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A+ Guide to Managing
and Maintaining Your PCFifth Edition
Chapter 8
Understanding and
Installing Hard Drives
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2 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
You Will Learn«
About hard drive technologies
How a com puter communicates with hard
drive fir mware
How a hard drive is logically or ganized to hold
data
How to install a hard drive
How to solve hard drive installation pr oblems
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Hard Drive Technologies
Used by hard drive to interface with the system
Used within hard drive to read and write datato the drive
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Hard Drive Subsystem
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Types of Hard Drive Interfaces
EIDE (Enhanced IDE*)(Enhanced IDE*) interface standards
used by most hard drives
Other interface standards
* IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) (Integrated Drive Electronics)
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EIDE Interface Standards
S pecif y data transfer speed more than any
other factor
Considerations when selecting a standard Use fastest standard appr o priate f or range of the
system and size of the drive
Must be su pported by the OS, system BIOS onmother board, and fir mware on the drive
Ultra ATA/100: most po pular
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EIDE Interface Standards
(continued) Modes of transferring data between hard drive
and memor y
PIO transfer mode (Pr ogrammed Input/Output )
The original method used to transfer data between the CPU
(thr ough the ATA contr oller) and an ATA device.
DMA transfer mode (Direct Memor y Access) Allows certain hardware subsystems within a com puter to access
system memor y f or reading and/or writing independently of the
CPU.
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EIDE Interface Standards
(continued)
IDE ca bling methods
Parallel ATA (PATA) technology
Serial ATA (SATA) technology
Independent device timing
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ANSI Interface Standards
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ANSI
Acronym for the A American N N ational S S tandards I I nstitute.
Founded in 1918, ANSI is a voluntary organization
composed of over 1,300 members (including all the large
computer companies) that creates standards for thecomputer industry.
In addition to programming languages, ANSI sets
standards for a wide range of technical areas, from
electrical specifications to communications protocols.
For example, FDDI, the main set of protocols for sending data
over fiber optic cables, is an ANSI standard.
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IDE Cabling Methods
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IDE Cabling Methods (continued)
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IDE Cabling Methods (continued)
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Configuring EIDE Drives
EIDE standards su pport two IDE connections,
a primar y and a secondar y
Each connection can su pport u p to two IDE
devices f or a total of f our devices on a system
Primar y IDE channel, master device
Primar y IDE channel, slave device
Secondar y IDE channel, master device
Secondar y IDE channel, slave device
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Configuring EIDE Drives
(continued)
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Other Interface Standards
SCSI (small com puter system interface)
USB
IEEE 1394
Fi bre Channel
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How Hard Drives Work
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How Hard Drives Work (continued)
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Tracks and Sectors on the Drive
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Tracks and Sectors on the Drive
(continued)CAVCAV
Short for c onstant angular v elocity, a technique for accessing data off
of rotating disks. With CAV, the disk rotates at a constant speed
regardless of what area of the disk is being accessed.
This differs from C onstant Linear Velocity ( C LV), which rotates the disk
faster for inner tracks. Disk drives use CAV, whereas CD-ROMs
generally use CLV, though some newer drives use a combination of
CAV and CLV.
The advantage of CAV is that it is much simpler to design and produce
because the motor doesn't need to change speed. In addition, CLV
runs into problems for very high-speed CD-ROMs because there's a
brief latency whenever the drive needs to change the rotational speed.
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Tracks and Sectors on the Drive
(continued)
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Tracks and Sectors on the Drive
(continued)
A method of recording data on a hard disk drive whereby
the sectors per track on the drive are not consistent across
the platter .
In general, tracks closest to the center have fewer sectors
than tracks toward the outside of the platter where thetracks are larger and can fit more sectors.
Zone Bit RecordingZone Bit Recording
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Low-Level Formatting
Occurs at the factor y
Pr ocess of writing sector and track markings
on the disk i.e. creates sectors & tracks
Ex pected to last f or the life of the drive
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Considerations When
Purchasing a Hard Drive Capacity
S pindle speed
Technology standard
Cache or buffer size
Average seek time
Match drive to mother board
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Communicating with the Hard
Drive Controller
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Calculating Drive Capacity on
Older Drives For drives less than 8.4 GB
Deter mined by number of heads, tracks, andsectors on the disk , each sector holding 512 bytes
of data
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Hard Drive Size Limitations
Operating system Maximum size supported
DOS and Windows 9x FAT162.1 GB; cannot be used on hard
drives that exceed 8.4 GB
Windows NT/2000/XP FAT16 4 GB
Windows 2000/XP FAT32 32 GB
Windows 9x FAT32 137 GB
Windows 2000/XP with Service
Pack Lar ger than 137 GB
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Methods of Retaining Backward
Compatibility CHS (Cylinder , Head, Sector) mode or nor mal mode
(f or drives less than 528 MB)
Lar ge mode or E
CHS
(Ex
tended CHS
) mode (f or drives between 504 MB and 8.4 GB)
LBA (Logical Block Addressing) mode (f or drives
lar ger than 504 MB)
33.8 GB limitation and 137 GB limitation
Device drivers
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Methods of Retaining Backward
Compatibility CHS (Cylinder , Head, Sector)
Lar ge mode or ECHS (Extended CHS) mode
LBA (Logical Block Addressing) mode
The drive was accessed by specifying its cylinder, head and sector address.
More appropriately, it was referred to as accessing the drive through its
"geometry".
A transition change in the way a drive was accessed in order to work around
the 504 MB barrier, however, the addressing was still done in terms of
cylinder, head and sector numbers and then translated one or more times
before actually accessing the drive itself .
It is a means by which a drive is accessed by linearly addressing sector
addresses, beginning at sector 1 of head 0, cylinder 0 as LBA 0, and
proceeding on in sequence to the last physical sector on the drive, which, for
instance, on a standard 540 Meg drive would be LBA 1,065,456. I.e, each
sector is assigned a unique "sector number".
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How a Hard Drive Is Logically
Organized to Hold Data Steps f or preparing a hard drive to hold files
Low-level f or mat (usually done at the factor y)
Partitioning the hard drive
High-level f or mat
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Hard Drive Partitions and
Logical Drives Active partition ± It¶s the boota ble partition. OS installed in this partition.
Only one drive can be set as the active partition on a com puter.
Primar y partition ± The primar y partition marked as active contains the
OS. Also referred as System Partition.
Extended partition ± Can be br oken down into smaller drives accessi ble
to the OS. These drives are referred to as logical partitions or logical drives.
Logical partition ± Exists in an extended partition.
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Partitions and Logical Drives
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Hard Drive Partition Table in MBR
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Choice of File Systems
FAT16
Su pported by all Windows systems
FAT32 (and VFAT)
Su pported by Windows 95 Second Edition,
Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP
NTFS
Su pported by Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP
Each logical drive has its own file system
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Size of Logical Drives
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When to Partition a Drive
First install a new hard drive
Existing drive is giving err ors
Suspect a vir us has attacked the drive
Want to wipe a hard drive clean and install anew OS
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Installing a Hard Drive
1. Set jum pers or DIP switches; physically install
drive; attach power cord and data ca ble
2. Inf or m CMOS of new drive
3. If installing an OS on the drive, boot fr om OS setu pCD (and skip next two steps)
4. If drive is not intended to hold an OS, use Fdisk or
Disk Management to create partition(s) and divide
extended partition into logical drives
5. For second drive, use For mat command or Disk
Management to high-level f or mat each logical drive
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Prepare for Installation
R ead documentation
Plan drive configuration
Prepare work area and take precautions
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Jumper Settings
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Jumper Settings (continued)
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Jumper Settings (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay
(continued
)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay
(continued
)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay
(continued
)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay
(continued
)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay
(continued
)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay
(continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay
(continued)
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If the Bay Is Too Large
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Use CMOS to Change Hard
Drive Settings
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Setup for Large-Capacity Hard
Drives
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Setup for Large-Capacity Hard
Drives (continued)
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Setup for Large-Capacity Hard
Drives (continued)
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Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive
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Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive
(continued)
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Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive
(continued)
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Format Each Logical Drive
After using Fdisk , you must re boot the PC
bef ore you f or mat the drive
Commands used to f or mat logical drives C, D, and E:
For mat C:/S
For mat D:
For mat E:
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Using Windows to Partition and
Format a New Drive
Boot fr om Window setu p CD
Follow on-screen directions to install Windows onnew drive
The setu p pr ocess partitions and f or mats new
drive bef ore it begins Windows installation
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Troubleshooting Hard Drive
Installations Check CMOS setu p to verif y that system BIOS
recognizes lar ge drives
Verif y status of Fdisk
Verif y that For mat C:/S was done
Check configuration of CMOS setu p
Confir m setting of DI
P switches or jum pers Check connection of power cord and data ca ble
R efer to We b site of manufacturer f or suggestions
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Summary
Intr oduction to hard drive technology
How a hard drive is logically or ganized
Physical characteristics of a hard drive
How the OS and system BIOS communicate
with the hard drive
How to install a hard drive Tr oubleshooting hard drive installation
pr oblems