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j:.5 RTMENT of OCEANOGRAPHYoff.car ne

iOOL of SCIENCEda i 9 e

)REGON STATE UNIVERSITY

NEHALEM R.

TILLAMOOK BAY

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

1 October through 31 March

1965

Edited by

Susan Borden

Progress Report No. 15 Reference 65-5

Jun& 1965

Department of OceanographySchool of ScienceOregon State University

Progress Report No. 15

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

During the period

1 October 1964 through 31 March 1965

Edited by

Susan Borden

Wayne V. BurtChairman

Office of Naval Research National Science FoundationContract Nonr 1286(10) Grant GP-2808Project NR 083-102 Grant GB-531Contract Nonr 1286(09) G rant GP-3582Project NR 083-600 Grant G -23103

Grant GP-2232Atomic Energy Commission Grant GP-2186

Contract AT(45-1)1750 Grant GB- 1588Contract AT(45-1)1751 Grant GP-2566

G ant GP-2876Public Health Service Grant GP-3548

Grant AI 05640-02 Grant GP-3556Grant ES 00026-02 Grant GP-4247

Air ForceGrant AF 49(638)1403Grant AF 19(628)2778

Reference 65-5

June 1965

Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose of theUnited States Government.

TABLE OF CONTENT!

PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Hydrographic Survey - Wyatt, Pattullo, Still, Barstow ... . . .

Currents - Pattullo, Wyatt, Stevenson . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . .

Upwelling - Smith, Pattullo, Panshin . . .. . ... . .. . ... ..Oil Platform Instrumentation - Young, Mooers, Pillsbury

Collins, Pattullo . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . .

Tides and Sea Level in Yaquina Bay - Pattullo, Collins,Swanson .....................................4Salinity Distribution in the Northern Hemisphere Oceans -

Skov, Pattullo . . .. . . .. .. ... . .. . .. . ... . . . . . . . .. 4Characteristics of the Tsunami that Resulted from the

Earthquake in Prince William Sound - Schatz, Pattullo . . . . 4Solar and Long Wave Radiation Measuring System -

Mesecar, Maughan . . .. . . .. .. ... . . .. .. .. ... . . .. .4Vertical Eddy Diffusion and Salinity Extrema - Weyl,Ingham ....................................6Chart of the World Ocean - Weyl ... .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. 8

GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Continental Shelf Sedimentation - Byrne, Runge. . . . . . . . . . .11Astoria Canyon - Byrne, Carlson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..11Foraminiferal Ecology - Fowler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Geology of the Central Oregon Continental Shelf and

Slope - Byrne, Fowler, Maloney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Deep-Sea Sedimentation: Oregon - Byrne, Nelson . . . . . . . . 12Deep-Sea Sedimentation: Atlantic - Byrne, Fowler,

Ensminger . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Coastal Sediments - Kulm, Byrne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Netarts Bay Foraminifera - Fowler, Hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Yaquina Bay Foraminifera - Fowler, Manske . . . . . . . . . . . .14Nearshore Carbonate Sands of Bermuda - Kulm, Byrne,

Ca rlson . . .. . . .. . . ... . .... . .. . ... .. . . .. . . . ..14

GEOPHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Seismic Work at Sea - Berg, Dehlinger, King . . . . . . . . . . . .15Thermal Studies - Berg, Bodvarsson, Hutt . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1:5Theoretical Studies - Berg, Bodvarsson, Maloof, Stone,

Odegard, Papageorge ... . . .... . ... ... . . . . . ... . . . 15Marine Gravity - Dehlinger, Couch, Banks, Gallagher . . . . . .16Magnetics - Berg, McKnight, Bales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Land Gravity Studies - Berg, Thiruvathukal, Odegard . . . . . .16Seismic Wave Studies - Berg, Trembly, Sarmah, Long . . . . .16Earthquake Seismology - Dehlinger, Chiburis, French .. . . . .17

CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Offshore Chemistry - Park, Dobson, George . . . . .. .. . .. .. 19Improvement of Shipboard Techniques - Park, George . . . . . . 19Physical Chemistry of Sea Water - Weyl, Connors, Duedall . . 19Chemical Reactions in Sea Water - Pytkowicz, Kester . . . . .. 20Oyxgen-Phosphate Relations off Oregon - Pytkowicz .. .. . . . . 20Paleochemistry of the Oceans - Weyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Vapor Flux Across the Isthmus of Panama - Deffeyes. . . . . . . 22Removal of Alkalinity from Sea Water by Clays - Deffeyes,

Weyl .....................................22

MARINE RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIOECOLOGY

Nekton - Osterberg, Pearcy, Larsen, Dickson, Cronin,Tennant, Wyandt . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . ... . . .. . . . 23 V

Radiochemistry - Cronin, Cutshall, Osterberg . . . . . . . . . . . 23Benthos - Osterberg, Carey, Larsen, Dickson, Hancock,

Alspach . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 25Geochemistry - Johnson, Cutshall, Osterberg .. . .. . . . . .. . 26Sediment Probe Studies - Jennings, Cutshall, Frederick,

Oste rberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -26

Estuarine Collections - Haertel, Tennant, Osterberg ... .. . . 26Other Work - Cross, Kujala, Jennings, Cronin. . . . . . . . . . . 26.-

BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Phytoplankton Ecology - Curl, Small, Hardy . . . . . . . . . .. . . 27

Energy and Element Transfer in the Lower Marine FoodWeb - Small, Hebard, Bergeron, Fowler. . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Marine Microbiology - Morita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Benthic Ecology and Systematics - Carey, McCauley,Aispach, Hancock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Animal-Sediment Interrelationships - Carey, Hancock . . . . . . 28Polychaete Distribution in Yaquina Bay - Morrison,Carey ....................................29Vertical Distribution and Migration of Oceanic Animals -

Pearcy, Forss, Laurs, Renshaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Distribution and Ecology of Oceanic Animals - Pearcy,

Hebard, Forss, Laurs, VanArsdale, Hubbard . . . . . . . . . 29

Oceanic Trematode Studies - McCauley, Eagle . . . . . . . . . . . 30Plankton Inventories at Yaquina Bay - Frolander .. . . . . . . . . 30

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM ............................ 33

FACILITIES

Research Vessel YAQUINA . . ........ .. ........ .. . . 34Oceanography Building . .. ...... ............. ..... 34Marine Science Center . .. . .. . .. ......... ......... 34

NEW STAFF . .... ..... . ..... .... .. .... ...... ..... . 37

VISITING SCIENTISTS.. .... ...... ..... .. . .... ....... . 39

PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS

Publications . . .................... ............ 41Papers Submitted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Data Reports . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Presentations at Scientific Meetings .... .... ... .... 44

PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Hydrographic Survey - Wyatt, Pattullo, Still, Barstow

Two cruises were taken in which standard hydrographic casts weremade to 1000 and 1200 m depths. In November, lines of hydrographicstations were made to 165 miles offshore from Astoria, Newport, andCoos Bay, Oregon. Stations were at ten mile intervals from 5 to 45 milesoffshore, and at 20 mile intervals from 45 to 165 miles offshore. Duringlate February and early March hydrographic stations and bathythermo-graph casts were made to 265 miles west of Newport and Coos Bay, Oregon.Twenty-two additional stations were taken at approximately 50-mile inter-vals between 43°N 130° W and 32°N 142° W. These stations were takenduring a research cruise concerned with rates of change with space ofsalinity at the salinity minimum.

Summary of Samples from. Hydrographic CruisesHydrographic stations illBathythermograph casts 137Drift bottle releases 1140Surface salinity and

temperature observations 118Midwater trawl hauls 21Vertical meter net tows 10Pumping stations (for

radioanalysis of sea water) 27

Currents - Pattullo, Wyatt, Stevenson

Drogue cruises were made in October, December and March.Current measurements were made at depths of 10, 100, 200 and 500meters. Familiarization with the precision scientific radar gained onthe May 1964 cruises permitted closely spaced simultaneous fixes of alldrogues and the reference buoy. Sets of observations were made atabout 15 minute intervals on all cruises. This spacing permitted detectionof rotary currents superimposed on a translational current. Evaluation ofdrogues at different depths indicated rotary periods of 10 to 15 hours.Figure 1 shows the trajectory of a drogue placed at 10 meters depths duringthe December cruise. The lower trace is a smoothed version of the actualtrajectory; the dashed line represents the translational trend.

A

N

CRUISE 6412

DROGUE 8DEPTH -10 METERS

0NAUTICAL MILES I

mma=zmmi

Figure 1. Actual and smoothed trajectories of a drogue placed at 10meters depth 45 miles offshore during December 1964.

3

Several duplicate drogues were used on each cruise. A very inter-esting feature of all duplicate drogues was a high degree of coherence withtime. High frequency noise was present on each of the drogue trajectoriesand can be noted in the figure. Observations are being converted to equaltime-stepped data for further analysis.

On all three cruises, fluorescent dye was injected at selected depthsand tracked for several hours with a recently purchased fluorometer.Information collected from these dye experiments has already led to somemodification of field techniques. Work on the design of dye tracing experi-ments will be continued.

During the March cruise, scuba divers observed the opening of thedrogue parachutes and the dispersal of the fluorescent dye.

Upwelling - Smith, Pattullo, Panshin

Studies of upwelling along the Oregon coast have continued. Monthlymean sea level pressure charts are analyzed to obtain the wind stress offthe Oregon coast. The predicted Ekman transport using these wind stressdata is compared to that inferred from changes in depth of the pycnocline.Considering the approximations made, the agreement is quite good and isusually within a factor of two.

A program to compare mean sea level data to the occurrence ofupwelling is being initiated. First work will be to compare the historicalCoast and Geodetic Survey tidal data (1933-4) from several locationsalong the Oregon coast to temperature and wind data.

Oil Platform Instrumentation - Young, Mooers, Pillsbury, Collins,Pattullo

An opportunity to make extensive and continuous oceanographicmeasurements is afforded by the recent leasing of Federal oil lands offthe coast of Oregon and the decision by at least two major oil companiesto immediately pursue an exploratory drilling phase. Drilling bargeswill be anchored in 350 to 600 feet of water, 15 to 30 miles offshore,and will remain in one position for six weeks to two months.

Permission has been granted for us to make use of two of thesedrilling platforms. A program of measurements of temperature, salinity,oxygen content, current velocity and photoattenuation is planned. In

Earthquake in

addition, specific studies of wave energy and direction, tidal and internalwaves, and heat and momentum flux will be performed by several grad-uate students. Appropriate instruments are being designed or purchased,and the design and construction of on-board handling gear is underway.Actual measurements are expected to begin in June.

Tides and Sea Level in Yaquina Bay - Pattullo, Collins, Swanson

During spring 1964, a Leupold and Stevens water level recorderwas installed as a tide gauge at the Marine Science Center dock.Lt. R. Lawrence Swanson of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Surveyinstalled and levelled the gauge. He also analyzed the first adequatemonth's record (May, 1964) for tidal constituents, meteorological andclimatological effects (Swanson, R. L. , Unpublished Masiter's Thesis).Recording is continuing and the analyses will be extended.

Salinity Distribution in the Northern Hemisphere Oceans - Skov, Pattullo

An examination was made of the factors that might be responsiblefor the large salinity difference (about 0. 5 °%j between the North Atlanticand the North Pacific Ocean. The magnitude estimates have been givenin a thesis by Mr. Skov.

Characteristics of the Tsunami that Resulted from thePrince William Sound - Schatz, Pattullo

Data on the waves that arrived 28 March 1964 in the PacificNorthwest have been collected from local observers and a team ofresearchers from Oregon State University. Arrival times and approxi-mate heights were reported in an article in the Ore Bin, (Schatz, CliffordHerbert C. Curl and Wayne V. Burt, 1964). Probable wave paths andspeeds are being examined. Effects of the generating area on the charac-teristics of waves upon arrival at the coast are also under study.

Solar and Long Wave Radiation Measuring System - Mesecar, Maughan

A solar and long-wave radiation measuring system has been developedfor shipboard use. The system consists of vented radiometers and elec-tronic measuring instruments that automatically display, integrate, andrecord the incident radiation.

Ip

5

The radiometers feature a propeller for ventilating through analuminum tube which exhausts across a heat transducer. A wind vaneattached to the vent tube keeps the radiometer oriented downwind. Thecombination of near-laminar flow across the transducer and orientationof the radiometer downwind minimizes transducer signal fluctuations dueto cross-wind components.

The radiation transducer is a flat black plate in which silver-constantan thermocouples have been embedded. By mounting the trans-ducer between combinations of filters and shield, radiation from severalindependent sources can be measured.

The electrical measuring instruments give a continuous graphicrecord and integrate and record the radiation levels over a fixed timeperiod. For integrating the detector output, the analog signal is con-verted to a proportional frequency, which is summer on a counter. Atclocked time intervals, the counter output is printed on paper tape.The system has been tested on the water-covered rooftop of the OceanographyBuilding (Figure 2) and will undergo further testing on Yaquina Bay in May.

Figure 2. Boom-mounted radiometers in position for preliminaryevaluation.

aTax az2

S a2Taz2

Vertical Eddy Diffusion and Salinity Extrema - Weyl, Ingham

In order to provide a base for further investigation of the signifi-cance of the "salt fountain" convection in the ocean, and of the generalattenuation of salinity extrema, a survey of the subsurface salinityextrema of the world ocean is being conducted. Salinity, temperature,density, and depth have been plotted along the three principal extremumsurfaces (the near-surface maximum salinity surface, the intermediatedepth minimum salinity surface, and the deep maximum salinity surface).The distributions of these parameters are based on 885 hydrographicstations located somewhat uniformly throughout the Atlantic, Pacific andIndian Oceans. In addition, the significance of two new parameters, theintensity of the salinity minimum and the slope of the T-S curve, is beinginvestigated.

An attempt to clarify experimentally the mechanisms of formationand attenuation of a subsurface salintiy minimum was made during acruise in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. The cruise, designatedSelected Interval Cast Study - Pacific (SICS-PAC), covered the regionof a fairly well-developed salinity minimum in the North Pacific 800 to1200 miles southwest of Newport, Oregon. The general objective of thecruise was to perform a detailed study of the horizontal and verticalgradients of salinity and temperature in the region of a subsurface salinityminimum and to determine the time-dependent variation of these values.It was intended that the values obtained from the hydrographic casts wouldbe used in an attempt to evaluate the vertical eddy diffusion constants forheat and salt, specifically to solve the steady-state equation:

a2S

KT

KSax

(1)

In order to evaluate the time-dependent variation of salinity andtemperature, a drogue was placed with its parachute at the core depthof the salinity minimum, and the ship was held to a fixed position withrespect to the drogue for 24 hours, while repeated hydrographic castswere made through the salinity minimum. Nansen bottles were spacedat intervals as small as three meters to improve resolution of small-scale variation of the parameters. Figure 3 shows a composite salinityvs depth plot for this 24-hour observation.

7

340I

50

100

150

200

250

E

x 500I-0w0

750

34.3 34.4TI

.d

1000 1 1 1 1 1 ....1

SALINITY (%)33.9 34.1 342

0 -T._I ----r-

PLOT OF ALL SALINITYVALUES FROM THE 24HOUR STATION - 34.30' N.140° 50'W

RECTANGLES INDICATERANGE OF VALUESFOR FOUR NANSENBOTTLES SPACED THREEMETERS APART.

Figure 3. Salinity values from a station at 34° 30'N, 140° 501W.This station was sampled repeatedly for 24 hours.

8

Twenty-two twenty-bottle casts to 1,000 meters were made in orderto describe the salinity and temperature structure near the salinity mini-mum. These were in addition to the cast series made at the 24-hour station.

It became apparent that the time-dependent variation of salinity andtemperature values encountered was entirely too large, compared to thespatial variation, to permit the evaluation of the derivatives expressed inequation (1). Many repeated casts should be made to statistically refinethe hydrographic data. The descriptive information concerning the salinityminimum is presently being processed and a report will be prepared.

Chart of the World Ocean - Weyl

Figure 4 is a gnonomic projection of the globe onto a regular icos-ahedron. Vertices are located at the North and South Poles. To obtainthe best projection for the world oceans one would like to place as manyvertices on land as possible. This is accomplished by rotating the icosa-hedron in such a manner than one vertex will fall at 68°W, 28° 26'S.The twenty isosceles triangles obtained have two different types of grids,a polar and an equatorial grid On this projection the meridians arestraight lines, while the parallels are ellipses. Because each trianglecontains at most one-fifth of a parallel the ellipse can be reasonably wellapproximated by a circle. The linear distortion on any triangle is lessthan + 20%. To obtain a better representation of the Arctic Ocean, theregular icosahedron is trunctaed at 65° N. Latitude. The varioustriangles and the truncated triangles for the North Polar sector,, as wellas the regular pentagon covering the Arctic Ocean, can be assembledin a number of different ways. To work specific parts of the world oceans,

other arrangements may be more desirable. By suitable cutting and foldingthe map can be assembled into a globe.

9

IIGEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Continental Margin

Continental Shelf Sedimentation - Byrne, Runge

Textural analyses have been completed on the continental shelfsediments off the Oregon Coast. The inner shelf sediments consistpredominantly of clean, fine- to very fine-grained sands. These sandsare well sorted and are either positively or negatively skewed. A fewsamples of coarse-grained sand and gravel occurring on the inner shelfare believed to be relict deposits. The sediments of the outer shelf gradefrom coarse-grained silt at about 50-60 fathoms to fine-grained silt andclay over the shelf break. Exceptions occur locally in the vicinity of theshelf break where there are high percentages of sand-sized glauconitegrains and where relict sands are exposed. The areas landward of andimmediately adjacent to Nehalem, Heceta, and Coquille Banks arecovered by very fine-grained silt and clay. Sorting is progressivelypoorer as the grain size decreases. Most of the outer shelf sedimentsare positively skewed.

Astoria Canyon - Byrne, Carlson

Samples collected from Astoria Submarine Canyon during the lastsix months include six piston cores from the floor of the canyon, 37gravity cores from the canyon walls and floor, and seven pipe dredgesfrom the walls. A total of 89 samples have been collected from thearea to date. These samples will be analyzed for textural and mineral-ogical trends. An addition of 300 miles of echo sounding lines brings thetotal number of miles covered by Precision Depth Records to more than1300. The sounding data are being used to construct bathymetric chartsof As to ria Submarine Canyon.

Foraminiferal Ecology - Fowler

The study of modern foraminifera from the shelf and slope off theOregon coast was extended southward from Newport to the Umpqua Riverduring October. Collections were made along the four east-west traverselines described below:

Location No. of Stations Depth (Meters)Yaquina Head (44°40'N) 3 730 - 2709Alsea Bay (44°25'N) 17 72 - 2265Heceta Head (44°10'N) 3 1152 - 2300Umpqua River (44°0'N) 21 27 - 1470

12

The stations off Yaquina Head had been occupied in May 1964, makingit possible to begin an examination of possible seasonal variations inforaminiferal distribution at that location.

In addition to the usual corers, a Smith-McIntyre grab was usedto sample sandy bottoms. This device returns a relatively undisturbedsurface sample with an overlying column of water. Sub-samples can thenbe taken by pushing a piece of 1-1/2-inch plastic core liner into thesediment surface.

About one-half of the proposed sampling program has beencompleted. Two hundred sixty-four samples have been processed inthe laboratory and are ready for examination under the microscope.Foraminifera from 17 samples found at depths less than 120 metershave been examined. Species composition and distributional trends arecompatible with those reported from other parts of the world. The faunafound at depths less than 75 meters is dominated by calcareous forms,notably Buliminella elegantissima and Elphidium magellanicum. Below75 meters an agglutinated assemblage typified by Eggerella advena andBecurvoides turbinatus characterizes the fauna.

Geology of the Central Oregon Continental Shelf and Slope - Byrne, FowlerFowler, Maloney

The final report covering the investigation of the continental margin(shelf and slope) off the central coast of Oregon has been completed as aPh. D. dissertation by Neil J. Maloney. Copies of the dissertation arelocated in both the Department library and the University library.

Deep-Sea Sedimentation

Oregon - Byrne, Nelson

The study of abyssal sedimentation on Astoria Fan and CascadiaAbyssal Plain is being continued. Twenty piston cores up to twentyfeet in length and as many Phleger cores have been collected duringthe past four months. A total of 26 Ewing piston cores and 26 Phlegergravity cores that have been taken to date from the northern half ofAstoria Fan. These cores generally consist of greenish-gray mud withinterbedded sand layers up to 17 inches thick. Two cores located inchannels leading from the mouth of Astoria Canyon contain layers ofsmall-pebble-sized gravel. These layers are as much as 12 inches thick.Precision Depth Recorder traces have been made over the northern halfof Astoria Fan and are being compiled into a new bathymetric chart.

13

Atlantic - Byrne, Fowler, Ensminger

An investigation of the sedimentary and faunal characteristics ofcores collected from the tropical North Atlantic has been completed.Low percentages of terrigenous detritus of probable turbidity currentorigin are present in most of the cores examined. However, a definiteturbidity current deposit was recognized only in a core taken close to theAfrican coast. Continental Rise sediments differ from basin and ridge-flank sediments in having a much higher proportion of detrital constituents,generally coarser grain size, and a lower percentage of CaCO3 with theexception of the red clays. A change from red clay to green clay is found150 centimeters below the top of a core from eastern Cape Verde AbyssalPlain. This change may reflect water mass characteristics at the closeof the last glacial stage. The presence of Globorotalia menardii flexuosaand the dominance of left coiling specimens of Globorotalia truncatulinoides150 centimeters below the top of a core from Cape Verde Basin (the longestcore studied) suggests a transition from the last glacial stage to the Recent.

Coastal and Estuarine Sedimentation

Coastal Sediments - Kulm, Byrne

Heavy mineral analysis of the coastal sediments from southernWashington, Oregon, and northern California are being continued. Atotal of 84 heavy mineral grain mounts have been made of the beachsands in these coastal areas. The investigation of the heavy mineralsuites of the coastal river sediments of Oregon and northern Californiahas been expanded to include the 62-125 and 250-500 micron size fraction.An earlier study of the 125-250 micron size fraction showed that muchmore information could be obtained from the river sediments if the afore-mentioned size classes were included. Grain mounts have been madefor all the river sediments. In addition, magnetic separations are beingmade on the more complex heavy mineral suites.

Netarts Bay Foraminifera - Fowler, Hunger

Forty-two samples of foraminifera from Netarts Bay have beencollected and analyzed during the report period. Standing crops ofmore than 200 foraminifera/cm2 have been found in samples from highmarsh areas wetted principally from below. Values consistently lessthan 6 foraminifera/cm2 were found in samples from adjacent mud flats

and channels free from abundant growths of algae and grass. The highmarsh is dominated by Trochammina inflata and Trochammina nitida,whereas Miliammina fusca is the characteristic species on the mud flatsand in the channels. Living foraminifera have been found more than eightfeet above mean tide level. Textural and organic carbon analyses of aboutforty sediment samples is underway.

Yaquina Bay Foraminifera - Fowler, Manske

During the past six months, weekly samples were collected fromthe channel of Yaquina Bay at eight stations on a traverse extendingeleven miles upstream from near the mouth of the bay. Additionalcollections were made in three of the main tributary sloughs of the bay.Salinity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature data were taken simultan-eously. Fifty-four samples have been stained and washed and areready for examination under the microscope. Analyses of twenty speciesof foraminifera in ten samples from McCaffery Slough have shown thatMiliammina fusca and Trochammina inflata are dominant in marsh, marshchannel, and tidal flat areas. The main estuary channel, although stilldominated by agglutinated forms, can be characterized by the presenceof Buliminella elegantissima, Elphidiella hannai, and Elphidium spp.Standing crop values range from one to more than 25 foraminifera/cm3.

Nearshore Carbonate Sands of Bermuda - Kulm, Byrne, Carlson

The study of the beach and nearshore carbonate sediments of Bermudais nearing completion. Textural analyses have been completed on allsamples, and the data have been reduced and analyzed. The faunal con-tent as well as the gross physical characteristics of the sediments havebeen determined for each of the seasonal beach profiles. Variations inthe faunal content between summer and winter do not appear to be assignificant as the faunal differences among the beaches.

15

GEOPHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Seismic Work at Sea - Berg, Dehlinger, King

Seismic reflection work, using the sparker and gas gun systems,has been completed in the area off Newport, Oregon. Studies off themouth of the Columbia River have revealed two buried channels. Thiswork will be continued to determine more detail of the channels andother shallow features. The sparker source energy will be increasedto 10, 000 joules. Attempts will be made to obtain sub-bottom reflectionsover the continental rise off the Oregon coast.

Results from shallow reflection studies and seismic refractionprofiles off Newport, Oregon, were presented at the Geological Societyof American meeting in April.

Sixteen new seismic refraction lines will be instituted off California,Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. This work, undertakenjointly with Scripps Institution of Oceanography, will begin in May 1965.

Thermal Studies - Berg, Bodvarsson, Hutt

All thermal probe equipment has been tested at sea during twoshort cruises. Initial studies are being made over magntic anomaliesabout 150 miles off the Oregon coast. Hard bottom (sand) conditionsdo not permit good penetration of the present probe. A new probedesigned to overcome this difficulty is being built.

Laboratory studies to relate thermal conductivity and electricalconductivity are in progress. If these studies show positive results,attempts will be made to measure thermal conductivity of bottom sedi-ments in situ by electrical methods.

Theoretical Studies - Berg, Bodvarsson, Maloof, Stone, Odegard,Papageorge

Various direct interpretation methods in the fields of gravity,thermal and electromagnetic exploration are being studied. Modernmethods of network analysis and synthesis are being applied to geo-physical problems, and a direct method of interpreting DC resistivityand magnetotelluric field data has been developed. Theoretical work isalso being conducted on analytical continuation of potential fields and thefiltering of potential field data.

16

Marine Gravity - Dehlinger, Couch, Banks, Gallagher

Surface-ship gravity measurements have been made off the coastsof California, Washington, and Oregon. The Mendocino escarpment andthe seaward extension of the San Andreas fault zone were examined exten-sively. Results from these investigations were presented at theAmerican Geophysical Union meeting in April 1965.

Magnetics - Berg, McKnight, Bales

Magnetic measurements have been made at sea between the ColumbiaRiver and San Francisco Bay from near the shoreline seaward for 70 miles.The data are being prepared for publication.

A spinner magnetometer constructed for use in paleomagnetic workis now being checked. Paleomagnetic studies will begin during thesummer of 1965.

Land Gravity Studies - Berg, Thiruvathukal, Odegard

A gravity base station network has been established in Oregon.All stations are tied with international base stations. Results of thiswork were presented at the American Geophysical Union meeting inDecember.

Free-air and Bouguer anomaly maps of the offshore and onshoreOregon area are being constructed for publication. The data will beanalyzed with particular attention to the transition between deep oceanand continent.

A method for using the fourier integral in the analysis of gravitydata has been developed. Results of this research were presented atthe Society of Exploration Geophysicists in Los Angeles, California.

Seismic Wave Studies - Berg, Trembly, Sarmah, Long

Amplitudes, waveforms, and energies of seismic waves recordedat near-regional, regional, and teleseismic distances are being studiedto gain information about seismic srources. Papers giving results ofthis work were presented at the Seismological Society of Americanmeeting in St. Louis, Missouri.

17

Earthquake Seismology - Dehlinger, Chiburis, French

The World- Wide Seismic Station at Corvallis and a satellite stationat Klamath Falls, Oregon, have operated continuously during the reportperiod. Travel-time graphs for the Pacific Northwest region have beencompleted and interpreted. The findings were presented at the AmericanGeophysical Union meeting in December 1964.

A study involving the dispersion of surface waves has also beencompleted. A report of this work was presented at the AmericanGeophysical Union in April 1965.

19

CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Offshore Chemistry - Park, Dobson, George

Collection of seasonal and spatial variation data of pH and alaklinityfor one year is completed. The data are being analyzed with respect tothe effects of the Columbia River plume and summer upwelling. Netoxygen and carbon dioxide exchange across the air-sea interface duringthe upwelling season will be estimated from these data.

Improvement of Shipboard Techniques - Park, George

1. Conductometric alkalinity determination. A continuous titrationcell is being tested in the laboratory. Preliminary titration data arepromising.

2. Gas chromatographic determination of dissolved gases. Anelectrolysis cell for preparing reliable oxygen standards has been con-structed. The advantage of this approach is that the standard is notaffected by temperature or atmospheric pressure.

3. Salinometer. The Journal of the Oceanographic Society ofJapan requested that Park and Burt write a review article on thesalinometer. A 70-page article was prepared. The article reviewedthe nature of electrolytic conductance of sea water and the effects ofpressure, temperature, and biogeochemical factors, as well as theprecision and intercomparison of various salinometers.

Physical Chemistry of Sea Water - Weyl, Connors, Duedall

Measurements of the partial molar volumes and the partial equiv-alent conductances of salts in sea water are continuing. Since the lastreport, the partial molar volumes of the following salts have beenmeasured in sea water at 24. 5°C and three salinities: NaCl, KC1,NaC2H3O21 MgC2H3O2, MgSO4, KHCO3, Na2SO4, K2S04, KNO3,NaNO3, Ca(N03)2. The partial equivalent conductances of the follow-ing salts have been measured in sea water at two or more temperaturesand at three salinities: NaCl, KC1, K2SO4, Na2SO4.

Chemical Reactions in Sea Water - Pytkowicz, Kester

Noise in the potentiometrit titration equipment has been reduced,and the equipment is operational. We are studying the performanceof pH electrodes in sea water prior to the determination of thedissociation constants of the weak acids, which have an effect on bufferingand sedimentation.

When pH electrodes are introduced into sea water a transient signalis observed before a steady reading is obtained. This transient is observ-able for about ten minutes with pH meters, and at room temperature, canbe followed for two hours in our high precision equipment. At lowertemperatures, equilibration requires even longer.

Because this transient depends on the conditioning of the electrode,we are examining the critical problem of the reproducibility of pHreadings as a function of the history of the electrodes used. We wantto know how to pretreat electrodes to assure reproducibility of readingsin routine and high precision pH measurements. The time lag betweenequipment standardization with buffer and the reading of a stable pH insea water is also being investigated.

Oxygen-Phosphate Relations off Oregon - Pytkowicz

Oxygen and phosphate data obtained during February and Marchwere examined for indications of oxygen exchange with the atmosphere.The offshore data taken during February is presented in Figure 1.

Because calibrations are not yet available,, oxygen is given in milli-liters of titrant and, phosphate in absorbance units. The linear relation-ship found' for data taken 15 through 185 miles offshore indicates that therehad been no exchange, and that biological production controlled the oxygenand phosphate concentrations. Data from three stations of cruise SICS(Selected Interval Cast Study) suggest the presence further offshore ofwater with lower phosphate above 200 meters. This is probably centralwater which is phosphate-depleted due to the surface convergence resultingfrom the clockwise gyre.

The data taken in March is presented in Figure 2. These data wereobtained following weeks of clear skies, and suggest an increase in near-surface oxygen due to photosynthesis. This increase caused super-saturation and loss of oxygen to the atmosphere, as shown by the devia-tions from the linear relationship in the upper 50 meters.

:t

10.0

8.0

6

CRUISE 6502-° SICS 1,4,7

NH 19 THRU 185

- -U F I\ i II I .I - l I \ - 1,

0.1 0.7 10 3.0

1

2.0

10.0

CRUISE 6503STATIONS NH25,53N

200m

JE

N0 Theoretical Slope andObserved Deep Slope

0.3 0.5 _0 2.0

P04 -P (absorbance) P04 -P (,lg at/L)

Figure 1. Data from February 1965.,

Figure 2. Data from March 1965.

Paleochemistry of the Oceans - Weyl

A study of the paleochemistry of the ocean is continuing. In orderto handle the problem realistically, the scope of the investigation will beenlarged to encompass the problem of the stability of the total environ-ment of the earth's surface. At this stage we feel that stability resultsfrom the interaction of the ocean with the biosphere, lithosphere, andatmosphere. A paper on these ideas has been written and will be submittedfor publication soon.

Vapor Flux Across the Isthmus of Panama - Deffeyes

The transport of water vapor by the trade winds across the Isthmusof Panama may be an important part of,,the hydrologic balance that keepsthe Atlantic saltier than the Pacific. An estimate of the annual fluxacross the Isthmus is being made using the upper-air observations at theCanal Zone, along with a topographic compilation of the cross sectionopen to vapor flow at each vertical level. A preliminary analysis basedon one year's data indicates a water vapor flux of 6 x 104 cubic metersper second. This will be compared with vapor fluxes elsewhere to seewhether the largest vapor transport between the ocean basins is, indeed,across the Isthmus of Panama.

Removal of Alkalinity from Sea Water. Clays - Deffeyes, Weyl

Preliminary work is in progress on the adsorption of alkalinityfrom sea water by clay minerals. Funding of the clay study by theNational Science Foundation, beginning in June, will allow expansion ofthe present program.

miles from the Columbia River) is sdid not appear in the precipitate, butfilter (D.45µ). A paper describing t;process is being prepared by Cronin

MARINE RADIOCHEMISTRY AND RADIOECOLOGY

Nekton - Osterberg, Pearcy, Larsen, Dickson, Cronin, Tennant,Wyandt

A large share of our effort is now directed to measuring the,specific activity of zinc-65, chromium-51, and manganese-54 in thewater and animals. Samples are frozen aboard ship, then analyzedboth for radioactive and stable elements. Radioanalysis is by gamma-ray spectrometry, and stable elements are analyzed with the Perkin-Elmer Model 303 atomic absorption spectrometer.

Seventy-nine samples of individual species of organisms have beenanalyzed for gamma emitters during this period. These include pelagicanimals from the upper 1000 meters, as well as some benthic fishes.In addition, several mixed pelagic collections, representing quantitativemidwater trawl collections from different depth strata, have also beenradioanalyzed.

Radiochemistry - Cronin, Cutshall, Osterberg

A process for the routine shipboard chemistry of large volumesof sea water (150 or 300 gallon batches) has been developed. The equip-ment and procedure were tested on the SICS-PAC cruise (SelectedInternal Casting Study - Pacific, 22 February - 10 March). Twenty-sixlarge sample co-precipitates were made on a line of stations extendingfrom Newport, Oregon, to about 1400 miles off Baja, California.Analysis of the concentrated co-precipitates by gamma-ray spectrometryreveals the presence of Mn54 in most of the samples. Zinc-65 wasreadily apparent only off Oregon. Manganese-54 appears to be closelyrelated to fallout, while the Columbia River (i. e. , Hanford Laboratories)is the primary source of Zn65. A sample spectrum of the precipitatefrom 150 gallons of membrane-filtered water taken off Newport (100

een in Figure 1 . Chromium-51was concentrated on the membrane

he large volume shipboard chemicaland Osterberg.

Solvent extraction techniques (500 ml samples) were used foranalysis of stable trace elements in sea water. Mr. Cronin's thesiswill be concerned with this subject.

concentrated co-precipit f membrane-filOregon, 22 February 19 cates presence

Background has been s count.

K40

Figure 1 . Spectrum of ate from 150 gallons o tered sea water,collected off 65. Zinc-65 peak indi of ColumbiaRiver water. ubtracted, 800 minute

CUCUMBIR

mvd

21S5m

Figure 2. Spectra of 3. 53 g (dry weight) of sea cucumbers and 500 mlfrom 2865 meters show almost no similarity.

Benthos - Osterberg, Carey, Larsen, Dickson, Hancock, Alspach

Seventy-five samples have been analyzed for gamma emittersduring this period. These include four sediment samples and 29 speciesof benthic invertebrates taken from depths of 25 meters to 2800 meters.Compilation and reduction of data are in progress.

Most of the short half-lived fission products reported earlier insea cucumbers (Osterberg, Carey, and Curl, 1963) have decayed.However, evidence for artificial radioisotopes in some deep animalsremains. Figure 2 shows that the gamma emitters present in a deepsea cucumber are not the natural radionuclides which are prominentin sediments, nor do they appear to originate at the Hanford reactors.

Geochemistry - Johnson, Cutshall, Osterberg

Two thesis research projects are in progress. Mr. Johnson isexamining the binding properties of radionuclides on sediments, andMr. Cutshall is investigating the chemistry of chromium.

Sediment Probe Studies - Jennings, Cutshall, Frederick, Osterberg

The in situ gamma-ray sediment probe has been tested, and an articleon its use has been published. The data taken in the Columbia Riverestuary are being analyzed by Mr. Jennings for inclusion in a thesis.Success of the probe encouraged us to make modifications to extend itsoperating range from the present 200 feet to about 1200 feet. Laboratorytests with 3000 feet of cable are entirely satisfactory, and field tests willbe made when a suitable winch is available.

Estuarine Collections - Haertel, Tennant, Osterberg

Monthly collections at three stations in the Columbia River are beingcontinued. Animals are collected with a 22-foot shrimp-type otter trawl,and juvenile nekton are taken with a 3-foot Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl.Both ecological and radioecological studies are in progress.

Other Work - Cross, Kujala, Jennings, Cronin

Thesis research by Mr.Kujala on the radioactivity of salmon hasrevealed that the effects of the Columbia River, as reflected by the Zn65content of the fish, extend north as far as Alaska. Mr. Cross is conductinguptake and retention studies with benthic amphipods. Cross, Jennings,and Cronin have received AEC-sponsored fellowships for summer researchat Battelle -Northwest, Richland, Washington.

27

BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Phytoplankton Ecology - Curl, Small, Hardy

Two papers are now in preparation. The first is on assimilationnumbers (mg C/mg chlorophyll "a") and the possible effects of nutrientlevels on these numbers; the second deals with the effects of coastalupwelling and river discharge on light attentuation and chlorophyll con-centration. An analysis of seasonal production from C14 and chlorophyll-light data taken over a three-year period, will follow shortly.

In the future, factors affecting assimilation numbers will beinvestigated both in the field and in the laboratory. Effects of upwellingon production and phytoplankton population development will also bestudied.

Energy and Element Transfer in the Lower Marine Food Web - Small,Hebard, Bergeron, Fowler

Respiration studies of three species of euphausiid are nearingcompletion. Respiration rates were found by measuring oxygen con-sumption in a Gilson respirometer. Rates for animals ranging in dryweight from 0. 5 to 45. 0 mg were determined at three temperatures(5° C, 10° C and 15°C). As expected, respiration rate varied directlywith temperature. Respiration rates were also determined by Winkleroxygen titration and gas chromatography. All three methods gave com-parable results. A report of this work will be submitted for publicationshortly.

Measurement of direct and food chain uptake of Zn65 by euphausiidsis being continued. Uptake values serve as both a measure of zinc transferand an index of metabolism. These assimilation studies will be comparedwith C14 methods and counting techniques that employ their relationship:

Assimilation = Ingestion - E ge s tion

Marine Microbiology - Morita

Attempts are now being made to isolate obligate psychrophilesthat are capable of amylase production (starch hydrolysis), as well asprotease activity (gelatin liquefaction). The isolation of these organismswill allow us to study the kinetics of the reactions under pressure and

temperature. Such studies are necessary in order to understand thepotential of these enzymes at low temperature and elevated hydrostaticpressure in relation to the cycles of matter.

Characterization of the materials leaking out of the cells of Vibriomarinus MP-1 when subjected to temperatures between 20 and 30° C arestill being conducted.

The kinetics of L-serine deamination in Vibrio marinus MP-1 arealso being continued.

The prefabrication of a temperature-hydrostatic pressure poJari-meter tube is nearly complete. This instrument will allow us to studythe helix-coil transformations of enzymes or model proteins when theyare subjected to temperature and/or pressure changes.

Benthic Ecology and Systematics - Carey, McCauley, Alspach, Hancock

Four cruises were undertaken during this period, yielding 25quantitative anchor dredge samples, 17 otter trawl and 38 Smith-McIntyrebottom grab samples from stations on the shelf, slope, and abyssal plain.Two new stations were added, one at the bottom of the first slope valleyand the other at the base of the slope on Cascadia Abyssal Plain. A newtrawling station at a depth of 1200 meters on the slope is now beingsampled.

Laboratory analyses of the collections are continuing. Ninety-two quantitative anchor dredge samples along the station line have beenanalyzed for faunal abundance and relative abundance of major taxa.Identifications of the fauna continue.

The Sanders Deep Sea Anchor Dredge has been redesigned. Thenew model, called the Anchor-Box Dredge, incorporates a frontal planingsurface, towing bail, metal box with hinged rear door, and a V-shapedthroat valve. The Anchor-Box Dredge has been used on two cruises andhas successfully sampled a variety of bottoms over a broad depth range.

Animal-Sediment Interrelationships - Carey, Hancock

The effects of organic carbon levels and texture of the sedimentson the infauna have been studied. Polychaete worms form a greaterportion of the fauna when the sediment is soft and the organic content

29

relatively high. The total numbers per unit area decrease with decreasingorganic content on the abyssal plain. Zones of faunal change on the shelfand slope appear to be associated with marked changes in sediment com-position. Though the sediment is probably but one of a complex of factorsaffecting the distribution and abundance of the fauna, it appears to be quiteimportant in certain portions of the area under study.

Polychaete Distribution in Yaquina Bay - Morrison, Carey

Samples collected earlier have been analyzed, and the animalsseparated into their major taxonomic groups. The numbers, dry weightsand ash-free dry weights per square meter have been determined foreach group at-five stations in the bay and one station offshore.

The polychaete Nephtys cae coide s exhibited a continuous distributionfrom the offshore station to a point approximately five miles into theestuary. An effort is being made to correlate this distribution to the knownhabits of this organism and the ecological conditions found in the estuary.

Vertical Distribution and Migration of Oceanic Animals - Pearcy, Forss,Laurs, Renshaw

Sixteen opening and closing midwater trawl samples were collectedduring the report period. These samples and multiple meter net col-lections taken from various depths within the upper 1000 meters duringboth day and night are providing data on the vertical distribution andmigration of small nekton and macroplankton. A nocturnal increase inthe numbers and biomass of mesopelagic fishes and shrimps within theupper 150 meters is obvious. This corresponds to a less marked nocturnaldecrease between 150 and 500 meters.

Distribution and Ecology of Oceanic Animals - Pearcy, Hebard, Forss,Laurs, VanArsdale, Hubbard

Studies on occurrence and abundance of oceanic fishes, shrimps,euphausiids, copepods, and salps, and their relationships to oceanographicfeatures off Oregon, are nearing completion. Seasonal, geographic, andbathymetric differences in distributions are apparent in several cases.Variations are being examined with respect to hydrography and biomassof other trophic levels. Identifications of chaetognaths and amphipods arein progress.

During the report period a total of 32 midwater trawl and 19meter net collections were made in conjunction with this program.Twelve of these collections were taken during the SICS-PAC (SelectedInterval Casting Study - Pacific) cruise to Eastern North Pacificcentral waters. These collections are of special interest because theyprovide information on the species present in a water mass adjoiningthat off Oregon.

Oceanic Trematode Studies - McCauley, Eagle

Work continues on the collection of marine deep-sea trematodes.Thirty-two additional fish have been autopsied, and five new species oftrematodes were found. Since September 1963 at least thirteen newspecies have been found in the course of this research. Two host fishidentified as parabassogigus grandis are the first of their species tobe reported from the Northeast Pacific. More than 1400 specimens ofdigenetic trematodes and 200 monogenetic trematodes are now in thecollection. The initial work on a new species of the copepod genusLophoura is being described jointly with Mr. S. N. Wilkes of theDepartment of Zoology.

Plankton Inventories at Yaquina Bay - Frolander

The weekly sampling program has been continued. Quantitativeand qualitative net tows were taken and surface and bottom observationsof temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen were made at the fourestablished stations. The data collected is summarized below.

Type of Observation Number of Observations

Clarke-Bumpus tow - #6 mesh 61Clarke - Bumpus tow - #12 mesh 591/2-meter net tow - #6 mesh 8Temperature, salinity, dissolved

oxygen 161

Samples collected in the weekly sampling program have beenanalyzed by the vacuum displacement method, accessioned into ledgers,cataloged in card files and deposited in chronological accessioning cases.

A computer program to perform routine calculations on zooplank-ton species counts was put into operation in October. To date, 173zooplankton samples have been processed. Information summarized by

31

the computer program includes a description of the station, the biomassof each species present, and the percentage composition of the sample.The density of the water at both the surface and the bottom is alsocalculated.

33

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM

During the six-month period one student has completed therequirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography. Six havecompleted the requirements for the Master of Science in Oceanography.All seven degrees will be formally conferred in June 1965. The studentswho will receive these degrees are listed below.

Kulm, LaVerne D. - Ph. D.Thesis Title: Sediments of Yaquina Bay, OregonMajor Professor: John V. Byrne

Laun, Philip R. - M. S.Thesis Title: Primary Seismic Waves (P) at 250-350 km

Compared to Measured Wave at 0. 3 km fromGnome Nuclear Explosion

Major Professor: Joseph W. Berg, Jr.McCormick, Jon M. - M. S.

Thesis Title: Some aspects of Marine Hydroid Ecology off-Oregon

Major Professor: James E. McCauleyMinard, David R. - M. S.

Thesis Title: Some Aspects of Marine Hydroid Ecology offOregon

Major Professor: June G. PattulloTrembly, Lynn D. - M. S.

Thesis Title: Primary Seismic Waves near Explosions.Major Professor: Joseph W. Berg, Jr.

Skov, Neils A. - M. S.Thesis Title: Factors Influencing the Salinity Difference

Between the North Atlantic and North PacificOceans

Major Professor: June G. PattulloSwanson, Robert L. - M. S.

Thesis Title: Tidal Prediction, Variation of ObservedTide from Predicted Tide - Newport, Oregon

Major Professor: June G. Pattullo

FACILITIES

Research Vessel YAQUINA

The Research Vessel YAQUINA commenced operations fromNewport, Oregon, in October 1964. After the initial shakedown period,the reliability and superior sea-keeping qualities of the ship weredemonstrated by meeting a schedule of 72% of the time at sea duringJanuary through March 1965. Total time at sea was 108 days, duringwhich 9000 miles were covered on 18 separate cruises. Endurance ofscientific party, ship and crew was successfully tested on one jointPhysical-Chemical-Biological cruise of 19 days and 2500 miles.Oceanographic data was also collected on three drogue, four geological,two hydrographic, one geophysics and eight biological cruises.

Oceanography Building

Formal decication of the new Oceanography Building was heldon 5 November 1964 in the Home Economics Auditorium. The buildingwas presented to the University by Dr. Harve J. Carlson, Director ofthe Division of Biology and Medicine of the National Science Foundation.The Honorable Mark O. Hatfield, Governor of Oregon, accepted thebuilding. The afternoon program consisted of a lecture "The ProjectMohole" by Gordon Lill, director of the project. Open house in thenew building followed.

The first year of occupancy of the building ended with the pre-paration of a proposal for funds to build an addition to the existingstructure. The addition, if approved, is scheduled for occupancy inFebruary 1968.

The Marine Science Center

The main laboratory of the Marine Science Center was completedon 16 February 1965, and outfitting of the building is now underway.The courtyard in the central portion of the building is being landscapedby Newport Boy Scout Troop #41. A committee of scientists from thefrom the Department of Oceanography is working with Mr. MarkSponenburgh of the Art Department in the preparation of museumdisplays. Formal dedication of the building is scheduled for 19 June1965.

TOTAL 14 15 14 21 25

..I

Several projects are already underway in the Oceanography-Zoology wing of the laboratory. Dr. Robert Bacon, University ofOregon Medical School, is spending a sabbatical leave at the laboratory.He is writing up a portion of his electron microscope studies on seaurchins. Mr. David Young is coordinating engineering operations inthe instrumentation of oil drilling barges to be located off the coastnear Newport this summer. Mr. John T. Cronin is working on theextraction of fats from sea water and the measurement of their naturalradioactivity.

37

NE W STAFF

Dr. Stephen J. Neshyba has joined the staff as Associate Professorof Physical Oceanography. Dr. Neshyba holds both the B. S. and M. S.degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas. He hasjust recently completed the requirements for the Ph. D. in Oceanographyat Texas A and M University. His dissertation is entitled, "Biolumines-cence as Noise in an Underwater Optical Surveying System".

Dr. Neshyba has worked as an aerophysics engineer and, morerecently, as a teacher of electrical engineering. His primary interestis in marine optics. In this connection, he has been investigating theuses of the laser in oceanographic work, and the enhancement of theambient noise at optical frequencies due to insertion in the water ofan active optical system.

Dr. Jefferson J. Gonor joined our staff in December as an AssistantProfessor of Oceanography. Dr. Gonor holds the B. S. degree fromSouthwest Louisiana University, and the Ph. D. from the University ofWashington. His specialization is in the zoology of marine invertebrates.His doctoral dissertation is entitled "Functional Anatomy of the DigestiveTract of a Marine Snail".

Dr. Gonor comes to us from the Douglas Marine Station of theUniversity of Alaska. In the early part of 1965 he participated in acruise of the TE VEGA in the South Pacific. Dr. Gonor will be one ofthe resident staff at the Marine Science Center.

Dr. Laverne D. Kulm has been appointed Assistant Professorof Geological Oceanography. Dr. Kulm received his B. S. in Geologyfrom Monmouth College, Monmouth, Illinois, in 1959, and since thattime has been associated with the Department of Oceanography as agraduate assistant. As part of the requirement for the Ph. D. , hesubmitted a dissertation entitled, "Sediments of Yaquina Bay, Oregon.

Dr. Kulm's main interest is in the application of oceanographicprinciples to Recent marine sedimentation. He is currently engaged inresearch on the entire range of coastal sediments.

Mr. Charles R. Easley, formerly project construction inspectorat the Marine Science Laboratory site, has been appointed SeniorInstructor in the Department of Oceanography. Mr. Easley holds B. S.and M. S. degrees from Oregon State University and has taught industrialarts in the Lincoln County schools for several years.

Mr. Easley's broad background in the sciences, industrial arts,and education, as well as his military experience in the Navy and hisfamiliarity with the Newport area, uniquely qualify him or his positionas plant manager of the Marine Science Center.

Commander Richard G. Redmond, U. S. N. (Ret.) joined ourstaff in October, 1964, as Assistant Marine Superintendent. His dutiesdeal with administration of research vessel operations. He received aB. S. degree in Business Administration from Kent State University in1940. Before joining the Navy in 1942, he was employed as a publicaccountant.

Commander Redmond brings to the department.. 22 years ofservice as a naval officer. This service included the command of twodestroyers and a radar picket squadron, as well as the supervision ofatomic weapons training and Navy missle tests.

Mr. David A. Young has joined the staff of the Marine ScienceLaboratory as a Senior Instructor. Mr. Young holds the B. S. degreein Mechanical Engineering from California Institute of Technology andis recognized as a pioneer innovator of the space age. While with AerojetCorporation he assisted in the design of liquid rocket engines. As Chiefof the Space Technology Group of the Advanced Research Project Agency,he was engaged in the technical evaluation and monitoring of space programs.

Mr. Young returned to Aerojet Corporation as Director of LongRange Planning. He has recently been working with the Office of EconomicOpportunity in the formulation of plans for the President's War on Poverty.

At the Marine Science Laboratory, Mr. Young is directing theengineering aspects of oceanographic instrumentation.

39

VISITING SCIENTISTS

5 November 1964 Mr. Gordon Lill, Director of the Mohole Project,National Science Foundation

14 December 1964 Dr. Joel Hedgpeth, Pacific Marine Station, DillonBeach, California

28 December 1964 Mr. Strick, Shell Oil Company. "Reflection andRefraction of Seismic Waves"

7 January 1965 Dr. Fredrick Spilhaus, Jr. , Department ofGeology and Geophysics, Massachusetts Instituteof Technology

13 January 1965 Dr. Stephen Neshyba, Department of Oceanographyand Meteorology, Texas A and M University

25 January 1965 Professor H. D. Holland, Department of Geology,Princeton University

11 February 1965 Dr. Robert A. Duce, Department of Geology andGeophysics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

41

PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS

Publications

Burt, Wayne V. , and S. A. Kulm. Oceanography. Encyclopedia ofEarth Sciences. (in press)

Burton, S. D. and R. Y. Morita. The influence of catalase and culturalconditions on Beggiatoa. J. Bacteriol. 88: 1755-1761 (1964).

Byrne, J. V. Geomorphology of the Continental Terrace off the centralcoast of Oregon. The Ore Bin. 24: 65-74 (1964).

Curl, Herbert, Norman Cutshall, Charles Osterberg. Uptake of Chromium(III) by particles in sea-water. Nature. 205(4968): 275-276 (1965).

Dehlinger, Peter. Reliability at sea of gimbal-suspended gravity meterswith 0. 7 critically damped accelerometers. J. Geophys. Res.69(24): 5383-5394 (1964).

Dehlinger, Peter, and B. R. Jones. Free-air gravity anomaly map ofthe Gulf of Mexico and its tectonic implications, 1963 edition.Geophysics. .30(1): 102-110 (1965).

Dehlinger, P. , W. A. Rinehart, J. W. Berg, Jr. Oregon State Universitysea gravity program off the Pacific Northwest Coast. Trans.Am. Geophys. Union. 46(1): 223 (1965).

Duedall, I. W. , and P. K. Weyl. Apparatus for determining the partialequivalent volumes of salts in aqueous solutions. Rev. of Sci.Instr. 36: 528-531 (1965).

Frolander, Herbert F. Biological and chemical features of tidalestuaries. Jour. Water Pollution Control Federation. 36(8):1037-1048 (1964).

Jennings, David, Norman Cutshall and Charles Osterberg. Radioactivity,.,Detection of gamma-ray emission in sediments in situ. Science.148: 948-950 (1965).

Kulm, L. D. , and J. V. Byrne. The sediments of Yaquina Bay, Oregon.Proc. Conference on Estuaries, Jekyll Island, Georgia(1964).

Kulm, L. D. (with T. T. Mackenzie, R. L. Cooley, and J. T. Barnhart).Homotrema rubrum (Lamarck), a sediment transport indicator. .Jour. Sedimentary Petrology. 35: 265-272 (1965).

Mathemeier, P. F. , and Richard Y. Morita. The influence of substrate-cofactor ratios on partially purified inorganic pyrophosphatase atelevated temperature. Jour. Bacteriol. 88: 1661-1666 (1964).

Morita, R. Y. , and P. F. Mathemeier. Temperature-hydrostatic pressurestudies on partially purified inorganic pyrophosphatase. Jour.Bacteriol. 88: 1667-1671 (1964).

Morita, R. Y. , and S. D. Burton. Growth characteristics of Beggiatoa.Bacteriol. Proc. p. 29. (1964)

Morita R. Y. , R. R. Colwell and M. B. Gochnauer. Taxonomy ofmarine Vibrios. Bacteriol. Proc. (1964).

Morita, R. Y. , and S. M. Robison. Moderate temperature effects onoxygen uptake of Vibrio marinus. Bacteriol. Proc. p. 38-39'(1964).

Osterberg, C. L. , W. G. Pearcy and N. Kujala. Gamma emitters in afin whale. Nature. 204: 1006-1007 (1964).

Park, Kilho and Magdalena Catalfomo. Gas chromatographic determin-ation of dissolved oxygen in sea water using argon as carriergas. Deep-Sea Res. 11: 917-920 (1964).

Park, Kilho and Herbert C. Curl, Jr. Effect of photosynthesis andrespiration on the electrical conductance of sea water. Nature.205: 274-275 (1965).

Park, Kilho. Partial equivalent conductance of electrolytes in sea water.Deep-Sea Res. 11: 729-736 (1964).

Pattullo, June G. , William Donn and David Shaw. Sea-level fluctuationsand long waves (Chapter 10) Research in Geophysics (Ed. HughOdishaw) Vol. 2, Solid Earth and Interface Phenomena. MITPress, Cambridge, Mass. (1964)

Pearcy, W. G. and C. L. Osterberg. Vertical distribution of radio-nuclides as measured in oceanic animals. Nature. 204: 440-441 (1964).

43

Pyrkowicz, Ricardo M. Rates of inorganic calcium carbonate nucleation.Jour. of Geology. 73: 196-199 (1965).

Renshaw, R. W. and W. G. Pearcy. A new swivel cable clamp for towinglarge nets at different depths. Deep-Sea Res. 11: 933-934 (1964).

Schatz, Clifford E. and Herbert C. Curl. Tsunamis on the Oregon coast.Ore Bin. 26(12): 231-232 (1964).

Slabaugh, W. H. , and Arthur D. Stump. Surface areas and porosity ofmarine sediments. Jour. of Geophysical Research. 69(22):4773-4778 (1964).

Papers Submitted

Berg, J. W. , Jr. , and J. V. Thiruvathukal. Gravity Base Station Network,Oregon. J. Geophys. Res.

Berg, J. W. , Jr. , and G. E. Papageorge. Elastic displacement ofprimary waves from explosive sources. Erratum, Bull. Seis,Soc. Am. 55(3): 653-654 (June 1965).

Byrne, J. V. Review of marine geology of the Gulf of California(Van Andel,Shor, Eds). Trans. Am. Geophys. Union.

Carey, A. G. , Jr. and D. R. Hancock. An anchor-box dredge for deepsea sampling. Deep-Sea Res.

Carey, A. G. , Jr. Preliminary studies on animal sediment interrela-tionships off the central Oregon coast. Ocean Science and OceanEngineering.

Deffeyes, K. S. Carbonate equilibria: a graphical and algebraic approach.Limnology and Oceanography.

equilibria:

Dehlinger, P. E. F. Chiburis and M. M. Collver. Local travel-timecurves and their,, geologic implications for the Pacific Northweststates. Bull. Seis. Soc. Am.

Eagle, Rodney J. , and James E. McCauley. Collecting and preparingdeep-sea trematodes. Turtox News.

McCormick, J. Michael. Some aspects of the ecology of hydroids offOregon. Northwest Science.

Morita, R. Y. , and L. J. Albright. Cell yields of Vibrio marinus,an obligate psychrophile, at low temperature. Can. J. Microbiol.

Morita, R. Y. , and S. D. Burton. Filamentous appendages of Thiothrix.Ziet. fur Allegemeine Mikrobiologie.

Odegard, M. E. , and J. W. Berg, J. Gravity interpretation using theFourier integral. Geophysics.

Park, Kilho and Wayne V. Burt. Electrolytic conductance of sea waterand the salinometer. Jour. Oceanogr. Society of Japan

Park, Kilho. Gas chromatographic determination of dissolved oxygen,nitrogen, and total CO2 in sea water. Jour. Oceanogr. Soc. ofJapan.

Pattullo, June G. Mean Sea Level. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences.

Pattullo, June G. Tides. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences.

Pearcy, W. G. , S.. L. Meyer and Ole Munk. A four-eyed fish from thedeep sea. Nature.

Data Reports

Schatz, C. E. , and Peter Dehlinger. Oregon State University Seismological,Bulletin #4 (April 1 to June 30, 1964), Data Report No. 18, Dept.Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 10 pp.

Papers Presented at Scientific Meetings

Berg, J. W. , Jr. , and J. V. Thiruvathukal. Gravity base station networkOregon. Presented at American Geophysical Union, December1964, Seattle; and Pacific Northwest Oceanographers, February1965, Corvallis.

Byrne, J. V. Marine geology at Oregon State. Presented at PacificNorthwest Oceanographers, February 1965, Corvallis.

45

Carey, A. G. , and D. R. Hancock. Animal-sediment relationships offthe Oregon coast. Presented at Pacific Northwest Oceanographers,February 1965. Corvallis.

Carey, A. G. , Jr. The ecology of the benthos off central Oregon.Presented at University of Washington Faculty Ecology Seminars,March 1965. Seattle, Washington.

Carlson, P. R. Marine geology of Astoria Canyon. Presented atPacific Northwest Oceanographers, February 1965. Corvallis.

Chiburis, E. F. Crustal investigations using Love and Rayleigh wavedispersion curves in the Pacific Northwest states. Presented atPacific Northwest Oceanographers, February 1965. Corvallis.

Deffeyes, K. S. The Christmas week floods and the chemical historyof the oceans. Presented at Pacific Northwest Oceanographers,February 1965. Corvallis.

Dehlinger, Peter. Current research at Oregon State University in gravitymeasurements at sea and earthquake seismology. Presented atPacific Northwest Oceanographers, February 1965. Corvallis.

Dehlinger, Peter, E. F. Chiburis, and M. M. Collver. Travel-timecurves for the Pacific Northwest states and their geologicimplications. Presented at American Geophysical Union WesternNational Meeting, December 1964. Seattle, Washington. Alsopresented at Pacific Northwest Oceanographers, February 1965.Corvallis.

Dehlinger, Peter, and R. W. Couch. Gravity investigations along theSan Andreas fault zone. Presented at Pacific NorthwestOceanographers, February 1965. Corvallis.

Eagle, R. J. , and J. E. McCauley. Deep-sea fish parasitology.Presented at Pacific Northwest Oceanographers, February 1965.Corvallis.

Fowler, G. A. Foraminiferal studies off the Oregon coast. Presentedat Pacific Northwest Oceanographers, February 1965. Corvallis.

Hunger, A. A. Foraminiferal distribution in Netarts Bay, Oregon.Presented at Pacific Northwest Oceanographers, February 1965.Corvallis.

Kulm, L. D. Coastal sediments of Oregon. Presented at Pacific North-west Oceanographers, February 1965. Corvallis.

46

Laurs, Michael. Seasonal distribution of meso-pelagic fishes offBrookings, Oregon - an area of seasonal upwelling. Presentedat Pacific Northwest Oceanographers, February 1965. Corvallis.

Meredith, S. Structure and biotic interactions of marine mussel bedbiocoenoses. Presented at Pacific Northwest Oceanographers,February 1965. Corvallis.

Mooers, Christopher. Some statistics of ocean dynamics from one miledeep. Presented at Pacific Northwest Oceanographers, February1965. Corvallis.

Morita, Richard Y. Staff member, University of California's ExtensionProgram. "The biology of marine microorganisms". December 21-23, 1964. Berkeley, California.

Nelson, C. H. Sediments of Astoria Fan and adjacent Gascadia AbyssalPlain. Presented at Pacific Northwest Oceanographers, February1965. Corvallis.

Odegard, M. E. , and J. W. Berg, Jr. Gravity interpretation using theFourier integral. Presented at Pacific Northwest Oceanographers,February 1965. Corvallis. Also presented at Society of Explora-tion Geophysicists, November 1964. Los Angeles, California.

Osterberg, Charles. American Geophysical Union Tour, October 12-23.California State College, University of California at LaJolla,Los Angeles City College, University of Southern California,Los Angeles and Los Angeles Valley College, Van Nuys.

Osterberg, Charles. Congressional sub-committee on oceanography.December 7, 1964. Seattle, Washington.

Osterberg, Charles. AEC Review Panel. December 10-12, 1964.

Seattle, Washington.

Park, Kilho. Electrolytic conductance of sea water and calcium carbonatedissolution. Presented at Geochem Soc. of Japan, December 1964.

Beppu, Japan.

Park, Kilho, Miyake Yasuo and Yoshio Sugiura. Carbon dioxide speciesand electrolytic conductance of deep-sea water. Presented atFourth Deep-Sea Symposium, December 1964. Tokyo, Japan.

47

Park, Kilho. Effects of dissolved gases and calcium carbonate dissolu-tion on the electrical conductance of sea water. Presented atJapanese Oceanographical Society, September 1964. Sapporo,Japan.

Park, Kilho. Gas chromatographic determination of dissolved gases insea water. Presented at Japanese Oceanographical Society,September 1964. Sapporo, Japan.

Pytkowicz, R. M. Preformed phosphate as a water mass indicator inAntarctica. Presented at Pacific Northwest Oceanographers,February 1965. Corvallis.

Runge, E. J. Continental shelf sediments, Columbia River to CapeBlanco, Oregon. Presented at Pacific Northwest Oceanographers,February 1965. Corvallis.

Small, L. F. and J. F. Hebard. Respiration of Euphausia pacificaHansen. Presented at Pacific Northwest Oceanographers,February 1965. Corvallis.

Stevenson, Merritt. Drogue measurements of ocean currents off theOregon coast. Presented at Pacific Northwest Oceanographers,February 1965. Corvallis.

Trembly, L. D. , and J. W. Berg, Jr. Primary seismic waves nearthe Hardhat, Shoal and Haymaker explosions. Presented atPacific Northwest Oceanographers, February 1965. Corvallis.

Weyl, Peter K. , and Merton Ingham. Vertical eddy diffusion. Presentedat Western National Meeting of the American Geophysical Union,December 1964. Seattle, Washington.