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CELLS AND CELL CELLS AND CELL THEORYTHEORY
© J Beauchemin 2006
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS….(A REVIEW)
are made up of cells (organization).
respond to the environment. have the ability to reproduce. move. grow and develop. perform metabolic processes.
ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OFCELLS….
The cell is the smallest unit of a living thing.
If an organism is unicellular, all functions of life happen within that one cell.
If an organism is multicellular, different cells have different jobs and they all work together.
CELL THEORY- HOW IT CAME ABOUT
1660’s – Robert Hooke discovered the cell He looked at cork under the microscope
(30x) He noticed little compartments, which he named after the little rooms that monks lived in…”Cells”
1670’s – Anton von Leeuwenhoek described
microorganisms in pond water He looked at pond water under the microscope
(300x) He noticed that the water was full of moving
living things
CELL THEORYWith the invention of the microscope
and the contributions of many scientists, a very important question
was answered in the1850’s.
The question was:
Where do cells come from?
CELL THEORYThere are three concepts to the
cell theory…
1. Every living thing is made up of one or more cells.
2. Cells carry out the functions needed to support life.
3. Cells come only from other living cells.
CELLS AND CELLS AND ORGANELLESORGANELLES
© J Beauchemin 2006
CELL ORGANELLESOrganelle= “little
organ”
Found only inside eukaryotic cells
CELL MEMBRANE Boundary of the cell Made of a phospholipid bilayer- fatty, porous, made also of phosphorus
BAG-CELL:ziploc
NUCLEUSControl center of
the cellContains DNASurrounded by a
double membraneUsually the
easiest organelle to see under a microscope
BAG CELL: CHESNUT
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM A.k.a. “ER” Highway of the cell Rough ER: studded
with ribosomes; it makes proteins
Smooth ER: no ribosomes; it makes lipids (fats)
BAG CELL: RAMAN NOODLES
RIBOSOMEWhere protein is
madeFound attached
to rough ER or floating free
Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
GOLGI APPARATUS(BODY)
Looks like a stack of plates or ribbon candy
Stores and packages proteins
Molecules transported to and from the Golgi by vesicles
BAG CELL: RIBBONCANDY
VESICLESBud off from the
Golgi bodies
Hold and then move the protein molecule
BAG CELL: ENVELOPE
LYSOSOMES Garbage
disposal (or recycling) of the cell
Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
BAG CELL: SKITTLES
MITOCHONDRIA“Powerhouse of
the cell”Cellular
respiration occurs here to release energy for the cell to use
BAG CELL: CASHEW NUT
CYTOPLASMGel-like material
in a cell where all the organelles are
Supports the organelles
Gives cell shape
BAG CELL: OIL OR JELLO
PLANT CELLSPLANT CELLS
© J Beauchemin 2006
CELL WALL Found in plant and
bacterial cells Rigid, protective
barrier Located outside of
the cell membrane Made of cellulose
(fiber) BAG CELL: PAPER
BAG
CHLOROPLAST Found only in plant
cells Contains the green
pigment chlorophyll
Site of food (glucose) production
BAG CELL: GREEN SKITTLES
VACUOLES Large central
vacuole usually in plant cells
Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc
BAG CELL: WATER BALLOON
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE VACUOLE WHEN A PLANT
DOESN’T GET ENOUGH WATER?
22
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANT SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANT CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLSCELLS AND ANIMAL CELLS
Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
23
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLSCELLS AND ANIMAL CELLS
Animal cells Plant cells
Relatively smaller in size
Irregular shape
No cell wall
Relatively larger in size
Regular shape
Cell wall present
24Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or absent
Glycogen as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Large central vacuole
Starch as food storage
Nucleus near cell wall
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT CELLS DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLSAND ANIMAL CELLS
QUICK REVIEW Which organelle is the control center of the
cell? Nucleus
Which organelle holds the cell together?Cell membrane
Which organelles are not found in animal cells?Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
Which organelle helps plant cells make food?Chloroplasts
What does E.R. stand for?Endoplasmic reticulum