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Increasing

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CD -~-4v pound fJJl ~-pound c~o-f- ~(l IIV CIt-Ov -tav

ampamp ~vdtl~ lor ~~ -Vo-r ~ f~ middot It ~

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f - c(t(~ fN -v-f7 1 -t-ltv

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dmiddot4(c - C4I~-4-

fa Vu amp4A FWL~middotV-7 CS08H- lc lOl (l IAI t )

bull bfA J ~ 0 ) -k - 70(1 E-fu i1

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l 1 hOtMsll1 Ltlv - f I~(-h c

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3 a ~JL tls4n-I--- cvR LJ --r S

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- IlLshy

JLf ~~1)1 L~ - trTfmiddot a~

aIII 0~ A

f(wc 1 ~ Jc--bull- (1- fa) 1-bullbull1shycfksl ~~~ (1 ~ ~

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r f

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1- d L r- c dXL I () c 2-

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t ~o~ of ~ IA~W -Io~Ls

- IUshy

~l (v~ lJoVc-So ~--------

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~(~ ~amp tA~~ -tv~~vtv- olO4( ~ ~ ~JtlJ- shy(~ ~--~

al rh

= ~ ctflv ~r r

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Increasing

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ampamp ~vdtl~ lor ~~ -Vo-r ~ f~ middot It ~

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(+r -7 AIl )Kia cL

f - c(t(~ fN -v-f7 1 -t-ltv

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dmiddot4(c - C4I~-4-

fa Vu amp4A FWL~middotV-7 CS08H- lc lOl (l IAI t )

bull bfA J ~ 0 ) -k - 70(1 E-fu i1

(Alt(owf J ir ~ -fU middot _~s--

l 1 hOtMsll1 Ltlv - f I~(-h c

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3 a ~JL tls4n-I--- cvR LJ --r S

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aIII 0~ A

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r f

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1- d L r- c dXL I () c 2-

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KL (lr =- 6)( Er CJ Jx- I J 7 )I I ~ tshy

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V V- 1 ) 1 f 10 ~ r_ r~c

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t ~o~ of ~ IA~W -Io~Ls

- IUshy

~l (v~ lJoVc-So ~--------

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~(~ ~amp tA~~ -tv~~vtv- olO4( ~ ~ ~JtlJ- shy(~ ~--~

al rh

= ~ ctflv ~r r

y

E I

S(t~ ~-c - oIy~~ cJ-- (c) ) -fcl~ bull I

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(+r -7 AIl )Kia cL

f - c(t(~ fN -v-f7 1 -t-ltv

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fa Vu amp4A FWL~middotV-7 CS08H- lc lOl (l IAI t )

bull bfA J ~ 0 ) -k - 70(1 E-fu i1

(Alt(owf J ir ~ -fU middot _~s--

l 1 hOtMsll1 Ltlv - f I~(-h c

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3 a ~JL tls4n-I--- cvR LJ --r S

bull J2-~ ltl~e -fG- s~ (-to) - s k (- ) -1 -K Efll

- IlLshy

JLf ~~1)1 L~ - trTfmiddot a~

aIII 0~ A

f(wc 1 ~ Jc--bull- (1- fa) 1-bullbull1shycfksl ~~~ (1 ~ ~

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r f

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V V- 1 ) 1 f 10 ~ r_ r~c

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fC (0 middott Ii ~s I r(~-IlaquoJ -fv Efl poundt1 ~~ ~ (11 (tl~s-

t ~o~ of ~ IA~W -Io~Ls

- IUshy

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y

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S(t~ ~-c - oIy~~ cJ-- (c) ) -fcl~ bull I

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aIII 0~ A

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r f

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t ~o~ of ~ IA~W -Io~Ls

- IUshy

~l (v~ lJoVc-So ~--------

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~(~ ~amp tA~~ -tv~~vtv- olO4( ~ ~ ~JtlJ- shy(~ ~--~

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y

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S(t~ ~-c - oIy~~ cJ-- (c) ) -fcl~ bull I

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ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl

f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~

sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )

- tlshy

occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co

I

-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()

Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott

I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~

~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r

occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI

of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf

~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy

t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~

lt) f =nv

I

~t~~~ g r

~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -

(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8

receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer

-I3 shy

(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1

decp (ov cck)

1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )

4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-

st of t- --gt

~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)

~l

of ~o (rls

(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)

Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~

~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J

lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~

7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(

I~lt(L~

- rl shy

c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy

SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ

~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l

( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc

j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x

k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )

Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl

l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk

~ ~c-t~

ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61

r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot

1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt

)~O(Mc-- i z == i

f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I

~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--

f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot

~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L

r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot

Fx c

fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (

~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v

~ =Jv =

- -1+1 shy

Ill In

I Photon Photon

Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION

Atomic GeiiCr

IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation

MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization

electrons tubes10- 10 chamber

tnm

IA 10- 9

Inner and outer

IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons

Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers

~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A

l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~

Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw

~ltLt(o~

c __ -l

uv It JIJ -A0 -

1 1

I THz jl012

tern--

IGHz ~IO~ i 1m

-

I MHz ~106 1km

-I kHz-ilOl to~

10- 2

21 cm H line 100

102

oj

Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies

rotations Magnetron

Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc

10-6 Crystal tube

Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits

10- 11

AC generator

I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )

bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ

by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j

bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L

bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~

bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl

z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t

u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l

middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~

~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~

~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~

bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~

~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c

d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV

M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ

vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)

-14-~

(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN

d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~

J-r-sMS

bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(

tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )

vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~

DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)

( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )

bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy

(1O fA~ 400 )

bull Jl - 100 VI

bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~

bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s

CfII shy

- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~

bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)

bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c

bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~

7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )

bull oJ-1o fCI LV

bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_

avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~

bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI

tk~ ~~ sLetll- A

Uow 0 1~lJ laquoV( g--l~~ 2 poundmiddotplotshy

110- ~w 1M-citgt w )ScIII fJ clfA IltA rM

CJ ciK f OIoA f Iv 0 v J (OJpound l(lt4-0 y d so~v tf) Ale 0 wampe lMJJ ltgtI

pOl-kf ~J 1 u~~k~ ~~~ cA~ [ ~ Co t tltjd -9J1 rL~ vx-ckt V~-l ~(-+ltc

ol(~ ~ tltrrr7 V iOVJ k-lv-lt- cRt~ (lrCampk 1-kv -hmiddotJ d(-l~- fmiddottRJ ((ult J asSOcmiddotmiddotd

fv~ ~~ ~ ampMAfMtl-middotmiddotc rf~) kd v_ (j i )

Olc[lt+d d(t-- Lt~ Sr~-

E Iltc+n ~ fcIJ f- V bvlt-~ rJmiddotft - --v_ ~d7

II r~tr~ rl4 -c

~r+clsJ( ~ L fof( )

~ ~~1 ocLmiddotcw~( -

d-lr-k-- or Jt1fo 3L H(H4--l-middot u ~ limiddot1r - (~ (rdo

k f ~tJ frJ~ ()v y~ f40-h (Jfmiddot ~f tr rkf) middot

- l14- shy

I I

I f

Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II

I I I I I j

(a)

(b)

- ) lMmiddottA _

tel

- fl~-

X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((

En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--

If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl

u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~

ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t

I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~

o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~

L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI

o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_

IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(

Iv rloi ttu lC

3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv

~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c

Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~

cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_

~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~

~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~

~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s

I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+

i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra

dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47

L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()

ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl

f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~

sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )

- tlshy

occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co

I

-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()

Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott

I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~

~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r

occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI

of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf

~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy

t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~

lt) f =nv

I

~t~~~ g r

~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -

(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8

receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer

-I3 shy

(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1

decp (ov cck)

1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )

4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-

st of t- --gt

~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)

~l

of ~o (rls

(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)

Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~

~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J

lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~

7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(

I~lt(L~

- rl shy

c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy

SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ

~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l

( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc

j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x

k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )

Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl

l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk

~ ~c-t~

ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61

r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot

1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt

)~O(Mc-- i z == i

f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I

~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--

f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot

~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L

r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot

Fx c

fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (

~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v

~ =Jv =

- -1+1 shy

Ill In

I Photon Photon

Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION

Atomic GeiiCr

IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation

MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization

electrons tubes10- 10 chamber

tnm

IA 10- 9

Inner and outer

IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons

Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers

~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A

l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~

Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw

~ltLt(o~

c __ -l

uv It JIJ -A0 -

1 1

I THz jl012

tern--

IGHz ~IO~ i 1m

-

I MHz ~106 1km

-I kHz-ilOl to~

10- 2

21 cm H line 100

102

oj

Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies

rotations Magnetron

Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc

10-6 Crystal tube

Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits

10- 11

AC generator

I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )

bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ

by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j

bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L

bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~

bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl

z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t

u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l

middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~

~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~

~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~

bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~

~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c

d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV

M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ

vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)

-14-~

(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN

d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~

J-r-sMS

bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(

tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )

vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~

DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)

( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )

bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy

(1O fA~ 400 )

bull Jl - 100 VI

bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~

bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s

CfII shy

- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~

bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)

bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c

bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~

7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )

bull oJ-1o fCI LV

bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_

avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~

bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI

tk~ ~~ sLetll- A

I I

I f

Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II

I I I I I j

(a)

(b)

- ) lMmiddottA _

tel

- fl~-

X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((

En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--

If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl

u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~

ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t

I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~

o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~

L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI

o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_

IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(

Iv rloi ttu lC

3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv

~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c

Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~

cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_

~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~

~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~

~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s

I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+

i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra

dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47

L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()

ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl

f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~

sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )

- tlshy

occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co

I

-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()

Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott

I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~

~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r

occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI

of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf

~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy

t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~

lt) f =nv

I

~t~~~ g r

~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -

(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8

receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer

-I3 shy

(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1

decp (ov cck)

1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )

4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-

st of t- --gt

~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)

~l

of ~o (rls

(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)

Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~

~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J

lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~

7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(

I~lt(L~

- rl shy

c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy

SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ

~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l

( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc

j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x

k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )

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l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk

~ ~c-t~

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f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I

~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--

f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot

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~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v

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Ill In

I Photon Photon

Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION

Atomic GeiiCr

IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation

MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization

electrons tubes10- 10 chamber

tnm

IA 10- 9

Inner and outer

IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons

Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers

~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A

l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~

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c __ -l

uv It JIJ -A0 -

1 1

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tern--

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-

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10- 2

21 cm H line 100

102

oj

Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies

rotations Magnetron

Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc

10-6 Crystal tube

Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits

10- 11

AC generator

I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )

bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ

by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j

bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L

bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~

bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl

z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t

u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l

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~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~

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~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c

d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV

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vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)

-14-~

(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN

d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~

J-r-sMS

bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(

tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )

vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~

DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)

( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )

bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy

(1O fA~ 400 )

bull Jl - 100 VI

bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~

bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s

CfII shy

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bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)

bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c

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7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )

bull oJ-1o fCI LV

bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_

avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~

bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI

tk~ ~~ sLetll- A

X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((

En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--

If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl

u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~

ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t

I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~

o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~

L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI

o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_

IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(

Iv rloi ttu lC

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~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c

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~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~

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i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra

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- tlshy

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I

-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()

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of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf

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lt) f =nv

I

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(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8

receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer

-I3 shy

(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1

decp (ov cck)

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~l

of ~o (rls

(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)

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lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~

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I~lt(L~

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c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy

SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ

~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l

( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc

j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x

k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )

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l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk

~ ~c-t~

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f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I

~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--

f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot

~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L

r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot

Fx c

fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (

~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v

~ =Jv =

- -1+1 shy

Ill In

I Photon Photon

Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION

Atomic GeiiCr

IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation

MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization

electrons tubes10- 10 chamber

tnm

IA 10- 9

Inner and outer

IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons

Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers

~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A

l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~

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~ltLt(o~

c __ -l

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1 1

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tern--

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-

I MHz ~106 1km

-I kHz-ilOl to~

10- 2

21 cm H line 100

102

oj

Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies

rotations Magnetron

Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc

10-6 Crystal tube

Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits

10- 11

AC generator

I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )

bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ

by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j

bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L

bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~

bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl

z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t

u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l

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~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~

~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~

bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~

~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c

d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV

M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ

vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)

-14-~

(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN

d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~

J-r-sMS

bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(

tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )

vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~

DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)

( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )

bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy

(1O fA~ 400 )

bull Jl - 100 VI

bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~

bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s

CfII shy

- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~

bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)

bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c

bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~

7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )

bull oJ-1o fCI LV

bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_

avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~

bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI

tk~ ~~ sLetll- A

3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv

~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c

Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~

cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_

~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~

~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~

~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s

I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+

i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra

dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47

L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()

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f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~

sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )

- tlshy

occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co

I

-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()

Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott

I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~

~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r

occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI

of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf

~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy

t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~

lt) f =nv

I

~t~~~ g r

~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -

(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8

receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer

-I3 shy

(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1

decp (ov cck)

1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )

4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-

st of t- --gt

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~l

of ~o (rls

(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)

Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~

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lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~

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I~lt(L~

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SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ

~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l

( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc

j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x

k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )

Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl

l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk

~ ~c-t~

ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61

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1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt

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f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I

~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--

f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot

~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L

r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot

Fx c

fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (

~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v

~ =Jv =

- -1+1 shy

Ill In

I Photon Photon

Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION

Atomic GeiiCr

IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation

MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization

electrons tubes10- 10 chamber

tnm

IA 10- 9

Inner and outer

IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons

Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers

~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A

l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~

Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw

~ltLt(o~

c __ -l

uv It JIJ -A0 -

1 1

I THz jl012

tern--

IGHz ~IO~ i 1m

-

I MHz ~106 1km

-I kHz-ilOl to~

10- 2

21 cm H line 100

102

oj

Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies

rotations Magnetron

Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc

10-6 Crystal tube

Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits

10- 11

AC generator

I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )

bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ

by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j

bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L

bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~

bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl

z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t

u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l

middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~

~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~

~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~

bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~

~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c

d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV

M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ

vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)

-14-~

(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN

d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~

J-r-sMS

bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(

tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )

vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~

DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)

( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )

bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy

(1O fA~ 400 )

bull Jl - 100 VI

bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~

bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s

CfII shy

- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~

bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)

bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c

bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~

7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )

bull oJ-1o fCI LV

bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_

avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~

bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI

tk~ ~~ sLetll- A

occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co

I

-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()

Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott

I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~

~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r

occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI

of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf

~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy

t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~

lt) f =nv

I

~t~~~ g r

~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -

(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8

receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer

-I3 shy

(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1

decp (ov cck)

1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )

4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-

st of t- --gt

~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)

~l

of ~o (rls

(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)

Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~

~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J

lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~

7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(

I~lt(L~

- rl shy

c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy

SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ

~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l

( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc

j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x

k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )

Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl

l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk

~ ~c-t~

ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61

r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot

1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt

)~O(Mc-- i z == i

f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I

~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--

f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot

~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L

r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot

Fx c

fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (

~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v

~ =Jv =

- -1+1 shy

Ill In

I Photon Photon

Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION

Atomic GeiiCr

IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation

MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization

electrons tubes10- 10 chamber

tnm

IA 10- 9

Inner and outer

IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons

Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers

~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A

l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~

Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw

~ltLt(o~

c __ -l

uv It JIJ -A0 -

1 1

I THz jl012

tern--

IGHz ~IO~ i 1m

-

I MHz ~106 1km

-I kHz-ilOl to~

10- 2

21 cm H line 100

102

oj

Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies

rotations Magnetron

Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc

10-6 Crystal tube

Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits

10- 11

AC generator

I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )

bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ

by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j

bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L

bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~

bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl

z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t

u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l

middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~

~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~

~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~

bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~

~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c

d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV

M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ

vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)

-14-~

(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN

d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~

J-r-sMS

bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(

tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )

vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~

DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)

( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )

bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy

(1O fA~ 400 )

bull Jl - 100 VI

bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~

bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s

CfII shy

- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~

bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)

bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c

bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~

7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )

bull oJ-1o fCI LV

bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_

avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~

bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI

tk~ ~~ sLetll- A

(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1

decp (ov cck)

1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )

4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-

st of t- --gt

~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)

~l

of ~o (rls

(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)

Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~

~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J

lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~

7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(

I~lt(L~

- rl shy

c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy

SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ

~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l

( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc

j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x

k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )

Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl

l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk

~ ~c-t~

ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61

r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot

1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt

)~O(Mc-- i z == i

f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I

~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--

f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot

~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L

r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot

Fx c

fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (

~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v

~ =Jv =

- -1+1 shy

Ill In

I Photon Photon

Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION

Atomic GeiiCr

IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation

MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization

electrons tubes10- 10 chamber

tnm

IA 10- 9

Inner and outer

IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons

Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers

~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A

l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~

Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw

~ltLt(o~

c __ -l

uv It JIJ -A0 -

1 1

I THz jl012

tern--

IGHz ~IO~ i 1m

-

I MHz ~106 1km

-I kHz-ilOl to~

10- 2

21 cm H line 100

102

oj

Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies

rotations Magnetron

Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc

10-6 Crystal tube

Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits

10- 11

AC generator

I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )

bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ

by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j

bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L

bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~

bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl

z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t

u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l

middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~

~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~

~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~

bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~

~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c

d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV

M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ

vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)

-14-~

(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN

d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~

J-r-sMS

bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(

tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )

vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~

DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)

( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )

bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy

(1O fA~ 400 )

bull Jl - 100 VI

bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~

bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s

CfII shy

- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~

bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)

bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c

bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~

7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )

bull oJ-1o fCI LV

bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_

avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~

bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI

tk~ ~~ sLetll- A

c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy

SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ

~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l

( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc

j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x

k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )

Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl

l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk

~ ~c-t~

ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61

r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot

1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt

)~O(Mc-- i z == i

f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I

~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--

f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot

~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L

r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot

Fx c

fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (

~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v

~ =Jv =

- -1+1 shy

Ill In

I Photon Photon

Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION

Atomic GeiiCr

IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation

MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization

electrons tubes10- 10 chamber

tnm

IA 10- 9

Inner and outer

IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons

Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers

~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A

l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~

Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw

~ltLt(o~

c __ -l

uv It JIJ -A0 -

1 1

I THz jl012

tern--

IGHz ~IO~ i 1m

-

I MHz ~106 1km

-I kHz-ilOl to~

10- 2

21 cm H line 100

102

oj

Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies

rotations Magnetron

Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc

10-6 Crystal tube

Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits

10- 11

AC generator

I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )

bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ

by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j

bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L

bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~

bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl

z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t

u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l

middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~

~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~

~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~

bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~

~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c

d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV

M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ

vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)

-14-~

(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN

d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~

J-r-sMS

bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(

tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )

vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~

DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)

( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )

bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy

(1O fA~ 400 )

bull Jl - 100 VI

bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~

bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s

CfII shy

- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~

bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)

bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c

bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~

7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )

bull oJ-1o fCI LV

bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_

avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~

bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI

tk~ ~~ sLetll- A

ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61

r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot

1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt

)~O(Mc-- i z == i

f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I

~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--

f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot

~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L

r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot

Fx c

fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (

~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v

~ =Jv =

- -1+1 shy

Ill In

I Photon Photon

Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION

Atomic GeiiCr

IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation

MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization

electrons tubes10- 10 chamber

tnm

IA 10- 9

Inner and outer

IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons

Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers

~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A

l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~

Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw

~ltLt(o~

c __ -l

uv It JIJ -A0 -

1 1

I THz jl012

tern--

IGHz ~IO~ i 1m

-

I MHz ~106 1km

-I kHz-ilOl to~

10- 2

21 cm H line 100

102

oj

Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies

rotations Magnetron

Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc

10-6 Crystal tube

Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits

10- 11

AC generator

I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )

bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ

by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j

bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L

bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~

bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl

z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t

u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l

middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~

~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~

~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~

bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~

~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c

d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV

M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ

vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)

-14-~

(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN

d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~

J-r-sMS

bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(

tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )

vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~

DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)

( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )

bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy

(1O fA~ 400 )

bull Jl - 100 VI

bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~

bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s

CfII shy

- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~

bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)

bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c

bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~

7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )

bull oJ-1o fCI LV

bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_

avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~

bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI

tk~ ~~ sLetll- A

Ill In

I Photon Photon

Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION

Atomic GeiiCr

IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation

MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization

electrons tubes10- 10 chamber

tnm

IA 10- 9

Inner and outer

IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons

Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers

~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A

l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~

Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw

~ltLt(o~

c __ -l

uv It JIJ -A0 -

1 1

I THz jl012

tern--

IGHz ~IO~ i 1m

-

I MHz ~106 1km

-I kHz-ilOl to~

10- 2

21 cm H line 100

102

oj

Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies

rotations Magnetron

Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc

10-6 Crystal tube

Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits

10- 11

AC generator

I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )

bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ

by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j

bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L

bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~

bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl

z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t

u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l

middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~

~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~

~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~

bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~

~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c

d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV

M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ

vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)

-14-~

(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN

d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~

J-r-sMS

bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(

tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )

vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~

DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)

( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )

bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy

(1O fA~ 400 )

bull Jl - 100 VI

bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~

bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s

CfII shy

- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~

bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)

bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c

bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~

7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )

bull oJ-1o fCI LV

bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_

avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~

bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI

tk~ ~~ sLetll- A

I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )

bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ

by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j

bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L

bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~

bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl

z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t

u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l

middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~

~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~

~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~

bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~

~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c

d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV

M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ

vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)

-14-~

(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN

d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~

J-r-sMS

bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(

tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )

vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~

DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)

( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )

bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy

(1O fA~ 400 )

bull Jl - 100 VI

bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~

bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s

CfII shy

- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~

bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)

bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c

bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~

7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )

bull oJ-1o fCI LV

bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_

avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~

bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI

tk~ ~~ sLetll- A

(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN

d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~

J-r-sMS

bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(

tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )

vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~

DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)

( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )

bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy

(1O fA~ 400 )

bull Jl - 100 VI

bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~

bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s

CfII shy

- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~

bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)

bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c

bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~

7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )

bull oJ-1o fCI LV

bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_

avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~

bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI

tk~ ~~ sLetll- A

- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~

bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)

bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c

bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~

7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )

bull oJ-1o fCI LV

bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_

avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~

bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI

tk~ ~~ sLetll- A