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Chapter 35: Industry and theWorking Class

A New Realism

Realism in Art and Literature The Industrial Revolution caused tremendous

changes in the landscape of the countryside andcity, the nature of work, and human society itself.

Many artists and writers called for social reformand accurately depicted people and theirsituations.

Realism depicts subjects from real life ratherthan religion, history or mythology. Genre

painting (which began with Dutch Baroque) issomewhat of a forerunner of Realism, thoughRealism is more serious. With Realism, scenes ofcontemporary life were painted on a monumentalscale, and the figures usually are the whole focusof the work.

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Conditions in London

London was marked by extremely rapidgrowth throughout the 19th century, fromabout 1 million in 1800 to 4.5 million in1881.

The citys services were utterly unable tokeep up with increased demands.

Disease and unsanitary living conditions forthe working classes were widespread.

Factory Work Workers increasingly labored in factories,producing goods with machine labor, whichmeant unskilled (and poorly paid) workerspredominated.

As a result of industrialization, the Britishworkforce became increasingly proletariat. Proletariat a class of workers who neither owns the

means of production (tools, equipment, space) nor

controlled their own work. Poor wages, especially for women, led to anincrease in social deterioration such asprostitution.

Children were also part of the workforce, andfamily gender roles came to characterize theworking class.

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Charles Dickens (1812-1870) pioneered a newtype of fiction literary

realism. He spotlighted the huge

disparities of social class thatexisted in 19th-centuryEngland

Lower-class persons inDickens novels weredepicted sympathetically andin great detail.

His famous works include:

A Christmas Carol,A Tale ofTwo Cities, GreatExpectations, and OliverTwist

Charles Dickens

Literary Realism in the United States

Much literature of the 19thcentury in the United Statescentered around the issue ofslavery.

The abolitionist movementsupported both slavenarratives (works written byformer slaves about their lives)

and works such as HarrietBeecher Stowes Uncle TomsCabin

"So you're the little womanwho wrote the book that madethis great war. - AbrahamLincoln

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Huckleberry Finn (1885)by Mark Twain

One of the greatest American novels, TheAdventures of Huckleberry Finn waspublished in 1885. It was written by SamuelL. Clemens (1835-1910).

Clemens published the book under his penname Mark Twain.

Twain permits his readers to see racism inhis characters and also to discover how itaffects them.

The book is vigorously anti-slavery, andportrays those who supported it in auniformly unflattering light, designedprecisely to expose them.

Huckleberry Finn cont. Huck, a boy raised in a slave state, is anguished by

his role in helping Jim (a runaway slave) escape.Huck is torn between the tenets of his upbringing, inwhich slaves were legal property, and his genuineaffection for Jim as a person. By helping Jim, hebelieves he is stealing from Jims owner, and thuscommitting a sin.

In the end, Huck concludes that he will never turnJim in; instead, he will help Jim obtain freedom at

any cost, even if it means Huck will go to hell for hissin.

Rather than conforming to the law, Huck follows thedictates of his own conscience, much like theabolitionist and Transcendentalist Henry DavidThoreau encourages in his Civil Disobedience (1849).Scene from the movie Huckberry Finn

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MP3T8cMpFgA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MP3T8cMpFgA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MP3T8cMpFgA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MP3T8cMpFgA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MP3T8cMpFgA&feature=related

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Sojourner Truth

Became a preacheradvocating Gods truthand plan for salvation

AintI a woman? p.1128 Cicely Tyson performs

Sojourner Truth's "Ain'tI a Woman?"

Speech delivered to aWomens Convention inAkron, Ohio in 1851

Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life ofFrederick Douglass: An American Slave pp.1127 and 1146-48

Part One, the subsequent parts are listed

below this link, when it is downloaded(unfortunately, there are ads):

History Channel's Frederick DouglassBiography

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0YR1eiG0ushttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0YR1eiG0ushttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0YR1eiG0ushttp://www.biography.com/video.do?name=fullbioepisodes&bcpid=1896837674&bclid=10627691001&bctid=10623167001http://www.biography.com/video.do?name=fullbioepisodes&bcpid=1896837674&bclid=10627691001&bctid=10623167001http://www.biography.com/video.do?name=fullbioepisodes&bcpid=1896837674&bclid=10627691001&bctid=10623167001http://www.biography.com/video.do?name=fullbioepisodes&bcpid=1896837674&bclid=10627691001&bctid=10623167001http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/current/tmp/scratch2086/History%20Channel%20-%20Frederick%20Douglasshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0YR1eiG0ushttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0YR1eiG0ushttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0YR1eiG0ushttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0YR1eiG0ushttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0YR1eiG0us

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France after Napoleon In 1814 a coalition formed by

Austria, Prussia, Russia, theUnited Kingdom, Sweden, Spainand several German States hadfinally defeated Napoleon.

After sending him to exile, theyrestored the Bourbon Dynasty,crowning King Louis XVIII, LouisXVIs brother, who ruled undera constitutional monarchy withthe elected Chamber ofDeputies.

Louis XVIII ruled for 24 years.He had no sons, so the thronepassed to his younger brother,King Charles X, upon LouisXVIIIs death.

King Louis XVIII

When the Chamber ofDeputies becamedominated by liberals,King Charles X calledfor new elections,censored the press, andrestricted the vote toonly the wealthy.

The next day, riotsbroke out in the city,

killing 1800 people.King Charles X fled, andthe Deputy of Chamberselected King Louis-Phillipe, who was notmuch better thanCharles.

King Charles X

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Eugne Delacroix Liberty Leading the People, 1830Oil on canvas 8 6 by 10 7

Romanticism and Politics in France The overthrow of the Bourbon dynasty is the

subject of Delacroixs painting, Liberty Leadingthe People.

The Romantic, allegorical work Liberty Leadingthe People, is an emotional call to politicalaction.

The painting was so powerful that when the newking, Louis-Philippe, saw it, he immediately hadit purchased and hidden from the public. Itremained hidden until Louis-Philippe was alsooverthrown, in 1848.

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From Romanticism to Realism

Realism in visual art was tied topolitical events in France in 1830,gaining new prominence.

As previously stated, many artistsand writers called for social reformwith accurate depictions of peopleand events.

Honor Daumier The drawings and lithographs of Honor Daumier

were sharply criticized the government of KingLouis-Philippe. Lithography a technique of print-making that was

popular in the 19th century (the 1800s). It works becauseoil and water do not mix. The artist works with a stoneplate onto which he draws with a waxy, oil crayon. Thisgives the artist more control than etching or engravingbecause there is no carving involved. Oily wax holds theink and the ink is transferred onto the paper.

Daumier and his publisher and printer werecharged with inciting contempt and served jailtime.

The king eventually declared that freedom of thepress did not extend to pictorial representation, forthe impact of such images on the French publicwas too powerful.

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Honor Daumier, Rue Transnonain, 1834, lithograph

Honor Daumier, Louis Philippe as Gargantua, 1831, lithograph

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French Realist Artists

Daumiers works continued to expresshis interest in the daily lives ofworking people.

Other French Realist artists, such asGustave Courbet and Jean-FranoisMillet, focused on the rural poor.Their works that read as politicalstatements.

Photography The invention of photography coincides with the rise of

realism.

Pioneers of the process included William Henry Fox Talbotand Louis-Jacques M. Daguerre, who developed processesfor preserving images created from exposure to light.

Daguerreotype is a photographic process that wasdeveloped in the early 1800s that yields a positiveimage on a polished metal plate. It was named afterone of its inventors, Louis-Jacques-Mand Daguerre(dah-GAIR).

the French Painter, Paul Delaroche saw his firstdaguerreotype and declared From now on, painting isdead! Perhaps he was wrong about the death of painting,but photography did, eventually, seize paintings role ofhistorically representing the world.

As we will see, painting changed too.

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Observation in Art and Science

Direct observation and objectivereporting, so vital to Realist artists, isalso reflected in the scientificachievements of the 19th century.

The theories of Charles Darwin (1809-1882) used observation and analysis toproduce his theory of evolution, whichmet with instant resistance.

Link to short video on: Charles Darwinand Evolution

Jean-Francois Millet, The Gleaners, 1857, oil on canvas

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmphlbRhLu8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmphlbRhLu8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmphlbRhLu8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmphlbRhLu8

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Gustave Courbet

The leading French realist painter wasGustave Courbet (1819-1877).

His goal was to paint exactly what he saw,with no additions or subtractions, noromanticizing or idealizing.

His subject matter, the mundane andeveryday, startled and shocked hisaudiences, especially because he used agrand scale for such common subjects.

Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers, 1849Oil on canvas 5 3 by 8 6 Destroyed in World War II

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Gustave Courbet, A Burial at Ornans, 1849-1850Oil on canvas 10 3 by 21 9