CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTIONAL AL AMENDMENTSAMENDMENTS

Bill of RightsBill of Rights• First 10 Amendments, First 10 Amendments,

added to appease Anti-added to appease Anti-Federalists in turn for their Federalists in turn for their support of ratification of support of ratification of ConstitutionConstitution

• Written in 1789, Adopted Written in 1789, Adopted in 1791in 1791

Basic Rights• First - guarantees citizens rights to

freedom of religion, speech, press, and political activities• Second - right to bear arms as members

of a militia of citizen-soldiers• Third– prevents government from

quartering soldiers in private homes (except in war if it is prescribed by law)

Rights of Accused• Fourth – right against unreasonable search

and seizure• Fifth– indictment required to be put on trial,

protection against double jeopardy, right against self incrimination, property protection

• Sixth– right to speedy public trial by jury• Seventh –right to jury trial in civil cases• Eighth– protection against excessive bail

and cruel and unusual punishment

Rights of States & People

• Ninth – makes it clear that people’s rights are not restricted to just those mentioned in Constitution

• Tenth – clarifies that the people and the states have all the powers that the Constitution does not specifically give to the national government nor deny to the states

How Amendments Are Made• Proposal by:–2/3 of Congress

OR

–2/3 of delegates to a special convention, called for by Congress

• Ratification by:–3/4 of states legislatures

OR

–3/4 of special ratifying conventions held in each state

Changes to Government

• 11 (1795) changed way court cases were handled

• 12 (1804) Electors must vote for Pres and VP• 16 (1913) instituted income tax• 17 (1913) direct election of US senators• 20 (1933) set date for presidential

inauguration• 25 (1967) set line of succession for president• 27 (1992) banned Congress from increasing

salary until after election

Individual and Voting Rights• 13 (1865) outlawed slavery

• 14 (1868) defined citizens, protects rights• 15 (1870) suffrage to African Americans• 18 (1919) prohibition• 19 (1920) suffrage to women• 21 (1933) repealed 18th

• 22 (1951) limited president to 2 terms• 23 (1961) granted DC electors • 24 (1964) outlawed poll taxes• 26 (1971) set national voting age at 18

Struggle for Civil Rights

• Discrimination – unfair treatment of a certain group

• Segregation – social separation of races• Civil rights – rights of full citizenship and equality

under the law• Affirmative Action – programs to try to make up

for past discrimination• Racial profiling – being singled out as suspects

because of they way people look

Review Notable Court Cases, page 114