e c t e d tha t s i g -

n i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s ex i s t ed f o r Hypotheses One, T h r e e and F o u r

be tween f e m a l e s wi th and without s ib l ings in G r o u p A and Group B.

In addi t ion s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e found be tween the m e a n s c o r e s

f o r Hypo theses One and F o u r among f e m a l e s in Group B.

The one-way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e was appl ied to the in i t i a l

f inding of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s be tween the m e a n s c o r e s on Hypothe-

s e s T h r e e and Seven. The r e s u l t s of this a n a l y s i s p rov ided no s t a -

t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s be tween any m e a n s c o r e on a l l ten hypo theses

t e s t e d f o r m a l e s with and without s ib l ings in Group A and Group B.

F i n a l l y , the r e s u l t s of Hypotheses One, T h r e e , and F o u r w e r e i n t e r -

p r e t e d on a g r o u p b a s i s f o r both Group A and Group B. The s i g n i f i -

can t d i f f e r e n c e s in m e a n s c o r e s on Hypotheses One and F o u r be tween

f e m a l e s wi th and without s ib l ings in G r o u p B w e r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d .

CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. C o l e m a n , J . C . , A b n o r m a l Psycho logy and Mode rn L i fe , 3 rd ed . , Ch icago , Scot t F o r e s m a n Company , 1964.

2 . Mendenha l l , W. , In t roduct ion to S t a t i s t i c s , Be lmon t , C a l i f o r n i a , W a d s w o r t h Pub l i sh ing Company , 1964.

3. M u n s i n g e r , H. , Readings in Child Deve lopment , New York , Holt R i n e h a r t and Wins ton , 1971.

4 . M u r r a y , S. , T a c t i c s of Sc ien t i f i c R e s e a r c h , 8th ed . , New York , B a s i c Books , I960.

5. R o s c o e , J . T . , F u n d a m e n t a l R e s e a r c h , New York , Holt R i n e h a r t and Wins ton , 1969.

6. Whi te , R . W . , The A b n o r m a l P e r s o n a l i t y , 2nd ed . , New York , The Ronald P r e s s , 1964.

7. Winkley , K. K. , J a c k s o n , O . A . , F a u s t , M. F . , M u r r a y , E . , and C e r m a k , J . , " E m o t i o n a l Reac t ions and Behav io r of Ch i ld r en in the Home , " J o u r n a l of P e d i a t r i c s , 38 ( June , 1951), 476 -481 .

88

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

S u m m a r y

The p r o b l e m of this s tudy was to d e t e r m i n e if c l i m a t i c c i r -

c u m s t a n c e s s ign i f i can t ly a f f e c t p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t . The p u r -

p o s e s of th is s tudy w e r e : (1) to d e t e r m i n e if s i gn i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s

in p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s e x i s t be tween co l lege s tuden t s r e a r e d wi th in

p o l a r r eg ions by p a r e n t s who w e r e r e a r e d within n o n - p o l a r r e g i o n s ,

a s c o m p a r e d to co l l ege s tuden t s r e a r e d within n o n - p o l a r r eg ions by

p a r e n t s who w e r e r e a r e d wi thin n o n - p o l a r r e g i o n s ; (2) to iden t i fy

the a r e a or a r e a s in which p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s d i f f e r among these ind i -

v idua l s ; and (3) to r e p o r t t hese d i f f e r e n c e s and t he i r s i gn i f i cance

to soc i e ty and our educa t iona l s y s t e m .

In o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e if c l i m a t i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s s i g n i f i -

cant ly a f f e c t e d p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t a t o t a l of 120 s u b j e c t s was

s e l e c t e d and divided into two groups of s ix ty e a c h . T h e s e s u b j e c t s

r e p r e s e n t e d a populat ion which e s s e n t i a l l y p a r a l l e l e d the iden t i ca l

soc i a l i z a t i on p r o c e s s wi thin two to ta l ly d i f f e r e n t geograph ic loca t ions

of this s o c i e t y . F i n a l s u b j e c t s e l ec t i on f o r both g roups was cont ingent

89

90

on t h e i r p a r e n t s ' being born and r e a r e d wi thin the geograph ic locat ions

of the cont inental United S t a t e s .

Hypothes i s One p r ed i c t ed tha t t h e r e would be a s ign i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e be tween the m e a n s c o r e s of Group A c o m p a r e d to Group B

on the G e n e r a l Ac t iv i ty s c a l e of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

S u r v e y . A t e s t of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e u t i l iz ing a two-way a n a l y s i s

of v a r i a n c e combin ing a l l g roup v a r i a b l e s r e v e a l e d no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f -

f e r e n c e a t the (p < . 05) l eve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e . Howeve r , a t e s t of

s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e ut i l iz ing a one -way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e to d e t e r -

mine if a s i gn i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e ex i s ted be tween the m e a n s c o r e s of

m a l e s and f e m a l e s , wi th and without s i b l i n g s , in both groups r e s u l t e d

in Hypothes i s One be ing accep ted a t the (p < . 05) l eve l of s i g n i f i -

cance f o r f e m a l e s only.

Hypo thes i s Two p r e d i c t e d that t h e r e would be a s ign i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e be tween the m e a n s c o r e s of Group A c o m p a r e d to G r o u p B

on the R e s t r a i n t s c a l e of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

Su rvey . A t e s t of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e u t i l iz ing a two-way a n a l y s i s

of v a r i a n c e combin ing a l l g roup v a r i a b l e s r e v e a l e d no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f -

f e r e n c e a t the (p < . 0 5 ) leve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e . The r e s u l t s of a one-

way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e on s ex and s ib l ing v a r i a b l e s wi th in both

groups f u r t h e r r evea l ed that no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e be tween the

m e a n s c o r e s of Group A and Group B was p r e s e n t a t the (p < . 05)

91

l eve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e .

Hypo thes i s T h r e e p r e d i c t e d tha t t h e r e would be a s i gn i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e be tween the m e a n s c o r e s of Group A c o m p a r e d to Group B

on the A s c e n d a n c e s c a l e of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

Su rvey . A t e s t of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e u t i l iz ing a two-way a n a l y s i s

of v a r i a n c e combin ing a l l g r o u p v a r i a b l e s in i t i a l ly r e s u l t e d in the

a c c e p t a n c e of Hypothes i s T h r e e a t the (p < . 05) l eve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e .

Howeve r , t h e s e s ign i f i can t f indings w e r e not subs t an t i a t ed when

Tukey ' s T e s t .of P a r a l l e l C o m p a r i s o n s was employed . A t e s t of s i g -

n i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e u t i l iz ing a one-way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e , to

d e t e r m i n e if a s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e ex i s t ed be tween the m e a n s c o r e s

of m a l e s and f e m a l e s , wi th and without s ib l ings in both g r o u p s ,

r e s u l t e d in Hypothes i s T h r e e being accep t ed a t the (p < . 05) l eve l

of s i gn i f i cance f o r f e m a l e s only.

Hypo thes i s F o u r p r e d i c t e d tha t t h e r e would be a s ign i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e be tween the m e a n s c o r e s of Group A c o m p a r e d to Group B

on the Soc iab i l i ty s c a l e of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

S u r v e y . A t e s t of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s u t i l iz ing a two-way a n a l y s i s

of v a r i a n c e combin ing a l l g roup v a r i a b l e s r e v e a l e d no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f -

f e r e n c e a t the (p < . 05 ) l eve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e . Howeve r , a t e s t of

s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e u t i l i z ing a one -way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e to

d e t e r m i n e if a s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e ex i s t ed be tween the m e a n s c o r e s

92

of m a l e s and f e m a l e s , with and without s ib l ings in both g r o u p s , r e s u l t e d

in Hypothes i s F o u r be ing accep ted a t the (p < . 05) l eve l of s i g n i f i -

c a n c e f o r f e m a l e s only.

Hypo thes i s F i v e p r e d i c t e d that t h e r e would be a s i gn i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e be tween the m e a n s c o r e s of Group A c o m p a r e d to Group B

on the E m o t i o n a l S tabi l i ty s c a l e of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n

T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey . A t e s t of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e u t i l iz ing a

two-way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e combin ing a l l g roup v a r i a b l e s r e v e a l e d

no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e a t the (p < . 05) l eve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e . The

r e s u l t s of a one -way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e on sex and s ib l ing v a r i a b l e s

wi th in both groups f u r t h e r r e v e a l e d tha t no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e

be tween the m e a n s c o r e s of Group A and Group B was p r e s e n t a t the

(p < . 05) l eve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e .

Hypo thes i s Six p r e d i c t e d tha t t h e r e would be a s ign i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e be tween the m e a n s c o r e s of Group A c o m p a r e d to G r o u p B

on the Objec t iv i ty s c a l e of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

S u r v e y . A t e s t of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e u t i l iz ing a two-way a n a l y s i s

of v a r i a n c e combin ing a l l g r o u p v a r i a b l e s r e v e a l e d no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f -

f e r e n c e a t the (p < . 05) leve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e . The r e s u l t s of a

one -way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e on s ex and s ib l ing v a r i a b l e s wi thin both

groups f u r t h e r r e v e a l e d that no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e be tween the

93

m e a n s c o r e s of Group A and Group B was p r e s e n t a t the (p < . 05 )

l eve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e .

Hypothes i s Seven p r ed i c t ed tha t t h e r e would be a s ign i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e be tween the m e a n s c o r e of Group A c o m p a r e d to Group B

on the F r i e n d l i n e s s s c a l e of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

Su rvey . A t e s t of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e ut i l iz ing a two-way a n a l y s i s

of v a r i a n c e combin ing a l l g roup v a r i a b l e s r e s u l t e d in the a c c e p t a n c e

of Hypothes i s Seven a t the (p < . 05) l eve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e . Howeve r ,

t hese s ign i f i can t f indings w e r e not subs t an t i a t ed when T u k e y ' s T e s t of

P a r a l l e l C o m p a r i s o n s was employed . The r e s u l t s of a one -way

a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e on s ex and s ib l ing v a r i a b l e s wi thin both g roups

f u r t h e r r e v e a l e d that no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s be tween the m e a n s c o r e s

be tween G r o u p A and Group B was p r e s e n t a t the (p < . 05) l eve l of

s i g n i f i c a n c e .

Hypothes i s Eight p r e d i c t e d tha t t h e r e would be a s ign i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e be tween the m e a n s c o r e s of Group A c o m p a r e d to Group B

on the Thought fu lness s c a l e of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

Su rvey . A t e s t of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e ut i l iz ing a two-way a n a l y s i s

of v a r i a n c e combin ing a l l g roup v a r i a b l e s r e v e a l e d no s t a t i s t i c a l

d i f f e r e n c e a t the (p < . 05) leve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e . The r e s u l t s of a

one -way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e on sex and s ib l ing v a r i a b l e s wi th in both

groups f u r t h e r r e v e a l e d that no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e be tween the

94

m e a n s c o r e s of Group A and Group B w a s p r e s e n t a t the (p < . 05)

l eve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e .

Hypo thes i s Nine p r e d i c t e d t h a t t h e r e would be a s ign i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e be tween the m e a n s c o r e s of Group A c o m p a r e d to G r o u p B

on the P e r s o n a l Re la t ions s c a l e of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n

T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey . A t e s t of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e u t i l iz ing a

two-way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e combin ing a l l g r o u p v a r i a b l e s r e v e a l e d

no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e a t the (p < . 05) l eve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e . The

r e s u l t s of a one -way a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e on sex and s ib l ing v a r i a b l e s

wi thin both g roups f u r t h e r r e v e a l e d that no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e

be tween the m e a n s c o r e s of Group A and G r o u p B was p r e s e n t a t the

(p < . 05) l eve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e .

Hypo thes i s Ten p r ed i c t ed that t h e r e would be a s i gn i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e be tween the m e a n s c o r e s of Group A c o m p a r e d to Group B

on the Mascu l in i ty s c a l e of the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t

S u r v e y . A t e s t of s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e u t i l i z ing a two-way a n a l y s i s

of v a r i a n c e combin ing a l l g roup v a r i a b l e s r e v e a l e d no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f -

f e r e n c e a t the (p < . 05 ) leve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e . The r e s u l t s of a one -

w a y a n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e on s ex and s ib l ing v a r i a b l e s wi th in both

g roups f u r t h e r r e v e a l e d that no s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e be tween the

m e a n s c o r e s of Group A and Group B was p r e s e n t a t the (p < . 05)

l eve l of s i g n i f i c a n c e .

95

Conc lus ions

The fol lowing conc lus ions w e r e d r awn b a s e d upon the f ind ings

in this s tudy :

1. Ma le s who w e r e r e a r e d in the con t inen ta l United S ta t e s

by p a r e n t s who w e r e r e a r e d wi thin the geograph ic locations of the

con t inen ta l United S t a t e s do not d i f f e r s ign i f i can t ly on e a c h of the ten

s c a l e s as m e a s u r e d by the Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t S u r v e y

f r o m m a l e s r e a r e d in p o l a r r eg ions by p a r e n t s who w e r e r e a r e d in the

con t inen ta l United S t a t e s .

2 . Ma les r e a r e d wi th or wi thout pos s ib l e s ib l ing in f luences

do not d i f f e r s ign i f i can t ly when bo rn and r a i s e d wi th in the con t inen ta l

United S ta tes or po l a r r eg ions as m e a s u r e d by the Gui l ford

Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey .

3. F e m a l e s b o r n and r a i s e d wi thout s ib l ings wi th in the c o n -

t inen ta l United S ta t e s may d i sp lay m o r e s o c i a l l y o r i en ted b e h a v i o r

than f e m a l e s without s ib l ings b o r n and r a i s e d wi thin po l a r r e g i o n s .

4 . Sibl ing in f luences a m o n g f e m a l e s b o r n and r a i s e d wi thin

the con t inen ta l United S ta tes may not s ign i f i can t ly a f f e c t o v e r a l l p e r -

sona l i ty a d j u s t m e n t .

5. F e m a l e s b o r n and r a i s e d wi th in p o l a r r e g i o n s , denied

s ib l ing i n f l uences , a r e m o r e soc i a l ly w i t h d r a w n than f e m a l e s who

have s ib l ings .

96

In addi t ion to the s ign i f i can t f ind ings exc lu s ive ly found

a m o n g f e m a l e s wi thin both Group A and Group B on Hypotheses One,

T h r e e , and F o u r , the c l i m a t i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s within p o l a r r eg ions

r e q u i r e c l a r i f i c a t i o n in r e s p e c t to the p o s s i b l e e f f e c t s of t h e s e

c i r c u m s t a n c e s on p e r s o n a l i t y deve lopmen t wi thin the f e m a l e . F o r -

tuna te ly , wi th in the con t inen ta l United S ta t e s du r ing the s e a s o n a l

w i n t e r months w e a t h e r condi t ions cons i s t i ng of e x t r e m e cold and n e a r

to ta l d a r k n e s s a r e n o n - e x i s t e n t . T h e r e f o r e , if the f e m a l e is s p a r e d

s ib l ings du r ing the e a r l y f o r m a t i v e y e a r s w h e r e the foundat ions of

p e r s o n a l i t y a r e be l ieved e s t a b l i s h e d , she can a t l e a s t engage in p e e r

r e l a t i o n s h i p s throughout a s ign i f i can t po r t ion of the y e a r .

This a l s o is t r u e of the male; howeve r , unde r any c i r c u m -

s t ance the f e m a l e ' s b e h a v i o r is s c r u t i n i z e d a t e v e r y m o m e n t f o r s o c i o -

log ica l p r o b l e m s involving h e r s a f e t y wi th in this soc i e ty . The r e s u l t

of this o r i en t a t ion m a y be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r no a p p a r e n t s ign i f i can t

d i f f e r e n c e s r e s u l t i n g be tween m a l e s in Group A and G r o u p B. The

under ly ing r a t i ona l e f o r th is p a r t i c u l a r conc lus ion is tha t ma le b e h a -

v io r is not a s highly s c r u t i n i z e d ; t h e r e f o r e , r e g a r d l e s s of the c l i m a t i c

c i r c u m s t a n c e s , m a l e s m a y s e e k out p e e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s unde r any c i r -

c u m s t a n c e .

H o w e v e r , f e m a l e s r e a r e d within p o l a r r eg ions by p a r e n t s

r e a r e d wi thin the con t inen ta l United S ta tes m a y be p roh ib i t ed f r o m

97

venturing outside the home environment to engage in pee r act ivi ty

during the long winter months of near total da rkness notwithstanding

the intense cold. If this is the case , it may be a plausible explana-

tion fo r the s ignif icant ly lower s c o r e s between the group means on

Hypotheses One, Th ree , and Four between the groups and consis tent ly

made by f ema le s without siblings in Group B.

Recommendat ions

Based on the r e s e a r c h findings and conclusions of this study

which sugges t that f ema le s born and r e a r e d within polar regions

without siblings display soc ia l wi thdrawal to a g r e a t e r degree than

do the i r coun te rpar t s in the more t empera t e locations of this socie ty ,

the following recommendat ions a r e made:

1. An extensive longitudinal study designed to a s s e s s fu l ly

the ef fec ts of polar region c i r cums tances on ch i ld ren ' s in te l lec tual

ab i l i t i es , the i r a t t i tudes toward school and the i r pa ren t s , and, if

p r e s e n t , the i r s ib l ings .

2. An extensive longitudinal study designed to a s s e s s ful ly

pa ren ta l a t t i tudes per ta ining to child r e a r i n g p r a c t i c e s , espec ia l ly

f ema le ch i ldren following relocation into polar regions .

3. Community par t ic ipat ion toward the development of day

c a r e cen t e r s f o r a l l chi ldren under the age of six y e a r s .

98

4. Development and implementat ion of p r o g r a m s within the

exis t ing educat ional fac i l i t ies in polar regions to provide extensive

opportunity for maximum socia l contact .

5. Funded p rog rams designed in such a manne r as to p r o -

vide knowledge to paren ts in r ega rd to the possible l o n g - t e r m e f fec t s

on the i r ch i ld ren ' s persona l i ty development possibly resul t ing f r o m

being r e s t r i c t e d to the home environment predominate ly during the

win ter months in polar reg ions .

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

THE GUILFORD ZIMMERMAN T E M P E R A M E N T SURVEY

I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of the F a c t o r s

G - G e n e r a l Ac t iv i ty

A high s c o r e ind ica tes s t r o n g d r i v e , e n e r g y , and ac t iv i ty . If coupled wi th the r i gh t kinds of o ther q u a l i t i e s , th is is good. If coupled wi th the w r o n g k inds , i t m a y be bad. High ac t iv i ty has the g e n e r a l e f f e c t of e x a g g e r a t i n g the a p p e a r a n c e of o ther q u a l i t i e s . In many w a y s , it m a y be r e g a r d e d a s a kind of c a t a l y z e r . If a n indiv idual is inc l ined to be d o m i n e e r i n g , h i s high s t a t u s on G wi l l m a k e h is d o m i n e e r i n g m o r e obvious and o v e r t . If he is high on T ( re f lec t ive ly inc l ined) , h i s high G s t a t u s should make his thought fu lness and planning m o r e e f f ec t i ve in o v e r t ac t ion . His high G s t a t u s should p r e v e n t his high T qual i ty f r o m becoming wi thd rawn , u s e l e s s , or fu t i l e ph i losophiz ing . A low G s t a t u s may i n t e n s i f y low S, low A, o r high F . A v e r y high G s c o r e m a y indica te manic b e h a v i o r , in which t h e r e is u sua l ly much r a n d o m b e h a v i o r and w a s t e d e f f o r t . A v e r y low G s c o r e , on the o ther hand , m a y r e p r e s e n t a hypothyroid condi t ion, a n e m i a , or o ther p h y s i -c a l c a u s e s of inac t iv i ty . In a young p e r s o n , this would thus ind ica te the pos s ib l e need f o r a m e d i c a l examina t i on .

R - R e s t r a i n t

The r e s u l t s show tha t the h a p p y - g o - l u c k y , c a r e f r e e , impu l s ive ind iv i -dua l (low s c o r e ) is not we l l su i ted to pos i t ions of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , such a s s u p e r v i s i o n . The o the r e x t r e m e , of the o v e r - r e s t r a i n e d , o v e r -s e r i o u s indiv idual is a l s o l e s s p r o m i s i n g , though the op t ima l pos i t ion f o r a s c o r e of th is t r a i t i s on the l a t t e r s ide of the a v e r a g e . It is p o s s i b l e tha t a g r e a t d e a l of r e s t r a i n t coupled wi th a v e r y high s c o r e on G (act ivi ty) would m e a n i n t e r n a l conf l i c t and consequen t d a n g e r to m e n t a l hea l th . It i s a l s o pos s ib l e t h a t too much r e s t r a i n t c o m -bined wi th a low G s c o r e would m e a n v e r y low output.

101

102

A - A s c e n d a n c e

It would s e e m tha t C s c o r e s below 6 ( ce r t a in ly those below 5) should be avoided in s e l ec t i ng f o r e m e n and s u p e r v i s o r s . This would depend, h o w e v e r , s o m e w h a t upon the p a r t i c u l a r a s s i g n m e n t and the p e r s o n n e l to be s u p e r v i s e d . A s c e n d a n c e is a r e l a t i v e m a t t e r , and the need f o r i t v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g to the p e r s cnal i t ies of those to be s u p e r v i s e d and the ex ten t of f a c e - t o - f a c e con tac t s r e q u i r e d . Too high a s c o r e in A migh t b e c o m e un favorab le if coupled wi th a low s c o r e on F ( a g r e e a b l e n e s s ) . In such a p e r s o n , t h e r e m a y be a t endency to r i de rough - shod over o t h e r s . It is i m p o r t a n t tha t a v e r y high A s c o r e be ba lanced wi th f a v o r a b l e s c o r e s on T, R, M, and F .

S - Soc iab i l i ty

This s c o r e should be u s e f u l in voca t iona l and p e r s o n n e l counse l ing w h e r e v e r the t r a i t of s o c i a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n is a c o n s i d e r a t i o n . The high and low s c o r e s ind ica te the c o n t r a s t be tween the p e r s o n who i s a t e a s e wi th o thers , en joys t he i r company and r e a d i l y e s t a b l i s h e s i n t i m a t e r a p p o r t , v e r s u s the wi thdrawn, r e s e r v e d p e r s o n who is h a r d to get to know. The r e l a t i on of this s c o r e to the r a t i ngs of s u p e r v i -s o r y p e r f o r m a n c e i s so v e r y low tha t by i t se l f i t i s of l i t t le va lue in this connec t ion . If the f ie ld of s e l ec t i on w e r e n a r r o w e d to two c a n -d ida te s who w e r e o t h e r w i s e a p p a r e n t l y of equa l p r o m i s e , the one wi th the h ighe r C s c o r e on S ( e spec ia l ly if one is 5 or above and the o the r is below 5) might be chosen . Re la t ive ly m o r e a t t en t ion migh t be paid to this t r a i t s c o r e if the p a r t i c u l a r a s s i g n m e n t ca l l s f o r a s o c i a b l e , ou t -go ing , c o r d i a l individual . T h e s e c o m m e n t s about S may we l l be g e n e r a l i z e d to apply by ana logy in a c o r r e s p o n d i n g m a n n e r to o the r t r a i t s w h e r e va l id i t i e s a r e qui te low.

E - E m o t i o n a l S tab i l i ty

A high s c o r e ind ica te s o p t i m i s m and c h e e r f u l n e s s , on the one hand, and e m o t i o n a l s t ab i l i t y on the o t h e r . A s c o r e h e r e tha t is v e r y high, h o w e v e r , if coupled wi th a low G s c o r e , m a y ind ica te a s lugg i sh , p h l e g m a t i c , or l azy individual . A v e r y low s c o r e i s a s ign of poor m e n t a l hea l th in g e n e r a l ; in o ther w o r d s , a n e u r o t i c t endency .

103

O - Ob jec t iv i ty

High s c o r e s m e a n l e s s e g o i s m ; low s c o r e s m e a n touch iness o r h y p e r -s e n s i t i v i t y . It would a p p e a r that a p e r s o n could be too objec t ive f o r e f f ec t ive p e r f o r m a n c e , a s we l l a s too s u b j e c t i v e . A too high s c o r e might m e a n that the p e r s o n is s o i n s e n s i t i v e h imse l f tha t he cannot a p p r e c i a t e the o ther f e l l o w ' s poss ib l e s e n s i t i v e n e s s ; he may , c o n s e -quent ly , h u r t the o ther fe l low unwit t ingly. A high O s c o r e should be ba lanced by a high T s c o r e . Al though such a p e r s o n m a y not f e e l s y m p a t h e t i c wi th the o ther fe l low, he can be a su f f i c i en t ly good o b s e r v e r to know the r i gh t thing to do and s a y in p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n -s h i p s . If low on A or G or F a s we l l a s on O, the p e r s o n may s u f f e r in s i l e n c e . If low on O and F and high on A and G, t h e r e is l ikely to be t r o u b l e .

F - F r i e n d l i n e s s

A high s c o r e m a y m e a n lack of f ight ing t endenc ie s to the point of p a c i f i s m , or i t may m e a n a hea l thy , r e a l i s t i c handl ing of f r u s t r a t i o n s and i n j u r i e s . It may a l s o m e a n an u r g e to p l e a s e o t h e r s : a d e s i r e to be l iked. A low s c o r e m e a n s hos t i l i ty in one f o r m or a n o t h e r . At b e s t , i t m e a n s a f ight ing a t t i tude . If kept unde r good c o n t r o l , in many s i tua t ions this can be a f a v o r a b l e qua l i ty . Many of the h i g h e r -rank ing execu t ives who a r e r e g a r d e d as s u c c e s s f u l may have a be low-a v e r a g e F s c o r e . They m a y not a lways be the m o s t p l e a s a n t p e r s o n s to w o r k wi th , but t h e r e a r e occas ions when they can cap i t a l i z e upon th is d i spos i t i on . I t i s l ike ly tha t in pos i t ions w h e r e a s u p e r v i s o r m u s t " b a t t l e " f o r the w e l f a r e of his g roup , a too s t r o n g t endency toward a g r e e a b l e n e s s would be l e s s su i t ab le than a good f ight ing s p i r i t . Among the l o w - s c o r i n g indiv iduals on F a r e those who l ike to domina t e f o r the s a t i s f a c t i o n i t g ives o r f o r i t s c o m p e n s a t o r y va lue . In pos i t ions of a u t h o r i t y , t he se p e r s o n s a r e l ike ly to s t i m u l a t e f r i c -t ion, f e a r , and low m o r a l e in t he i r a s s o c i a t e s and a m o n g t h e i r s u p e r -v i s e e s .

T - Though t fu lness

Men who sca re on the i n t r o v e r t or thoughtfu l s ide of th is t r a i t have a s m a l l but d i s t i nc t advantage in s u p e r v i s o r y pos i t ions over the man who s c o r e s on the e x t r a v e r t s i de . The r e a s o n is that the e x t r a v e r t of th is type is so busy i n t e r a c t i n g wi th his s o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t tha t he is a poor o b s e r v e r of people and of h i m s e l f . He is p robab ly not sub t le and may be lacking in t ac t . He d i s l i ke s r e f l e c t i o n and planning.

104

P - P e r s o n a l Re la t ions

Of a l l the s c o r e s , th is one has c o n s i s t e n t l y c o r r e l a t e d h ighes t wi th a l l c r i t e r i a involving human r e l a t i o n s . It s e e m s to r e p r e s e n t the c o r e of "ge t t ing along wi th o t h e r s " whe the r of the s a m e or on a d i f f e r e n t l eve l of o rgan i za t i ona l h i e r a r c h y . A high s c o r e m e a n s t o l e r a n c e and unde r s t and ing of o ther people and t h e i r human w e a k -n e s s e s . A low s c o r e ind ica te s f au l t - f i nd ing and c r i t i c a l n e s s of o the r people and of ins t i tu t ions g e n e r a l l y . The l o w - s c o r i n g p e r s o n is not l ike ly to "ge t a long wi th o t h e r s . " So pos i t ive is the indica t ion that i t would s e e m to be a good ru l e not to appoin t anyone to a s u p e r v i s o r y pos i t ion who has a C s c o r e below 6. This r e c o m m e n d a t i o n has been m a d e f r o m the f i r s t , and t h e r e has been l i t t le r e a s o n to change i t . Above a s c o r e of 5, i t would s e e m that the h ighe r the P s c o r e the b e t t e r , even to one of 9 and poss ib ly 10, o ther things be ing equa l .

M - Mascu l in i ty

On the pos i t ive s ide , a high raw s c o r e in this t r a i t m e a n s tha t the p e r s o n behaves in ways c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of men and tha t he is l ike ly t h e r e f o r e to be b e t t e r unde r s tood by m e n and to be m o r e a c c e p t a b l e to t h e m . If the M s c o r e is v e r y high, i t m a y m e a n that the p e r s o n is s o m e w h a t unsympa the t i c and ca l l ous . He m a y , on the o the r hand, be a t t emp t ing to c o m p e n s a t e f o r s o m e f e m i n i n e t endenc ie s o r f o r f ee l i ngs of w e a k n e s s in t r a i t s o ther than M. The b e s t s u p e r -v i s o r s a r e p robab ly those who have t h e i r genuine m a s c u l i n e t e n d e n -c i e s t e m p e r e d wi th r e f i n e m e n t s and wi th j u s t enough " m o t h e r l y " a t t r i b u t e s to give t h e m fee l ings of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y toward those in t h e i r c h a r g e . Women who s c o r e toward the m a s c u l i n e end of this d i m e n s i o n m a y have had m a s c u l i n i z i n g e x p e r i e n c e s th rough long a s s o -c ia t ion wi th the opposi te sex or they m a y be r e b e l l i n g a g a i n s t the f e m a l e ro l e and a t t emp t ing to p lay the m a l e r o l e .

APPENDIX B

I

106

»* ;. f; ' -"•' :v/ - ; u -, , "A. i i it - . W

Member; ' --v '•*;K ^ ^

U. S. Chamber of Commerce 'f Alaska State Chamber of Commerce *

Pacific Northwest Trade Ass'ri. ^J National Better Business Bureau

550 First Avenue

s-r. FA ! R B A N !< 3

A L A S K A 3 9 7 0 1 ?

June 17, 1971

Mr. John W. Pope Counseling Center Box 13487, NTSU Sta. -Denton, Texas 76203

Dear Mr. Pope:

Thank you for your letter of June 2. I am sorry that we couldn't get an answer to you by the 5th of june, but our office is very busy during the summer months.

During the winter months, the schools in the area provide activities for the children. You may contact the North Star Borough School District for more information concerning this.

The community do.es not provide activities for the pre-school age children; however, the nursery schools and private pre-schools provide activities for the children. Again, the school district would be able to help you with this.

'Whether or not small children are let out of doors during the winter depends entirely upon the parents and the temperature outside. The temperatures aren't always "intensely" cold; there are times you can participate in outdoor sports and the children can get outside.

I'm regrettful that this is all the information we have. I hope the school district will be able to furnish you with more infor-mation.

(I O yfljuoc o > ( a m a ^

/ja /Janet Standard Secretary

r i C E O f S T U D E N T AFFAIRS C O U N S E L I N G O F F I C E

107

U N I V E R S I T Y O F A L A S K A

C O L L E G E , A L A S K A 9 9 7 0 1

May 19, 1971

Dr. A. M. Conekin University Counseling Center North Texas State University Denton, Texas 76203

Dear Dr. Conekin;

Enclosed is a "To Whom It May Concern" letter giving Mr. John Pope permission to utilize students in Psychology 101 classes as subjects for his proposed research topic.

Hope it meets with your needs.

Sincere^

Kenneth K. Martin, Head, .Counseling Center

KKM/am

Encl.

FiCE OF STUDENT AFFAIRS COUNSELING OFFICE

108

U N I V E R S I T Y OF A L A S K A COLLEGE, A L A S K A 9 9 7 0 1

May 19, 1971

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:

Mr. John Pope has permission to utilize students in Psychology 101 classes as subjects for his proposed research topic during Fall Semester of the 1971-72 school year at the University of Alaska.

It is understood that this permission is contingent on his adhering to APA standards relating to the use of students in research and the APA standards of testing.

-**̂1—. //" R.' D. Brummett, Asst. Professor, Psychology

R. yG. Possenti, Asst. .Professor, Psychology

KKM/am

Kenneth K. /MalrKLn, " ' Head, Counseling Center

) n f r p T , t u K y

B E P A S O ' M I E O T © F m i l i A I . T S a AI^flD WEILIRM5JE

-offics m . m w w m w i x a

DIVISION OF ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

109

WILLIAM A. EGAN, Covernor

Statistics Section POUCH H-JUHEAU S9801

March 24, 1971

Mr. John W. Pope P. 0. Box 13487 North Texas State University Denton, Texas 76203

Dear Mr. Pope:

Information concerning distribution of immigrants to Alaska by state of origin does not exist. Indeed, the total number of permanent migrants must be inferred from births, deaths, and estimated population. A graph of approximate computations on this basis is enclosed. Persons entering central Alaska by car or private plane are counted by the customs station at Tok, but those entering by airline or stepping in southeast Alaska are not counted, nor are persons leaving.

The census of 1970 counted 302,173 persons in the State. Esti-mates of population in 1980 and 1990 are 375,000 and 450,000, respectively. These are quite uncertain, since population growth will depend upon growth of industry rather than effects of historical factors. Under certain circumstances, there could even be a decrease, as between 1955 and 1960 on the graph. Under other circumstances, the population in 1990 could be as much as 50% higher th'an the most probable estimate.

Detailed information about migrants to Alaska has interest for a considerable number of researchers and agencies, but so far its cost cannot be justified. Unless someone finds funds to mount a comprehensive survey by interview, no more data than those gi.ven are likely to be available.

Sincerely,

Samuel S. West Chief, Research and Statistics

SSW:jv

Enclosure

APPENDIX C

SELECTION QUESTIONNAIRE

GROUP A

I n s t r u c t i o n s : You a r e a sked to comple t e the fol lowing ques t ions by i n s e r t i n g a c h e c k m a r k in the a p p r o p r i a t e s p a c e as the ques t ion r e l a t e s to you.

1. R a c e : C a u c a s i a n N e g r o E s k i m o A l u t e Othe r

2 . W e r e you bo rn or r e a r e d wi thin p o l a r r e g i o n s ? (Alaska) Yes No

3. Have you e v e r l ived wi th in po l a r r eg ions (Alaska) f o r a pe r iod of fou r consecu t ive months or l onge r? Yes No

4 . W e r e your p a r e n t s bo rn and r e a r e d wi th in p o l a r r e g i o n s ? (Alaska) Yes No

5. Unti l your e igh teen th b i r t hday , w e r e you under the in f luence of both p a r e n t s wi thin your home? Yes No

6. Do you have any phys io log ica l hand icaps such a s loss of s igh t , h e a r i n g , or l imb? Yes No

7. Do you have any b r o t h e r s o r s i s t e r s , h a l f - b r o t h e r s o r s i s t e r s , adopted b r o t h e r s o r s i s t e r s ? Yes No

If y e s , did they l ive in the s a m e house? Yes No

8. W e r e you bo rn in any of the fo l lowing y e a r s ? 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 Yes No

If y e s , p l e a s e c i r c l e the y e a r of your b i r t h .

112

APPENDIX D

SELECTION QUESTIONNAIRE

GROUP B

I n s t r u c t i o n s : You a r e a sked to comple t e the fol lowing ques t ions by i n s e r t i n g a check m a r k in the a p p r o p r i a t e space in the ques t ions as they r e l a t e to you.

1. R a c e : C a u c a s i a n N e g r o E s k i m o Alute O the r

2 . W e r e you b o r n and r e a r e d within po la r r e g i o n s ? (Alaska) Yes No _

3. Have you e v e r l ived within the con t inen ta l United S ta tes f o r a pe r iod of f o u r consecu t ive months or l onge r? Yes No _

4 . W e r e e i t h e r of your p a r e n t s b o r n and r e a r e d wi thin p o l a r r eg ions (Alaska)? Yes No _

5. Until your e igh teen th b i r t h d a y , w e r e you under the in f luence of both p a r e n t s wi thin your h o m e ? Yes No _

6. Do you have any phys io log ica l hand icaps such a s loss of s igh t , h e a r i n g , or l imb? Yes No

7. Do you have any b r o t h e r s or s i s t e r s , h a l f - b r o t h e r s o r s i s t e r s , adopted b r o t h e r s .or s i s t e r s ? Yes No

If y e s , did they live in the s a m e home? Yes No

8. W e r e you b o r n in any of the fol lowing y e a r s ? 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 Yes No

If y e s , c i r c l e the y e a r of your b i r t h .

114

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, The Sociology of the Chi ld , 3rd ed. , New York , H a r p e r and Row, I960.

B u r o s , O . K . , The F i f t h Menta l M e a s u r e m e n t s Yea rbook , Highland P a r k , New J e r s e y , The Gryphon P r e s s , 1961.

, The Sixth Men ta l M e a s u r e m e n t s Yea rbook , Highland P a r k , New J e r s e y , The Gryphon P r e s s , 1961.

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Dean , M a j o r G e n e r a l , W . F . , G e n e r a l D e a n ' s S to ry , New York , The Viking P r e s s , 1954.

Gel fand , D. M. , Soc ia l L e a r n i n g in Chi ldhood, Be lmon t , C a l i f o r n i a , B rooks / Cole Pub l i sh ing Company , 1969.

Gui l fo rd , G. P . , and Z i m m e r m a n , W . S . , The Gui l ford Z i m m e r m a n T e m p e r a m e n t Su rvey , Manua l of I n s t r u c t i o n s and I n t e r p r e -t a t i ons , B e v e r l y H i l l s , C a l i f o r n i a , S h e r i d a n Supply Corrtpany, 1949, pp. 1 - 1 2 .

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Horwa th , D. , We Die Alone , New York , MacMi l l an and Company , 1955.

H u n t e r , E . , B ra inwash ing in Red China , New York , The Vanguard P r e s s and Company , 1953.

Hur lock , E . B . , Child Deve lopment , 4th ed . , San F r a n c i s c o , McGraw-Hil l Book Company , 1964.

L indqu i s t , E . F . , Des ign and A n a l y s i s of E x p e r i m e n t s in Psycho logy and Educa t ion , C a m b r i d g e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s , Houghton Mif f l in Co. , 1953.

Mendenha l l , W. , In t roduct ion to S t a t i s t i c s , Be lmon t , C a l i f o r n i a , W a d s w o r t h Pub l i sh ing Company , 1964.

Munn, N. L. , The Evolut ion and Growth of Human B e h a v i o r , Bos ton , Houghton Miff l in Company , 1955. •

M u n s i n g e r , H. , Readings in Child Deve lopmen t , New York , Holt R i n e h a r t and Wins ton , 1971.

M u r r a y , S. , T a c t i c s of Sc ien t i f i c R e s e a r c h , 8th ed . , New York , B a s i c Books , I960.

M u s s e n , P . H . , The P s y c h o l o g i c a l Deve lopment of the Chi ld , New J e r s e y , P r e n t i c e - H a l l , Inc . , 1963.

M u s s e n , P . H . , Conge r , J . J . , and Kagan , J . , Child Deve lopment and P e r s o n a l i t y , 2nd ed. , New York , H a r p e r and Row, 1963.

R i t t e r , C. , A Woman in the P o l a r Night , New York , The C e n t u r y Company , 1900. „ r

R o s c o e , J . T . , F u n d a m e n t a l R e s e a r c h , New York , Holt R i n e h a r t and Wins ton , 1969.

R o s e n , E . , and Ian,- G. , A b n o r m a l Psycho logy , Ph i l ade lph ia , W. B. S a u n d e r s Company , 1965.

S a n f o r d , F . H . , and Wr igh t s man , L . S . , P sycho logy , A Sc ien t i f i c Study of Man, 3rd ed . , Be lmon t , C a l i f o r n i a , B r o o k s / Cole P u b l i s h i n g Company , 1970.

117

S c h a c h t e r , S . , T h e P s y c h o l o g y of A f f i l i a t i o n , S t a n f o r d , S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1959.

S l o c u m , C a p t a i n J o s h u a , S a i l i n g A lone A r o u n d the W o r l d , New Y o r k , T h e C e n t u r y C o m p a n y , 1900.

S m i t h , H. C . , P e r s o n a l i t y D e v e l o p m e n t , New Y o r k , M c G r a w - H i l l P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y , 1913.

W a l t e r , W . G . , The L iv ing B r a i n , New Y o r k , N o r t o n P r e s s , 1955.

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Magaz ines

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