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CONSTIPATIONPassage of feces through the lower
GI tract is slow or nonexistentMay be caused by - ignoring the defecation urge - environmental changes - low residue diet - decreased physical activity - emotional stress - eating constipating foods - constipating drugs - misuse of laxatives - low fluid intake
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LAXATIVES
Facilitate the passing of fecal material from the colon and rectum
Reasons for use - test preparation - reduce strain of defecation - parasitic infections - poison removal - constipation 3
LAXATIVES
Use is widespreadOveruse can be an issue
especially in the elderlyOccasional constipation may be
normalLaxative dependence can occurProlonged use can lead to - fluid and electrolyte loss - malnutrition - liver disease
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LAXATIVE CLASSIFICATIONS
StimulantSalineBulk-formingLubricant
Stool softenersSuppositories
LactuloseEnemas 5
STIMULANT LAXATIVES
ActionChemical irritation
Increase motility of the GI tract
Increase secretion of water into large and small intestineExample: bisacodyl
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SALINE LAXATIVES
Increase osmotic pressure within the intestinal tractCause more water to enter the intestines
Result in: Bowel distention, increased peristalsis, and evacuation
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SALINE LAXATIVES
Contain saltUnpleasant tasteSystemically absorbedResult in:
Poor client complianceRisk for dehydration Risk for congestive heart failure 8
BULK-FORMING LAXATIVES
Safest formAbsorbs water to increase bulk
Distends bowel to initiate reflex bowel activityNot systemically absorbed
High fiber 9
BULK-FORMING LAXATIVES
Natural or semisyntheticExamples: psyllium hydrophilic muciloid (Metamucil), methylcellulose (Citrucel), and polycarbophil (Fibercon)
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BULK-FORMING LAXATIVES
Must be followed with a large amount of fluidIf chewed or taken in dry powder form, these agents can cause esophageal obstruction and/or fecal impaction.
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LUBRICANT LAXATIVES
Oils lubricate the fecal material and intestinal walls, thereby promoting fecal passage:Prevent fat-soluble vitamins from
being absorbedPopular lubricant
Mineral oilOften made from petroleum products
Not digested or absorbed12
STOOL SOFTENERS
Detergent-like drugs:Permit mixing of fats and fluids with the fecal mass
Stool becomes softer and is passed much easier
Takes several days to workExample: docusate salts (Colace and Surfak) 13
SUPPOSITORIES Available containing stimulant drugsGlycerin
Absorbs water from tissues, creating more mass
Bisacodyl Induces peristaltic contraction by direct stimulation of sensory nerves
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LACTULOSE LAXATIVES
Two monosaccharides that are not digested or absorbed
Digested in the colon by bacteria to form acids substancesAcid substances cause water to be drawn into the colon 16
GOLYTELY
Polyethylene glycol (electrolyte solution and salt)Must consume 4 liters within 3 hours
Causes a large volume of water to be retained in the colon
Acts within one hourProduces a diarrheal state
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ENEMAS
HyperosmoticsSolution contain salts (e.g., Fleet enema) Administered rectally and cause a laxative effect by osmotically drawing fluid into the colon to initiate defecation 18
LONG-TERM USE
Long-term use of laxatives often results in decreased bowel tone and may lead to dependency.
EncourageA healthy, high-fiber dietIncreased fluid intake
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NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
Assess bowel patternsEncourage fluids for patients taking laxatives
The elderly, children, and patients with electrolyte imbalances should not take saline laxatives
Bulk laxatives can take days to be effective
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NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
Educate patients that laxatives can be habit-forming
Teach patients proper technique for self-administration of suppositories and enemas
Some laxatives should not be used for longer than 1 week
Use in infants and debilitated patients should be directed by their provider 21
DIARRHEA
Abnormally frequent passage of watery stools
Failure of the small and large colon to adequately absorb fluid from the intestinal contents
A symptom of an underlying disorder
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DIARRHEA
Patients with chronic or severe acute diarrhea must be diagnosed before treatment
Untreated diarrhea can lead to dehydration and malnutrition
Therapy is aimed at reducing GI motility, remove irritants, or replace normal bacterial flora
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ADSORBENTS
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Most commonly used Claylike materials administered in a
tablet or liquid suspension form after each loose bowel movement
Bind to the causative bacteria or toxin, and are eliminated through the stool
Little scientific proof that they work– Examples: kaolin-pectin, attapulgite
(Kaopectate)
DRUGS THAT REDUCE GI MOTILITY
Opiate derivatives - reduce propulsive movement of the small
intestine and colon - dependence with prolonged use - depression of the CNS
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DRUGS THAT REDUCE GI MOTILITY
Anticholinergic drugs - reduce intestinal motility - potential dangerous side effects – limits
usefulness
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ANTIDIARRHEALS
Loperamide HCl (Imodium)Made from chemicals related to meperidine, a narcotic
Diphenoxylate HCl and atropine sulfate (Lomotil)Narcotic and anticholinergic drugReduces GI motility 27
ANTICHOLINERGICS
Decrease intestinal muscle tone and peristalsis of GI tract
Result: slows the movement of fecal matter through the GI tractExample: belladonna alkaloids (Donnatal)
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NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
Monitor fluid intake and outputMonitor body weight in infantsMonitor for CNS depressionAdsorbents should not be administered with other drugs
Lactobacillus must be refrigerated
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NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
Adults with fever, dehydration, or persistent diarrhea should contact provider
Infants and young children need sooner evaluation
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