CaccautruccautrongtiengAnh

8/4/2019 CaccautruccautrongtiengAnh

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?? 1. Ch ng (subject). 7

?? 1.1 Danh t m c v khng m c.

?? 1.2 Qun t a (an) v the

?? 1.3 Cch s dng Other v another.

?? 1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few

?? 1.5 S hu cch

?? 1.6 Some, any

?? 2. ng t ( verb)

?? 2.1 Hin ti (present)

?? 2.1.1 Hinti n gin (simple present)

?? 2.1.2 Hin ti tip din (present progressive)

?? 2.1.3 Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)

?? 2.1.4 Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect progressive)

?? 2.2 Qu kh ( Past)?? 2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)

?? 2.2.2 Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).

?? 2.2.3 Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).


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?? 2.2.4 Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect progressive).

?? 2.3 T ng lai

?? 2.3.1 T ng lai n gin (simple future)

?? 2.3.2 T ng lai tip din ( future progressive)

?? 2.3.3 T ng lai hon thnh (future perfect)

?? 3. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.

?? 3.1 Ch ng ng tch khi ng t.

?? 3.2 Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it.

?? 3.3 Cch s dng none, no?? 3.4 Cch s dng cu trc either ... or v neither ... nor.

?? 3.5 Cc danh t tp th

?? 3.6 Cch s dng A number of/ the number of

?? 3.7 Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu.

?? 3.8 Cch dng cc thnh ng There is, there are

?? 4. i t

?? 4.1 i t nhn x ng ch ng (Subject pronoun)

?? 4.2 i t nhn x ng tn ng

?? 4.3 Tnh t s hu

?? 4.4 i t s hu

??

4.5 i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun)?? 5. ng t dng lm tn ng

?? 5.1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng

?? 5.2 Ving dng lm tn ng


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?? 5.3 3 ng t c bit

?? 5.4 Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t

?? 5.5 Vn i t i tr c ng t nguyn th hoc Ving lm tn ng.

?? 6. Cch s dng ng t bn khim khuyt need v dare

?? 6.1 need

?? 6.2 Dare

?? 7. Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive

?? 8. Cu hi

?? 8.1 Cu hi yes v no?? 8.2 Cu hi thng bo

?? 8.2.1 who v what lm ch ng.

?? 8.2.2 Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi

?? 8.2.3 Cu hi dnh cho cc b ng (when, where, why, how)

?? 8.3 Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions)

?? 8.4 Cu hi c ui

?? 9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.

?? 9.1 Li ni ph ho khng nh.

?? 9.2 Li ni ph ho ph nh

?? 10. Cu ph nh

??

11. Mnh lnh thc?? 11.1 Mnh lnh thc trc tip.

?? 11.2 Mnh lnh thc gin tip.

?? 12. ng t khim khuyt.


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?? 12.1 Din t thi t ng lai.

?? 12.2 Din t cu iu kin.

?? 12.2.1 iu kin c th thc hin c thi hin ti.

?? 12.2.2 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi hin ti.

?? 12.2.3 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh.

?? 12.2.4 Cc cch dng c bit ca Will, would v sould trong cc mnh

if

?? 13. Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though.

?? 13.1 Thi hin ti.

?? 13.2 Thi qu kh.

?? 14. Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish.

?? 14.1 Thi t ng lai.

?? 14.2 Thi hin ti

?? 14.3 Thi qu kh.

?? 15. Cch s dng thnh ng used to v get/be used to?? 15.1 used to.

?? 15.2 get / be used to.

?? 16. Cch s dng thnh ng Would rather

?? 16.1 Loi cu c mt ch ng.

?? 16.2 Loi cu c 2 ch ng

?? 17. Cch s dng Would Like

?? 18. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi hin

ti.

?? 18.1 Could/may/might.


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?? 18.2 Should

?? 18.3 Must

?? 19. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi thi

qu kh.

?? 20. tnh t v ph t (adjective and adverb).

?? 21. ng t ni.

?? 22. So snh ca tnh t v danh t

?? 22.1 So snh bng.

?? 22.2 So snh hn, km

?? 22.3 So snh hp l

?? 22.4 Cc dng so snh c bit

?? 22.5 So snh a b

?? 22.6 So snh kp (cng ....th cng)

?? 22.7 No sooner ... than (va mi ... th; chng bao lu ... th)

?? 23. Dng nguyn, so snh hn v so snh hn nht.?? 24. Cc danh t lm chc nng tnh t

?? 25. Enough vi tnh t, ph t v danh t

?? 26. Cc t ni ch nguyn nhn

?? 26.1 Because/ because of

?? 26.2 Mc ch v kt qu (so that- )

?? 26.3 Cause and effect

?? 27. Mt s t ni mang tnh iu kin

?? 28. Cu b ng

?? 29. ng t gy nguyn nhn


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?? 29.1 Have/ get / make

?? 29.2 Let

?? 29.3 Help

?? 30. Ba ng t c bit

?? 31. Cu trc phc hp v i t quan h thay th

?? 31.1 That v Which lm ch ng ca cu ph

?? 31.2 That v wich lm tn ng ca cu ph

?? 31.3 Who lm ch ng ca cu ph

?? 31.4 Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph?? 31.5 Mnh ph bt buc v mnh ph khng bt buc

?? 31.6 Tm quan trng ca du phy trong mnh ph

?? 31.7 Cch s dng All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom / which

?? 31.8 What v whose

?? 32. Cch loi b cc mnh ph

?? 33. Cch s dng phn t 1 trong mt s trng hp c bit

?? 34. Cch s dng nguyn mu hon thnh

?? 35. Nhng cch s dng khc ca that

?? 35.1 That vi t cch ca mt lin t (rng)

?? 35.2 Mnh c that

??

36. Cu gi nh?? 36.1 Cu gi nh dng would rather that

?? 36.2 Cu gi nh dng vi ng t trong bng.

?? 36.3 Cu gi nh dng vi tnh t


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?? 36.4 Dng vi mt s tr ng hp khc

?? 36.5 Cu gi nh dng vi it is time

?? 37. Li ni bao hm

?? 37.1 Not only ... but also (khng nhng ... m cn)

?? 37.2 As well as (cng nh , cng nh l)

?? 37.3 Both ... and ( c ... ln )

?? 38. Cch s dng to know v to know how

?? 39. Mnh nh ng b

?? 39.1 Despite / in spite of (mc d)?? 39.2 although, even though, though

?? 40. Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln

?? 41. Mt s ng t c bit khc.

PPhhnn IIII

TTiinngg AAnnhh vviitt

I. Cc li th ng gp trong ting anh vit?? 42. S ho hp ca thi ng t

?? 43. Cch s dng to say, to tell

?? 44. T i tr c gii thiu

?? 45. i t nhn x ng one v you

?? 46. Cch s dng phn t m u cho mnh ph

?? 46.1 V+ing m u mnh ph

?? 46.2 Phn t 2 m u mnh ph ch b ng

?? 46.3 ng t nguyn th ch mc ch m u cho mnh ph

?? 46.4 Ng danh t hoc ng gii t m u mnh ph ch s t ng ng


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?? 47. Phn t dng lm tnh t

?? 47.1 Dng phn t 1 lm tnh t

?? 47.2 Dng phn t 2 lm tnh t

?? 48. Tha (redundancy)

?? 49. Cu trc cu song song

?? 50. Thng tin trc tip v thng tin gin tip

?? 50.1 Cu trc tip v cu gin tip

?? 50.2 Ph ng php chuyn i t cu trc tip sang cu gin tip

?? 50.3 ng t vi tn ng trc tip v tn ng gin tip?? 51. Ph t o ln u cu

?? 52. Cch chn nhng cu tr li ng

?? 53. Nhng t d gy nhm ln

?? 54. Cch s dng gii t

?? 54.1 During - trong sut (hnh ng xy ra trong mt qung thi gian)

?? 54.2 From (t) >< to (n)

?? 54.3 Out of (ra khi) >< into (di vo)

?? 54.4 by

?? 54.5 In ( trong, ti) - ngha xc nh hn at

?? 54.6 on

??

54.7 at - ti (th ng l bn ngoi, khng xc nh bng in)?? 55. Ng ng t

?? 56. S kt hp ca cc danh t, ng t v tnh t vi cc gii t


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GRAMMAR REVIEW

Cu trc cu ting AnhSubject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.

Ch ng ng t v ng tn ng b ng

1. Ch ng (subject)* ng u cu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t.

* Ch ng c th l 1 cm t, 1 ng t nguyn th (c to), 1 V+ing,song nhiu nht vn l 1 danht v 1 danh t c lin quan ti nhng

vn sau:Danh t m c v khng m c.-Danh t m c c th c dng vi s m do c hnh thi st, s nhiu. N c th dngc dng vi a (an) v the.

- Danh t khng m c khng dng c vi s m do nkhng c hnh thi s nhiu. Do ,n khng dng c vi a (an).

- Mt s cc danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit v d:

person - people womanwomenmouse - mice foot feettooth - teeth man - men.

-Sau y l mt s danh t khng m c m ta cn bit.

Sand soap physics mathematic

sNews mumps Air politics

measles information

Meat homework

food economics advertising*

money


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* Mc d advertising l danh t khng m c, nhngadvertisement li l danh t m c.V d:

There are too many advertisements during television shows.There is too much advertising during television shows.

- Mt s danh t khng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water,i lc c dng nh cc danh t m c ch cc dng khcnhau ca loi danh t .V d:This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.

(ch ra mt loi thc n c bit no )

He studies meats( chng hn pork, beef, lamb. vv...)

Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi danh t m c vkhngm c.

Danh t mc (withcount noun)

Danh t khng m c (with non-count noun)

a (an), the, some, anythis, that, these, those,none,one,two,three,...manya lot ofplenty ofa large number ofa great number of, a great manyof.(a) few

few ... thanmore ... than

the, some, anythis, thatnonmuch (thng dng trong cu ph nhhoc cu hia lot of

a large amount ofa great deal of(a) little

less ... thanmore ... than

- Danh t time nu dng vi ngha thi gian l khng m c nhngnu dng vi ngha s ln hocthi i li l danh t m c.


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V d:We have spent too much time on this homework.She has been late for class six times this semester.

Qun t a (an) v the

1- a v anan -c dng:

- trc 1 danh t s t m c bt u bng 4 nguyn m(vowel) a, e, i, o- hai bn nguyn m u, y- cc danh t bt u bng h cm.

v d: u : an uncle.h : an hour

- hoc trc cc danh t vit tt c c nh 1 nguyn m.

V d: an L-plate, an SOS, an MPa :c dng:

- trc 1 danh t bt u bng ph m (consonant).- dng trc mt danh t bt u bng uni.a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.

- trc 1 danh t s t m c, trc 1 danh t khng xc nhc th v mt c im, tnhcht, v tr hoc c nhc n lnu trong cu.

- c dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh.V d : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.

- dng trc nhng s m nht nh, c bit l ch hng trm,hng ngn.

V d: a hundred, a thousand.- trc half khi n theo sau 1 n v nguyn vn.

V d: a kilo and a half v cng c th c l one and a half kilos.Ch : 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( khng c a trc half).

- dng trc half khi n i vi 1 danh t khc to thnh t ghp.V d : a half-holiday na k ngh, a half-share : na c phn.

- dng trc cc t s nh 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifthhay one third, one fourth, one fifth .

- Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l.


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V d: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.- Dng trong cc thnh ng trc cc danh t s t m c,dng trong cu cm thn.

V d: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!

Nhng: such long queues! What pretty girls.- a c th c t trc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tn h (surname):

V d: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.

a Mr Smith ngha l ngi n ngc gi l Smith v ng lng ta l ngi l i vingi ni. Cn nu khng c a tc lngi ni bit ng Smith.

2- The

-c s dng khi danh t c xc nh c th v tnh cht, c im,

v tr hoc c nhc n lnth 2 trong cu.- The + noun + preposition + noun.

V d : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; theUnited States of America.

-The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph

V d: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.- Trc 1 danh t ng ch mt vt ring bit.

V d: She is in the garden.

- The + tnh t so snh bc nht hoc s t th t hoc only way. V d : The first week; the only way.

- The + dt s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt th c thb the v i danh t sang snhiu.V d: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep

- freezes.Nhng i vi danh t man (ch loi ngi) th khng c qun t (a,

the) ng trc.

V d: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.- The + danh t s t ch thnh vin ca mt nhm ngi nht nh.

V d: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.- The + adj i din cho 1 lp ngi, n khng c hnh thi s nhiunhng c coi l 1 danh t snhiu v ng t sau n phi c chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.


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V d: the old = ngi gi ni chung; The disabled = nhng ngi tntt; The unemployed = nhngngi tht nghip.

- Dng trc tn cc khu vc, vng ni ting v mt a l hoc lchs.

V d: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.

V d: the East/ West end.The North / South Pole.

Nhng khng c dng the trc cc t ch phng hng ny, nun i km vi tn ca mt khuvc a l.V d: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.

- The + tn cc hp xng, cc dn nhc c in, cc ban nhc ph

thng.V d: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.

- The + tn cc t bo ln/ cc con tu bin/ khinh kh cu.V d: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.

- The + tn h s nhiu c ngha l gia nh h nh ...V d: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cn gi l

gia nh nh Smith.- The + Tn s t + cm t/ mnh c th c s dng phn bit

ngi ny vi ngi khccng tn.V d: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith

who signed this letter.- Khng dng the trc 1 s danh t nh Home, church, bed, court,hospital, prison, school, college,university khi ni vi ng t v giit ch chuyn ng (ch i ti lm mc chchnh).V d: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.to bed ( ng)

to church ( cu nguyn)to court ( kin tng)

We go to hospital (cha bnh)to prison (i t)to school / college/ university ( hc)


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Tng tin bedat church

We can be in courtin hospitalat school/ college/ university

We can be / get back (hoc be/ get home) from school/college/university.

leave schoolWe can leave hospital

be released from prison.

Vi mc ch khc th phi dng the.V d:I went to the church to see the stained glass.

He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.

Student go to the university for a class party.

* SeaGo to sea (thy th i bin)

to be at the sea (hnh khch/ thu th i trn bin)Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : i tm bin,

ngh mt.We can live by / near the sea.

* Work and office.

Work (ni lm vic) c s dng khng c the trc.Go to work.

nhng office li phi c the.

Go to the office.V d:He is at / in the office.

Nu to be in office (khng c the) ngha l ang gi chc.To be out of office - thi gi chc.


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* Town

The c th b i khi ni v th trn ca ngi ni hoc ca ch th.

V d:We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.

We were in town last Monday.

Go to town / to be in town -Vi mc ch chnh li mua hng.

Bng dng the v khng dng the trong mt s trng hp cbit.

Dng the Khng dng the

* Trc cc i dng, sngngi, bin, vnh v cc h s

nhiu.V d:The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean,the Persian Gulf, the Great Lackes.* Trc tn cc dy ni.V d:The Rockey Moutains.

* Trc tn 1 vt th duy nhttrn th gii hocv tr.

V d:

The earth, the moon, the Great Wall* TrcSchool/college/university + of +noun

V d:The University of Florida.The college of Arts and Sciences.

* Trc cc s th t + noun.

V d:The first world war.The third chapter.* Trc cc cuc chin tranhkhu vc vi iu kin tn cc khuvc phi c tnht ho.

V d:

* Trc tn 1 h (hay cc h s t).

V d:Lake Geneva, Lake Erie

* Trc tn 1 ngn niV d:Mount Mckinley

* Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoccc chm sao

V d:

Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.

* Trc tn cc trng ny khitrc n l 1 tnring.

V d:Coopers Art school, Stetson

University.* Trc cc danh t m sau nl 1 s m.

V d:World war onechapter three.* Khng nn dng trc tncc cuc chin tranh khu vc nutn khu vc nguyn.


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The Korean war.* Trc tn cc nc c t 2 t

tr ln. Ngoitr Great Britain.

V d:The United States, the UnitedKingdom, the Central AfricalRepublic.* Trc tn cc nc c coil 1 qun o.V d: The Philipin.

* Trc cc ti liu hoc skin mang tnh lchs.

V d: The constitution, theMagna Carta.

* Trc tn cc nhm dn tcthiu s.V d:The Indians, the Aztecs.

* Nn dng trc tn cc nhcc.

V d:

To play the piano.* Trc tn cc mn hc cth.

V d:The applied Math.The theoretical Physics.

* Tr c tn cc n c c 1 t nh : Sweden, Venezuela v cc nc c ng tr c bi new hoc tnht ch ph ng h ng.

V d: New Zealand, SouthAfrica.

* Trc tn cc lc a, tiubang, tnh, thnhph, qun, huyn.

V d: Europe, California.

* Trc tn bt c mn ththao no.V d:Base ball, basket ball.

* Trc tn cc danh t mangtnh tru tng tr nhng trnghp c bit.

V d: Freedom, happiness.* Trc tn cc mn hc

chung.V d:Mathematics, Sociology.

* Trc tn cc ngy l, tt.V d:Christmas, thanksgiving.

Cch s dng Other v another.Hai t ny tuy ging nhau v mt ng ngha nhng khc nhau v mtng php.

Dng vidanh t m c Dng vi danh t khng m c

* another + dt2 s it = 1 cina, 1 ci khc, 1 ngi na, 1ngi khc.

V d: another pencil

* the other + dt 2s t = ngicui cng, cicui cng ca 1 b, 1nhm.* other + dt khng 2 = 1 cht


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* other + dt2 s nhiu = myci na, my ci khc, my ngina, my ngikhc.

V d: other pencils = some

more.* the other + dt2 s nhiu =nhng ci cuicng, nhng ngicui cng cn li.

V d: the other pencils = allremaining pencils

na.V d: other water = some more

water.other beer = some more beer.

* the other + dt khng 2 = chcn st li.

V d:The other beer = the remaining

beer. (ch biacn li)

- Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi the other l xc nh. Nudanh t hoc ch ng trnc hiu hoc c nhc n, ch cn

dng another v other nh 1 i t l .

V d:I dont want this book. Please give me another.

- Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu th other c sdng theo 1trong 2 cch (other + nouns hoc others) m khng bao gi c sdng (others + DTSN).

- C th dng i t thay th one hoc ones cho danh t sau another,the other v other.Lu rng this v that c th dng vi i t one nhng these v thosetuyt i khng dng vi ones.Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few- Little + dt khng m c : rt t, hu nh khng.V d:There is little water in the bottle.

I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.

- A little + dt khng m c: c 1 cht, dng.

V d:I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.

- few + dt m c s nhiu : c rt t, khng .V d:She has few books, not enough for references.


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- a few + dt m c s nhiu : c mt t, .V d:She has a few books, enough to read.

- Nu danh t trn c nhc n th di ch cn dng (a) few

v (a) little nh 1 i t l .V d:Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.

- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh nhiu.- only a few = only a little = c rt t ( nhn mnh).S hu cchThe + nouns + noun.

- Ch c dng trong cc danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng

cho bt ng vt.V d:The students book.

The cats legs.

- Nu c 2 danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gndanh t b s hu nht s mangdu s hu.V d:Tom and Marks house.

-i vi nhng danh t s nhiu c s th ch cn t du l .V d:The students books.

- Nhng i vi nhng danh t c s nhiu c bit khng c s ti uivn phi dng nguyn du shu.V d:The childrens toys.

- N c dng cho thi gian (nm thng, th k, thin nin k.)

V d:The 1980 events.

The 21 stcenturys prospect.

- N c dng cho cc ma trong nm ngoi tr ma Xun v maThu. Nu dng s hu cch choma Xun v ma Thu tc l ta angnhn cch ho ma .


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V d:The summers hot days.

The winters cold days.

The springs coming back = Nng Xun ang tr v.

The autunms leaving = s ra i ca Nng Thu.Trng hp ny hin nay t dng. i vi mt s danh t bt ng vtch dng trong 1 s trng hp tht c bit khi danh t nm trongcc thnh ng.V d:A stones throw.

-i khi i vi nhng danh t ch ni chn hoc a im ch cn dngs hu cch cho danh t m khng cn danh t theo sau.

V d:At the hairdressers

At the butchers

1.1 Some, any

some v any ngha l 1 s hoc 1 lng nht nh. Chng cs dng vi (hoc thay th) ccdanh t s nhiu hoc danh t khngm c.+ Some l dng s nhiu ca a/an v one:V d: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates. + some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ i t ring/ i t s hu.V d: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.

Did any of your photos come out well?

+ some c s dng vi :- Cc ng t th khng nh.

V d:

They bought some honey.- Trong cc cu hi m c cu tr li l yes.

V d:Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ngi ni ch i cu tr

li l yes)- Trong cc cu ngh v yu cu:


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V d:Would you like some wine?

Could you do some typing for me?

+ any c s dng:

- Vi ng t th ph nhV d:I havent any matches.

- Vi hardly, barely, scarely ( cc ph t ny u mang ngha phnh)

V d:I have hardly any spare time.

- Vi without khi without any ... = with no ...V d:He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.

- Vi cc cu hiHave you got any fish?

Did he catch any fish?

- Sau if/ whether cc thnh ng mang tnh nghi ng.V d:

If you need any more money, please let me know.I dont think there is any petrol in the tank.

ng t ( verb)ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh:- Qu kh.- Hin ti.- Tng lai.Mi thi chnh li chia ra lm nhiu thi nh xc nh chnh xc thi

gian ca hnh ng.1.1.1 Hin ti (present)Hinti n gin (simple present)

Khi chia ng t ngi th 3 s t, phi c s ui v vn phi cc ln.V d:


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John walks to school everyday.

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra thi im hin ti, khng xcnh c th v mt thi gianv hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh quy lut.- N thng dng vi 1 s ph t nh: now, present day, nowadays.c

bit l1 s ph t ch tn sut hot ng: often, sometimes, always,frequently.V d:They understand the problem now.

Henry always swims in the evening. (thi quen)We want to leave now.

Your cough sounds bad.Hin ti tip din (present progressive)

amSubject + is + [verb+ing ]...

are

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra thi hin ti. Thi gianc xc nh c th bngcc ph t nh now, right now, presently.- N dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn.V d:

He is learning in the US.Lu : phn bit tng lai gn v hnh ng ang xy ra cncn c vo ph t trong cu)

V d:The committee members are examining the material now. ( hin ti angkim tra)George is leaving for France tomorrow. (tng lai gn - s ri ti Phpvo ngy mai)

Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)Have + P2- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trong 1 qu kh ko di vchm dt hin ti. Thi giantrong cu hon ton khng xc nh.- Ch 1 hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh ko di ti hin ti.- Dng vi 2 gii t for v since + thi gian.


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- Dng vi already trong cu khng nh, already c th ng sau havenhng n cng c th ngcui cu.

haveSubject + + already+ P2

has

V d:We have already written our reports.

I have already read the entire book.

Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.

- Dng vi yet trong cu ph nh v cu nghi vn ph nh, yet thng

xuyn ng cui cu, cngthc sau:

haveSubject + not + P2 ...+yet ...

has

V d:John hasnt written his report yet.

The president hasnt decided what to do yet.We havent called on our teacher yet.

- Trong 1 s trng hp yet c th o ln ng sau to have v ngphp c thay i. Not mt i vphn t 2 tr v dng nguyn th c to.

haveSubject + + yet + [verb in simpleform] ...

has

V d:John has yet to learn the material. = John hasnt learned the material yet.

We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We havent decided what todo with the money yet.


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Ch : Cn thn s dng yet trong mu cu ko nhm vi yet trong mucu c yet lmt nimangngha nhngV d:I dont have the money, yet I really need the computer.

My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something onSaturday nights.

Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect progressive)Have been + verbing.

- Dng ging ht nh present perfect nhng hnh ng khng chm dt hin ti m vn ang tip tcxy ra. N thng xuyn c dng vi2 gii t for, since + time.V d:

John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in the samehouse for ten years.

Mt s th d

Jorge has already walked to school. (thi gian khng xc nh)

He has been to California three times. (hn 1 ln)

Mary has seen this movie before. (thi gian khng xc nh)

They have been at home all day.

We havent gone to the store yet. (thi gian khng xc nh).

John has worked in Washington for three years.

Hoc

John has been working in Washington for three years.

(vn cha kt thc - John vn ang lm vic Washington).

Phn bit cch dng gia 2 thi

Present perfect Present perfect progressive


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* Hnh ng chm dt hinti, do c ktqu r rt.

V d:I have waited for you for half an

hour (now I stop waiting)

* Hnh ng vn tip tc tipdin hin ti dovy khng c ktqu r rt.

V d:

I have been waiting for you for halfan hour.

(and continue waiting hoping thatyou will come)

1.1.2 Qu kh ( Past)Qu kh n gin (simple past)

Verb + ed

- Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c qu kh c bit v ng thi cngc phn t 2 c bit.- Mt s cc ng t c c 2 dng:V d:Light - lighted - lighted

lit - lit

Ngi Anh a dng qu kh thng khi chia ng t v phn t 2 cbit.V d:He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.

N thp ngn nn trn chic bnh sinh nhtNhngI can see the lit house from a distance.

Ti c th nhn thy t xa ngi nh sng nh in.* N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra dt im trong qu

kh, khng lin quan g ti hinti.* Thi gian hnh ng trong cu l rt r rng, n thng dng vimt s ph t ch thi gian nh:yesterday, at that moment, last + thigian nh:

Last night

month


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week vv...

Lu : Nu thi gian trong cu l khng r rng th phi dng presentperfect.

V d:

John went to Spain last year.

Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.

Maria did her homework last night.

Mark washed the dishes after dinner.

We drove to grocery store this afternoon.

George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.

Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).

Was / were + Ving

- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra vo 1 thi imnht nh trong qu kh khnglin h g ti hin ti. Thi im trong cuc xc nh bng cc ph t ch thi giannh:At + thi gian qu kh.V d:He was eating dinner at 7 P.M Last night.

- N c dng kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua 2 lin t When vwhile ch 1 hnh ng ang xy ra trong qu kh th 1 hnh ngkhc t ngt xen vo (tng ng vi cu TingVit Khi ang ... thbng).

*

Subject1 + simple past + while + subject 2 + past

progressive.

V d:Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car.

Subject1 + past progressive + when + subject 2 +


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simple past.

V d:He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head.

Lu : Mnh c when v while c th ng bt k ni no trong cunhng sau when nht thit phi l 1 simple past v sau while nht thitphi l 1 past progressive.- Dng din t 2 hnh ng song song cng 1 lc, ni vi nhau bnglin t while.

Subject1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 + pastprogressive.

V d:He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner in thekitchen.

( Mnh khng c while c th c chuyn sang simple past nhnghim khi v s nhm lnvi *)

V d:Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke.

While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more information.

When Mark arrived, the Johnsons was having dinner, but they stopped in order to

talk to him.

Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).

Had + P2

- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trc 1 hnh ng khc trong qukh. (trong cu bao gi cngc 2 hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.- Dng kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua 2 gii t ch thi gian beforev after.

Subject + past perfect + before + subject + past


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simple

V d:I had gone to the store before I went home.

The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.

Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family.

George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired.

The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed the

medication.

Subject + past simple + after + subject + pastperfect

V d:John went home after he had gone to the store.

After the committee members had considered the consequences, they voted on

the proposal.

- Mnh c before v after c th ng u hoc cui cu nhng saubefore nht thit phi l 1 simple past v sau after nht thit phi l 1 pastperfect.

- Before v after c th c thay bng when m khng s b nhm lnv trong cu bao gi cng c 2hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.V d:The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away.

( trong cu ny when c ngha l after v sau when l past perfect.)

Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect progressive).

Subject + had+ been + [Verb +ing]...


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N c dng ging ht nh past perfect nhng hnh ng khng dngli m tip tc tip din chon thi im simple past. N thng ckt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua ph t before. Trong cu thng csince hoc for + thi gian.

- Thi ny hin nay t dng v c thay th bng past perfect.V d:Henry had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to California.

George had been working at the university for forty-five years before he retired.

1.1.3 Tng lai

T ng lai n gin (simple future)

Will /shall+ [ Verb in simple

form ]Can /may.

- Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l M dng will cho tt c ccngi cn shall ch c dngtrong cc trng hp sau:

* Mi mc ngi khc 1 cch lch s.V d:Shall we go out for lunch?

Shall I take your coat?

* ngh gip ngi khc 1 cch lch s.V d:Shall I give you a hand with these packages.

* Dng ng gi khi mua bn, mc c.

V d:Shall we say : fifteen dollars?

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra vo thi im nht nhtrong tng lai. Thi im nykhng c xc nh r rt. Cc ph tthng dng l tomorrow, next + thi gian, in the future.

Near future. (tng lai gn)


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- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng s phi c hon tt 1 thiim no trong tng lai.Thi im ny thng c din t bng :by the end of, by tomorrow.V d:

We will have taken a TOEFL test by the end of this year.Lu : Thi ny phi c l do c bit mi s dng. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.Thng thng th ng t ng lin ngay vi ch ng v phi chia theongi ch ng. Song c nhngtrng hp khng phi nhvy.Ch ng ng tch khi ng t.-ng xen vo gia ch ng v ng t l 1 ng gii t ( 1 gii t mu kt hp vi cc danh ttheo sau). Ng gii t ny khng quyt nhg n vic chia ng t. ng t phi chia theoch ng chnh.

Subject + [ng gii t]+ verb

V d:The study of languages is very interesting.Singular subject singular verb

Several theories on this subject have been proposed.Plural subject plural verb

The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.Singular subject singular verb

The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.Singular subject singular verb

The effects of that crime are likely to be devastating.Plural subject plural verb

The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities.Singular subject singular verb

- Cc thnh ng trong bng di y cng vi cc danh t i ng saun to nn hin tng ng chng. Cm ng ch ng ny phi ng

tch bit ra khi ch ng chnh v ng tbng 2 du phy v khng cnh hng g ti vic chia ng t.

Together with alongwith

accompanied as well as


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by

V d:The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.Singular subject singular verb

Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.Singular subject singular verb

Lu : -Nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin t and th ngt lp tc phi chia ngi th 3s nhiu (they).V d:The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight.

- nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin t or th ng

t s phi chia theo danh tng sau or. Nu l danh t s t th phichia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.V d:The actress or her manager is going to a party tonight.Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it. l cc ng t trong bng sau:

any + danh ts t

no + danh ts t

Some + danh ts t

anybody nobody somebody

anyone no one someone

anything nothing something

every + danh t s it each + danh t s t

everybody

everyone either*

everything neither*

* Either v either l s t nu n khng c s dng vi or v nor.Lu :- either (1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3 vt tr lnphi dng any.


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V d:If either of you takes a vacation now, we wont be able to finish this work.

If any of students in this class is absent, he or she must have the permission of

the instructor.- Neither (khng 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3vt tr ln phi dng not any).V d:Neither of two his classes gets an c

Not any of those pairs of shoes fits me.

Cch s dng none, no

none of the :c s dng ty theo danh t ng ng sau n.- nu danh t l khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3s t.

None + of the + non-count noun + singular verb

V d:None of the counterfeit money has been found.

- nu sau none of the l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phichia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

None + of the + plural noun + plural verb

V d:None of the students have finished the exam yet.

Noc s dng cng tu theo danh t ng sau n.

- nu sau no l danh t s t hoc khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

Singular nounNo + + singularverb


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non-count noun

V d:No example is relevant to this case.

- nhng nu sau no l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phichia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

No + plural noun + plural verb

V d:No examples are relevant to this case.Cch s dng cu trc either ... or v neither ... nor.

iu cn lu nht khi s dng cp thnh ng ny l ng t sau phi chia theo danh t sau orhoc nor. Nu danh t l s t th ngt phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.

Neither nor+ noun + singular noun +

singular verbeither or

V d:Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today.Singular noun singular verb

Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.Singular noun singular verb

Neither nor+ noun + plural noun +

plural verbeither or

V d:Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today.

Plural plural

Lu :

Khi ch ng l 1 verbing th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.


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Cc danh t tp th l nhng danh t trong bng di y dng ch mt nhm ngihoc 1 t chc. Cho d vy,chng vn c xem l danh t s t v do, cc ng t v i t i cng vi chngphi ngi th 3 s t.

congress famil

y

group committe

e

class

organizati

on

team army club crow

d

governme

nt

jury majority

*

minority publi

c

- Nu ng t ng sau nhng danh t ny chia ngi th 3 s nhiu thn m ch cc thnh vin ca t chc hoc nhm ang hot ngring r.V d: The congress votes for the bill.The congress are discussing the bill (some agree but some dont).

(TOEFL khng bt li ny)* Majority

Danh t ny c dng tu theo danh t i ng sau n.

The majority + singular verb

The majority of the plural noun + plural

verb.

V d: The majority believes that we are in no danger.The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.

Lu : Danh t police lun c coi l danh t ngi th 3 s nhiudo vy ng t ng sau n phichia ngi th 3 s nhiu.V d:The police come to the crime scene at good time and arrested a suspect.


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Mt s th d:The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.

The family was elated by the news.

The crowd was wild with excitement.Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.

The organization has lost many members this year.

Our team is going to win the game.

Cc cm t trong bng di y ch mt nhm gia sc ng vt cho ddanh t ng sau gii t of c s nhiu th ng t sau vn phichia ngi th 3 s t.

flock of birds,sheep

herd ofcattle

pack ofdogs

school offish

pride oflions

V d:The flock of birds is circling overhead.

The herd of cattle is breaking away.

A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.

Lu : Tt c cc danh t tp hp ch thigian, tin bc, s ou

i hi cc ng t-i t-bng i cng n phi ngi s t.(TOEFL bt li ny).V d:He has contributed $50 and now he wants to contribute another fifty.

Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.

Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test.

Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder.

Two miles is too much to run in one day.

Cch s dng A number of/ the number of

a number of + danh t s nhiu +


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ng t s nhiu

- a number of : mt s lng ln nhng... . i vi danh t s nhiu vng t phi chia ngi th 3s nhiu.

- the number of : mt s.... i vi danh t s nhiu nhng ng t phichia ngi th 3 s t.

the number of + danh t s nhiu +ng t s t

V d:A number of applicants have already been interviewed.

The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite smallCc danh t lun dng s nhiu.Cc danh t sau y lun phi dng dng s nhiu.

Trousers

eyeglasses tongs - cikp

shorts scissors- ciko

tweezers- cinhp

Jeans pants- qun pliers - ci

km

V d:The pants are in the drawer.

A pair of pants is in the drawer.

Cc danh t trn thng xuyn dng s nhiu v chng bao gm 2thc th, do vy cc ng t vi t i cng chng phi ngi th 3s nhiu.V d:The pliers are on the table.

These scissors are dull.

- Nu mun bin chng thnh s t dng a pair of ... v lc ng t vi t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s t.V d:


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This pair of scissors is dull.

The pair of pliers is on the table.

Cch dng cc thnh ng There is, there areThnh ng ny ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti 1 n i no . Phi

phn bit chng vi ng t to have.There is

There are

To have ch s s hu (possession)

To possess (get, hold instinctively).

- Ch ng tht ca thnh ng ny i ng sau ng t to be. Nu danh

t l s nhiu th ng tchia s nhiu v ngc li.- Mi bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be cn phn t 2th da vo tr ng t to have/ has been.

there isthere was + singular

subject ...there has been ( hoc

non-count)

there arethere were + singular

subject ...there have been ( hoc

non-count)

V d:There is a storm approaching.

singular singular

There have been a number of telephone calls today.Plural plural

There was an accident last night.singular singular

There were too many people at the party.Plural plural

There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.

ch s tn ti (existance)


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Plural plural

There was water on the floor where he fell.Plural non-count

i ti t trong ting Anh chia 5 loi c cc chc nng ring bit.i t nhn xng ch ng (Subject pronoun)Gm :

I weyou youhe theysheit

Chc nng:

-ng u cu lm ch ng trong cu v quyt nh vic chia ng t.-ng ng sau ng t to be.V d: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Batty.-ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nhthan, as. Tuyt i khng cdng i t nhn xng tn ngtrong trng hp ny.V d: He is taller than I (am) - khng c dng me.

She is as beautiful as my girlfriend.

-i vi cc i t nhn xng ch ng nh we, you v i t nhn xngtn ng nhus c th dng 1danh t s nhiu ngay sau .V d: We students, you teachers, us workers.Cc i t nhall, both c th c dng theo li ny vi cc ngi snhiu.

we

you all/ both

they

V d:I am going to the store.

We have lived here for twenty years.

It was she who called you. (sau ng t be)George and I would like to leave now.

We students are going to have a party.


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i t nhn xng tn ng

me usyou youhim themherit

- n ng ngay sau ng t hoc cc gii t lm nhim v ca mt tnng.- i vi cc ngi i t nhn xng tn ng s nhiu c th dng allhoc both ngay sau .usyou all / both

themV d:They called us on the phone.

complement

The teacher gave him a bad grade.complement

John told her a story.complement

The policeman was looking for him.sau gii t

To us, it seems like a good bargainsau gii t

Lu : Nn nh rng nhiu gii t c th c chc nng nh ccthnh phn khc trong cu, chng hnnhph t hoc lin t. V vy,ta cn phi xc nh cc xem chng ng vai tr g - cn da vo ngcnh ch khng phi da vo s hiu bit bnh thng v chc nngca chng.V d:

Janet will make her presentation after him.preposition complement pronoun

Janet will make her presentation after he finishes his speech.conjunction subject pronoun

clause


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( mt mnh (clause) gm 1 ch ng v 1 ng t. Trong mnh trn, he l ch ng v finishes lng t).Tnh t s hu

my ouryour yourhisher theirits

- N ng ngay trc danh t v ch s s hu ca ngi hoc vt ivi danh t ng ng sau.V d:John is eating his dinner.

This is not my book.

The cat has injured its foot.

The boy broke his arm yesterday..

She forgot her homework this morning.

My food is cold.

Lu : Its khc vi Its. Its c ngha l it is hoc it has.i t s hu

mine oursyours yourshishers theirsits

- Dng thay th cho tnh t s hu v danh t c nhc n trn.

possessive pronoun + possessiveadjective + noun

- N c th c ng lm ch ng trong cu.-ng ng sau ng t to be.- N c th lm tn ng khi i sau 1 ng t hoc sau 1 gii t.


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Do you remember to take your money?

-ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as.Your book is as good as mine.

Mt s th d:

This is my book = This is mine.

Your teacher is the same as his teacher = Yours is as the same as his.

Her dress is green and my dress is red = Hers is green is green and mine is red.

Our books are heavy = Ours are heavy.

Their coasts are too small. Theirs are too small.

I forgot my homework = I forgot mine.i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun)

myselfourselves

yourselfyourselves

himselfthemselvesherselfitself

Lu : cc ngi s nhiu, ui - self bin thnh - selves.Chc nng:

- Ch ch ng lm vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong trng hp ny nng ngay sau ng t hocng cui cu sau gii t for hoc to.V d:He sent the letter to himself.

You can see the differences for yourselves.

- Ch ch ng t thn lm ly 1 vic g. Trong trng hp ny n ngng sau ch ng hoc cui cukhi ni.V d:I myself believe that the proposal is good.

He himself set out to break the long distance flying record.


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She prepared the nine-course meal herself.

The students themselves decorated the room.

You yourself must do this homework.

John himself bought this gifts.

By + one-self = alone.

V d:John washed the dishes by himself = John washed the dishes alone.ng t dng lm tn ng-Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng i hi 1 danh thoc i t theo sau n lmtn ng. C mt s ng t li yu cu tnng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chngchia lm 2 loi sau:

ng t nguyn th lm tn ngBng sau l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng tkhc. Chng tun theo mu cunh sau:agree to do something.desire to do something.decide to do something.

agreedesire

hopeplanstrive

attempt

expectintendpreparetend

claimfail

learnpretendwant

decide

forgetneedrefusewish

demand

hesitateofferseem

V d:John expects to begin studying law next semester.

Mary learned to swim when she was very young.

The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next your years.

The soldiers are preparing to attack a village.

Cynthia has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries.


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Ving dng lm tn ng-Bng sau l 1 s cc ng t i hi tn ng sau n l 1 Ving theo ccmu cu sau:admit doing something (th nhn lm g)

V d: He admitted having done wrong.Enjoy doing something (thch th khi lm iu g)

admitdelaymissreportsuggest

appreciatedenypostponeresentavoid

enjoypracticeresistcanthelpfinish

quitresumeconsidermindrecallrisk

Lu : Trong bng trn c mu ng t:cant help

cant resist

V d:With such good oranges, we cant help (resist) buying 2 kilos at a time.

Lu : Nu mun t ph nh cho cc trng hp ny t nottrc nguyn th b to hoc Ving.Tuyt i khng c cu to dngph nh ca ng t chnh.V d:John decided not to by the car.

We regretted not going to the party last night.

Mt s th d:

John admitted stealing the jewels.

We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.

You shouldnt risk entering that building in its present condition.

Michael was considering buying a new car until the price went up.

The Coast Guard reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits.

+ (against) doing smth : khng th dng c, khng th nhn c ...


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Would you mind not smoking in this office?

* Cc ng t bng sau l nhng ng t m tn ng ca chng cth l ng t nguyn th hayVing m ng ngha ca chng khng thayi.

V d:begin to do smth = begin doing smth.

beginhateregret

cantstandlikestart

continuelovetry

dreadprefer

Lu : Trong bng trn c mu ng t :

to do smthdoing smth

V d:waiting such a long time.

to wait such a long time.

I hate to ride her bicycle to school = I hate riding her bicycle to school.3 ng t c bit l cc ng t m ng ngha ca chng thay i khi tn ng sau n

l 1 nguyn th hoc 1 Ving.Stop to do smth : dng li lm g.V d:He stops to get gasoline.

Stop doing smth : dng vic g ang lm li.V d:He stops writing and goes out.

Remember to do smth : nh s phi lm g.

V d:I remember to send a letter at the post office.

Remember doing smth : nh lm g.V d:I remember locking the door before leaving but I cant find the key.

( Khng th chu ng c khi phi lm g)cant stand

I cant stand


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Forget to do smth : qun s phi lm g.V d:He forgets to call his friend this afternoon.

Forget doing smth : qun lm g.

V d:I forget doing the homework yesterday.

Lu :ng t forget trong mu cu mang ngha ph nh.I forget getting to the airport to meet my girl-friend this morning.

Ccng t ng ng sau gii t-Tt c cc ng t ng ng sau gii t u phi dng Ving.verb

adj. +preposition + Ving

noun

ng t + gii t + Ving

Bng sau gm cc ng t + gii t.

approve of: tnthnhgive up: t b

rely on: phthuc voworry about: lolng v

be better off:insist on: ni nsucceed in: thnh

cng trongcount on = rely on

keep on =continuethink about

think ofdepend onput off: trhon

Danh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)

possibilityofchoice of

method ofintentionof

methodforexcuse

for

reasonfor

V d:George has no excuse for dropping out of school.

There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.

There is no reason for leaving this early.


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Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.

Tnh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)

accustomed

tointent on

afraid of

interestedin

capable of

successfulin

fond of

tired of

V d:Mitch is afraid of getting married now.

We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.

Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament.

Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.

Craig is fond of dancing.

We are interested in seeing this film.

- Khng phi bt c tnh t no trong ting Anh cng i hi ng sau nphi l 1 gii t, c mt stnh t lii hi ng sau n l mt ng tnguyn th (xem bng sau).

anxiouseager: hohcpleasedusual

boringeasyprepared

common

dangerousgoodready

difficult

hardstrangeable*

eager to do smth: ho hc lm g.hard to do smth : kh lm g.* able :able capableunable incapable

V d:

These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.

Mt s th d:Mohammad is eager to see his family.

It is dangerous to drive in this weather

We are ready to leave now.

to do smth = of doing smth


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It is difficult to pass this test.

It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country.

Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.

Lu :

- Mt s cc ng t ting Anh thng c gii t i km pha sau.Khng c nhm ln gii t vi to ca ng t nguyn th. Chnghn mt s ng t trong bng sau:

object to:phn i

look forward to :mong i

confess to : th nhn lm g

V d:

John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice.Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.

Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.

We are not looking forward to going back to school.

Henry is thinking of going to France in August.

You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.

Vn i t i trc ng t nguyn th hoc Ving lm tn ng.

-ng trc 1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng th dng ca i t phil tn ng.

PronounSubject + verb + complement form+ [ to + verb] ...

noun

Sau y l bng cc ng t i hi i t (hay danh t ) i sau n phi dng tn ng.

allowinviteremind

askorderurge

begpermitwant

convincepersuadeexpect

instructpreparepromise


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V d:Joe asked Mary to call him when he woke up.

We ordered him to appear in court.

I urge you to consider your decision.

They were trying to persuade him to change his mind.The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late.

You should prepare your son to take this examination.

Tuy nhin, ng trc 1 Ving lm tn ng th dng ca danh t hoc it phi dng s hu.

dng s hu cadanh t

Ch ng + ng t ++ [verb + ing] ...tnh t s hu

V d:We understand your not being able to stay longer.

He regrets her leaving.

We are looking forward to their coming next year.

We dont approve ofJohns buying this house.We resent the teachers not announcing the test sooner.

We object to their calling at this hour.

1.2 Cch s dng ng t bn khim khuyt need v dareneed

ngt ny c s dng ra sao cn ph thuc vo danh t ng ngsau n l ng vt hay btng vt.

- khi ch ng l ng vt (living thing)

Subject as a living thing + need+to + verb

(cn phi lm g)


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V d:I need to clean my house.

John and his brother need to paint the house.

My friend needs to learn Spanish.

He will need to drive alone tonight.

-Tuy nhin khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt (unliving thing) th ng tsau need s i khc.

Subject as unliving thing + need +[Verb + ing]

to be+ P2

V d:The grass needs to be cut. Hoc The grass needs cutting.The television needs repairing. Hoc The television need to be repaired.The composition needs rewriting. Hoc The composition needs to berewritten.Lu :

need = to be in need of +noun

to be in need of + noun c th thay th cho c 2 cng thc trn. V d:Jill is in need of money = Jill needs money.

The roof is in need of repair = The roof needs to be repaired.

The organization was in need of volunteers = The organization neededvolunteers.

1.3 Dare

- Dare khng c dng nhiu khng nh. N ch c dng phnh v nghi vn. ng t saun theo l thuyt l c to nhng trn thc


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t thng b to. N c th dng vi tr ng t to do hoc dng trctip.

He doesnt dare (to) say anything

= He dares not (to) say anything.

Does he dare (to) say anything = Dares he (to) say anything.- Dare khng c dng th khng nh tr trng hp - I dare saymang 2 ngha:

- Ti cho l.

V d: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of thetrain.

-Ti cng nhn l.

V d: I dare say you are right. Ti tha nhn l anh ng.

- How dare (dared) + subject ... (sao dm).V d:How dare you open my letter? Sao cu dm bc thca ti ra th ?- Dare cn c dng nh1 ngoi ng t mang ngha dm, thch theomu cu sau:

To dare smb to dosmth

(thch ai lm g)They dare the boy to swim across the river in the cold weather.

Cch dng ng t to be + infinitiveBE + INFINITIVE

- N c dng truyn t nhng mnh lnh hoc nhng ch dn ttngi th nht qua ngi th 2ti ngi th 3.V d:No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.

(khng ai c php ri to nh ny m khng c php ca cnhst).

He is to stay here until we return.

(n phi li y cho ti khi bn tao quay li).- Dng vi mnh if mang tnh bt buc hoc mnh lnh.


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V d:Something must be done quickly if extinct birds are to be saved

He said if he fall asleep at the wheel, we were to wake him up.

- truyn t mt d nh.

V d:She is to be married next month.

(c y s ci vo thng ti)The expedition is to start in a weeks time.

Cu trc ny rt thng dng trong bo ch v nu n l ta bo thngi ta b be i tit kimch.V d:The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow.

= The Prime Minister to make a statement tomorrow.

- Was/ were + infinitive

din t 1 tng v s mnh.V d:They said good bye without knowing that they were never to meet again.

(h chia tay nhau m khng bit rng s chng bao gi h gp li nhau)- To be about to + verb = near future = to be in the point of Ving.

1.4 Cu hiCu hi yes v no

S d gi l nhvy v trong cu tr li c th dng yes hoc no ucu. Nn nh rng:Yes + positive verb

No + negative verb.

Khng c nhm ln dng cu tr li ting vit.

auxiliarybe + subject +

verb ...do, does, did

Is Mary going to school today?


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Was Mary sick yesterday?

Have you seen this movie before?

Will the committee decide on the proposal today?

Do you want to use the telephone?

Does George like peanut butter?Did you go to class yesterday?Cu hi thng boL loi cu hi m trong cu tr li ngoi yes hoc no ra cn phi thmmt s cc thng tin khc. Cccu hi ny dng vi mt s cc i tnghi vn.who v what lm ch ng.

Who

+ verb + (complement) +(modifier)

what

Who opened the door? (someone opened the door)

What happened last night? (something happened last night.)

Ch : Khngng khi ni :Who did open the door?

What did happen last night?Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi

whom auxiliary+ + subject + verb +

( modifier)what do, does, did

Ch :

Mc d trong vn ni, nhiu ngi s dng who thay cho whom trongloi cu hi ny nhng tuyt ikhng c dng nhvy trong vn vit(li cbn)V d:Whom does Ahmad know from Venezuela? ( Ahmad know someone fromVenezuela)

What did George buy at the store? ( George bought something at the store)


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auxiliary + subject + verb + question word +subject + verb

Do you know where he went?

Could you tell me what time it is?

Mt s th d:The professor didnt know how many students would be in her afternoon class.

I have no idea how long the interview will take.

Do they know how often the bus runs at night?

Can you tell me how far the museum is from the college?

Ill tell you what kind of ice cream tastes best.

The teacher asked us whose book was on his desk.Cu hi c uiKhi s dng loi cu hi ny nn nh rng n khng nhm mc ch hi m nhm khng nhli kin ca bn thn mnh bit.- Cu chia lm 2 thnh phn tch bit nhau bi du phy.- Nu ng t phn chnh th khng nh th phn ui l ph nhv ngc li.-ng t to be c dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng tr ng

t to do, cc ng t thi kp: future, perfect, progressive dng vichnh tr ng t ca thi .- Cc thnh ng there is, there are v it is dng li phn ui.-ng t to have trong ting Anh ca ngi M l ng t thng do n s dng vi tr ng t to do.

V d:There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there?

Its raining now, isnt it? It isnt raining now, is it?

The boys dont have class tomorrow, do they?You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we?

You wont be leaving for another hour, will you?

Jill and Joe have been to Mexico, havent they?

You have two children, dont you?

(Trong ting Anh, th s dng havent you?)


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Lu :

Trong cc bi thi TOEFL nu ng t chnh l have th ng sau phidng tr ng t do.V d:

She has an exam tomorrow, doesnt she?

1.5 Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.Li ni ph ho khng nh.

- Dng ph ho li khng nh ca mt ngi khc tng ngvi cu ting vit cng th vngi ta s dng so v too trong cu trcny.-ng t to be c php dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng vitr ng t to do, cc ng t thi kp (future, perfect, progressive)

dng vi chnh ng t ca n.- Khi be c s dng trong mnh chnh th thi ca ng t be sdng trong cu ph ho cngphi cng thi vi be mnh chnh.

Subject + verb(be) +tooAffirmative statement (be) + and+

So + verb(be) +subject

V d:I am happy, and you are too.

I am happy, and so are you.- Khi mt ng t th kp (auxilary + verb), v d, will go, should do,has done, have written, must examine, vv... xut hin trong mnh chnh th tr ng t ca mnh chnh c s dng dng khngnh, v ch ng v ng t phi ho hp.

Subject + auxiliary only+ too

Affirmative statement + and+

(ng t th kp) So + auxiliaryonly + subject


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V d:They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.

Subject +do, does, or did+too.

Affirmative statement + and+

(ng t n tr be) So + do,does, or did + subject

V d:

Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.

John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.

John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.

I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too.

I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they.

He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.

He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.

We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too.We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy.

She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too.

She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we.

Li ni ph ho ph nh- Dng ph ho li ph nh ca ngi khc, tng ng vi cuting vit cng khng.- Cu trc dng cho loi cu ny l either v neither.

Nn nh rng: Not ... either / Neither ... positive verb.Cc trng hp dng ging ht cng thc khng nh.

Subject + negative auxiliary or be +either .

Negative statement + and+


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Neither + positive auxiliary orbe + subject.

V d:I didnt see Mary this morning. John didnt see Mary this morning.

I didnt see Mary this morning, and John didnt either.

I didnt see Mary this morning, and neither did John.

She wont be going to the conference. Her colleagues wont be going to theconference.

She wont be going to the conference, and her colleagues wont either.

She wont be going to the conference, and neither will her colleagues.

John hasnt seen the new movie yet. I havent seen the new movie yet.

John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and I havent ether.

John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.

Cu ph nh thnh lp cu ph nh ngi ta t not vo sau ng t to be, trng t to do ca ng t thng,v cc tr ng t ca ng t thikp.-t any ng trc danh t nhn mnh cho ph nh.

- Trong mt s trng hp nhn mnh cho danh t ng sau b phnh, ngi ta ng t nguyn th v t no trc danh t. ( no =not at all).

Nagative + nagative = Positive

V d:

Its really unbelievable that he has no money.

Nagative + comparative = Superlative

V d:Professor Baker couldnt be more helpful = Pr. Baker was the most helpful.


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We couldnt have gone to the beach on a better day. Tc l: Today is thebest day to go to the beach.

Nagative ..., much less + noun.

(khng m li cng khng)

V d:He didnt like to read novels, much less text books.

Its really unbelievable how he could have survived, after such a free fall, muchless live to tell about it on TV.

Mt s ph t trong ting Anh mang ngha ph nh, khi dng n trongcu tuyt i khng cdng ph nh ca ng t na.

V d:Hardly

Scarcely Hu nh khng ( Almost no)Barely

Hardly everRarely Hu nhkhng bao gi ( almost never).Seldom

Cng thc dng vi cc ph t trn.

Subject + nagative + adverb +positive verb

Lu : Barely v scarcelyi khi mang ngha va , va son (justenough). Phi cn c theo ngcnh ca cu hoc cc cu tr li diphn nghe tm ra ngha ng.V d:He scarcely has money for the tuition fee and not any coins left.


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V d:Lets go out for lunch, shall we?

Khc vi let us trong cu mnh lnh thc.V d:

Lets go now (chng ta i thi) khc vi Let us go, please. ( xin hy cho chng ti i)ng t khim khuyt.S d gi l nhvy v ng t ny mang nhng c tnh nh sau:- Khng c tiu t to ng trc.-ng t no i sau n cng phi b to.- Khng bao gi 2 ng t khim khuyt i cng vi nhau, nu c th btbuc ng t th 2phichuyn sang mt dng khc.

V d:Will have to

must

Will be able tocan

Will be allowed tomay

ng t khim khuyt c s dng vi cc chc nng sau:

1.6 Din t thi tng lai.Din t cu iu kin.

iu kin c th thc hin c thi hin ti.

Will/shall

If+ Subject + simple present + subject + + [verbin simple form]

can/may

V d:If I have the money, I will buy a new car.

If you try more, you will improve your English.

We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only tenoclock now.


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If+ subject + simple present tense + subject + ... +simple present tense

Mu cu ny cn c dng din t mt thi quen.V d:If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospitalin the afternoon (khng cng t khuyt thiu.)John usually walks to school if he has enough time.

If+ Subject + simple present tense ... + commandform* ...

* Nn nh rng mnh lnh thc dng n gin ca ng t. ( simpleform)Mu cu trn c ngha l nh ai, ra lnh cho ai lm g.V d:If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me.

Please call me if you hear from Jane.iu kin khng th thc hin c thi hin ti.

Would/should

If + Subject + simple past + subject ++ verb in simple form

could/ might

V d:

If I had enough money now, I would buy this house( but now I dont have enough money.)

If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.(but I dont have the time.) ( Im not going to the beach with you.)

He would tell you about it if he were here.( he wont tell you about it.) ( He is not here).

If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him.(He speaks very quickly.) (You cant understand him.)


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Lu :

ng t to be sau if mu cu ny phi chia lm were tt c ccngi.

I... they were.

V d:

If I were you, I wouldnt do such a thing.(but Im not you.)

iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh.

Would/should

If + Subject + past perfect + subject +

+ have + P2

could/might

V d:

If we hadnt lost the way we could have been here in time.(but in fact we lost the way, so we were late.)

If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.(We didnt know that you were there.) ( we didnt write you a letter.)

She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.(She didnt sell the house.) (She didnt find the right buyer.)

If we hadnt lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.(We lost our way.) (we didnt arrive early.)

Cuiu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo ng cng thc trn,trong mt s trng hp 1 vca cu iu kin qu kh cn mt v li hin ti do thi gian ca tng mnh quynh.

V d:If she had caught the flight she would be here by now.

Lu :

Trong mt s trng hp cu iu kin khng th thc hinc thi qu kh, ngi ta bifi vo had ln u cu nhng ngha vn gi nguyn.


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Had+ subject + [verb in past participle ]...

V d:Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter.

Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.Hadnt we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.* Cc cch dng c bit ca Will, would v sould trong cc mnh ifThng thng nhng ng t ny khng c dng ng sau if nhngnu c dng n s mang ngha sau:

Ifyou will /would.

Thng c dng trong cc yu cu lch s ( Would lch s hn)

V d:If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here.

(Nu c vui lng ch mt cht, ti s xem liu ng John c y khng.)I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me.

If you could+ verb in simple form.

Nu ng vui lng - Ngi ni cho rng ngi kia s ng nhmt l tt nhin

V d:If you could fill in this form.

If you could open your books.

If + subject + will /would.

Nu ... chu - Din t tnguyn

V d:If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him.


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Nu n chu nghe theo li ti th ti c th gip n.

If + subject + will.

Din t s ngoan c.

V d:If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you.

Nu cu m c hc ting Anh theo cch ny th trt k thi TOFEL chcchn ang ch n cu.

If + subject +should.

Din t mt hnh ng d rt c th c song kh nng rt t v khini ngi ni khng tin l svic li c th xy ra.V d:If you shouldnt know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number.

Nu anh khng bit cch s dng chic tivi ny, hy gi in cho ti smy ny. (Ni vy nhngngi ni khng cho rng l anh ta li khngbit s dng chic tivi .)If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free toask me.

(Ngi thy khng cho rng cu hc sinh li khng lm c nhng bitp - v chng rt d hoccu hc tr rt thng minh)- Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta b if i v o should ln u cum ng ngha khng thay i.

V d:Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to

ask me.Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wander around forfood - a sign that spring is near.

Nu tri c nhiu my v bu tri xm xt th ngi ta cho l con sc ts i lang thang kim n - l du hiu ca ma Xun ang ti gn.Thc ra, khi s dng cu trc ny th tc gi cho rng khi con sc t


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chui ra th rt him khi tri li c nhiu my v bu tri li xm li -c thl do kt qu thng k.Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though.(C ngha l : dng nh l, nhth l)

- Mnh ng sau 2 thnh ng ny thng hay dng iu kinkhng th thc hin c v chialm 2 thi:Thi hin tiNu ng t mnh trc chia simple present th ng t mnh sau phi chia simple past,ng t to be s phi chia l were ttc cc ngi.

as ifSubject + verb (simple present) + + subject +

verb (simple past)as though

V d:The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer.

Hin ti qu kh

(It is not winter.)

Angelique walks as though she studied modelling.Hin ti qu kh

(She didnt study modelling)

He acts as though he were rich.Hin ti qu kh

(He is not rich)

Thi qu kh.Nu ng t mnh trc chia simple past th ng t mnh 2 phi chia past perfect.

Subject + verb (simple past) + + subject +verb (past perfect)

V d:

as if

as though


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Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.Past simple past perfect

(She didnt win the grand prize.)

Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost.Past simple past perfect

(She didnt see a ghost.)

He looked as though he had run ten miles.Past simple past perfect

(He didnt run ten miles.)

* C 2 dng chia sau as if u din t iu kin khng th thchin c.

Lu :Trong mt s trng hp nu iu kin l c tht th 2 cng thc trnkhng c tun theo. ng t li tr v dng bnh thng theo dinbin ca cu.V d:He looks as if he has finish the test.

CCH S DNG NG T TO HOPE V TO WISH.Hai ngt ny tuy ng ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ng php.

+ng sau ng t to hope l mt cu din bin bnh thng.V d:I hope that they will come. ( I dont know if they are coming.)

( Ti hy vng l h s ti.)We hope that they came yesterday. ( We dont know if they came.)

+ Nhng ng t to wish li i hi ng sau n phi l mt iu kinkhng th thc hin c. iukin ny chia lm 3 thi.Thi tng lai.

ng t mnh sau s phi l Would / could + verb hoc were +Ving.

Could + verbSubject + wish + (that) + Subject* +

would + verb + ...were + Ving


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ng t wish ch c th nh hng n mnh ng sau nbng cch buc mnh phi iu kin khng th thc hin c.Nhng iu kin thi no li do thigian ca mnh quytnh khng h ph thuc vo thi ca ng t to wish.

V d:He wished that he could come to the party next week.

Qu kh iu kin tng laiTng lai

Ph hp v thi

The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standing now.Qu kh iu kin hin ti

hin tiPh hp v thi

- Phi phn bit vi to wish dng cu ny vi ngha c g,mong g vi to wish trong mucu sau:

To wish somebody something

V d:

I wish you a happy birthday.

1.7 Cch s dng thnh ng used to v get/be used toused to.

Used to + [Verb in simple form]... ( Thng hay, tng)

Chmt thi quen, h nh ng thng xuyn xy ra lp i lp li trong qukh.V d:When David was young, he used to swim once a day. ( Thi quen trongqu kh)

(*)


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Chuyn sang cu nghi vn:

Did + Subject + use to + Verb

= Used + Subject + to + verb.

V d:When David was young, did he use to swim once a day?

used he to swim once a day?

Cu ph nh:

Subject + didnt + use to + Verb

= Subject + used not to + verb.

V d:When David was young, he didnt use to swim once a day.

he used not to swim once a day.

1.8 get / be used to.

BE / GET USED TO + VING

( tr nn quen vi) (noun)

Lu : Trong cng thc (*) c th thay used to = Would nhng d nhm ln.Cch s dng thnh ng Would rather

Would rather ... than = Prefer ... to

(Thch ... hn l; th ... hn l)

* ng sau would rather phi l mt ng t nguyn th b to (bareinfinitive) nhng ng sau prefer phi l mt verb+ing.

V d:

John would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice.


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John prefer drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice.

Lu :

* Vic s dng thnh ng ny cn tu thuc vo s ch ng v

ngha ca cuLoi cu c mt ch ng. loi cu ny ch dng Would rather (khng c than) v chia lm 2thi :

1. Thi hin ti.

ng t sau Would rather l nguyn th b to. Nu mun dng ph nht not trc ng t nguynth b to ( cng thc 1)

Subject + Would rather + (not) bare infinitive

V d:

Jim would rather go to class tomorrow

Trong cu ny ngi ni mun ni Jim thch n lp vo ngy mai (chhm nay Jim khng mun)

2. Thi qu kh.

thi qu kh sau would rather l have + past participle (hay cn gi lphn t 2 - P2) - Cng thc 2.

Subject + would rather + have + (P2)

V d:

John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today ( John thch

i hc vo ngy hm qua hnngy hm nay).Loi cu c 2 ch ng loi cu ny thnh ng c s dng s l Would rather that (c g,mong g) v chia lm nhngmu cu nh sau:

1. Cu gi nh

(1)

(2)


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L loi cu din t ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm mtvic g , nhng lm haykhng cn tu thuc vo vo pha ngi th 2.Do vy cu trc ng t sau ch ng 2 phi lnguyn th b to - Cngthc 1.

Subject1 + Would rather that+ Subject2 + bareinfinitive

V d:I would rather that Jones call me tomorrow ( Ti mun Johnes gi incho ti vo ngy mai - NhngJones c gi in cho ngi ni hay khngcn tu vo Jones).

We would rather that he take this train. (p chuyn tu hay khngcn tu vo anh y - H chmun vy).

2. iu kin khng thc hin c hin ti (ngha ca cutri vithc t).

ng t sau ch ng 2 s chia Simple past, ng t to be s phic chia thnh Were tt c ccngi - Cng thc 2

Subject1 + would rather that+ Subject2 + Simple past...

V d:Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does

(In fact his girlfriend doesnt work in the same department.)

Jane would rather that it were winter now.

(It is not winter now.)

Nhn xt:

- Trong cc cu trn ngha ca v th 2 lun tri vi thc t thi imhin ti.- Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng

(1)

Did not + verb

Were not + verb

(2)


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3. iu kin khng th thc hin c trong qu kh ( Ngha cacu l tri vi thc t.)

Trong loi cu ny ng t mnh th 2 s phi c chia Past perfect - Cng thc 1.

Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Past perfect

V d:Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.

(nhng trong thc t th Jill khng ti lp ngy hm qua v ngi nich ly lm tic l Jill khng ti lp vo ngy hm qua.)Nhn xt: Trn thc t ngha ca to wish v would rather that (vingha c, mong mun) trong trng hp trn l ging nhau nhng

Wish c s dng trong ting Anh bnh dn (hng ngy). Cn Wouldrather that mang kch tnh nhiu hn.

Cch s dng Would LikeThnh ng ny dng mi mc ngi khc mt cch lch s hoc dint mong mun ca mnh mt cch nh nhn sau phi l ng tnguyn th c to (infinitive).

Subject + would like + [to + verb] ...

V d:Would you like to dance with me?

I would like to visit Hongkong.

We would like to order now, please.

The president would like to be re-elected.

They would like to study at the university.

Would you like to see a movie tonight?

Lu :

- Nu hnh ng c xc nh c th v mt thi gian hoc thi gian lhin ti th dng ngt nguyn th sau like.- Nhng nu thi gian l khng xc nh th phi dng Verb+ing.

(1)


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V d:Would you like a lemonade now? (thi gian l hin ti now)She likes watching TV every night. (thi gian l khng xc nh - ch sthch hobby)

Hoc I would like eating a steak and salad.

1.9 Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trngthi hin ti.Could/may/might.

Could/may/might+ [Verb in simple form]

C th /c l.

Ch mt kh nng c th xy ra hin ti song ngi ni khngchc. C 3 ng t c gi trnh nhau.V d:

It might rain tomorrow It will possibly raintomorrow

It may rain tomorrow = ORIt could rain tomorrow Maybe it will rain tomorrow

Ch :

Maybe l s kt hp ca may v be, nhng n l mt t v khng phi ltr ng t. N ng nghavi perhaps.Mt s v d v Could, may, v might:

The president said that there might be a strike next month.

I dont know what Im doing tomorrow. I may go to the beach or I may stayhome.

(Lu l ngi Anh thng ni l stay at home nhng ngi M li nil stay home.)

It might be warmer tomorrow.I may not be able to go with you tonight.

I dont know where Jaime is. He could be at home.

1.10 Should


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Should+ [Verb in simple form]

Ngha l :

- Nn ( din t mt li khuyn, ngh hoc bt buc nhng khngmnh lm)- C khi - dng din t mong mun iu g xy ra.V d:It should rain tomorrow ( I expect it to rain tomorrow)

My check should arrive next week. ( I expect it to arrive next week).

Lu :

- Had better, ought to, be supposed to ni chung l ng ngha vi

should vi iu kin l ng t tobe phichia thi hin ti.- be supposed to ngoi ngha tng ng vi should cn mang nghaquy nh phi, bt buc phi.V d:We are supposed to have a math test this afternoon, but it was postponed becausethe Professor had to attend a science conference.

( Theo quy nh l ....)

1.11 Must

Must+ [verb in simple form]

Ngha l :- Phi - bt buc rt mnh (ngi b bt buc khng c s la chn

no khc)V d:

One must endorse a check before one cashes it. (ngi ta phi ksau tm sc trc khi rttin).

George must call his insurance agent today.

A pharmacist must keep a record of the prescriptions that are filled.

An automobile must have gasoline to run.

An attorney must pass an examination before practising law.


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This freezer must be kept at -200.

- Hn l - din t mt s suy lun c logic da trn nhng hintng c tht hin ti.

V d:Johns lights are out. He must be asleep.(We assume that John is asleep because the lights are out.)

The grass is wet. It must be raining.(We assume that it is raining because the grass is wet.)

* Mustc thay th bng have to trong nhng trng hp sau y-ng sau Will thi tng lai.

V d:We will have to take a TOEFL test at the end of this year.

- Had to thay cho must qu kh.V d:

The teacher had to attend a science conference yesterday.

* thi hin ti have to c thay th cho must khi:Hi xem mnh c b buc phi lm iu g khng hoc din t sbt buc do khch quanmang li lm gim nh tnh bt buc

ca must.V d:

Q : Do I have to leave a deposit?

A : No, you neednt but you have to sign in this register, Im sorry butthats the rule.

Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi thi qu kh.

Could/ May/ might + have +P2 (c l )

Ch mt kh nng qu kh song ngi ni khng dm chc.V d:

It might have rained last night, but Im not sure.(C l m qua tri ma)


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The cause of death could have been bacteria.(Nguyn nhn ca ci cht c l l do vi trng)

John might have gone to the movies yesterday.(C l John ti rp chiu bng ngy hm qua)

Could + have +P2 (c l c th - nhng thct th khng)

V d:

We could have solved this problem at that time (But we couldnt in fact)(L ra lc chng ti c th gii quyt c vn ny.)

SHOULD + HAVE + P2 (L RA PHI, L RA NN -NHNG THC T TH KHNG)

Thnh ng ny tng ng vi Was / were /Supposed to.

MUST HAVE P2 - HN L

(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tngc tht trong qu kh)

V d:Paul did so well in his speech today that he could have rehearsed it many timesthis past week.

(Hm nay Paul c li pht biu rt hay, hn l tun qua n din tprt nhiu ln ).

MIGHT HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - C L LC YANG

(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tngc tht trong qu kh)

V d:I didnt hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.


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I didnt watch that scene on television, I might have been paying attention to theargument.

MUST HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - CHC HN LC

YANG(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng

c tht trong qu kh)

V d:I didnt hear you knock, I must have been sleeping at that time.

I didnt see him this morning, he must have been working in the office.* tnh t v ph t (adjective and adverb).

Mt tnh t bao gi cng b ngha cho mt danh t v ch danh t. Nng ngay trc danh t . Trong ting Anh ch c mt danh t duynht ng sau danh t m nb ngha l: galore ( nhiu, phong ph,di do).

V d:There are errors galore in the final exam.

- Mt ph t bao gi cng b ngha cho:+ Mt ng t - mt tnh t - v mt ph t khc.

V d:He runs very fast.verb adv adv

She is terribly beautiful.Adv adj

- Adj + ly = adv nhng phi cn thn v khng phi bt c t no c uily u l ph t. Mt s cctnh t cng c tn cng l ly.

V d:Lovely, friendly, lonely.- Mt s cc cm t m u bng gii t ch a im, thi gian,phng tin hnh ng, tnhhung hnh ng cng c coi l ph t.V d: in the office.- Mt s cc ph t c cu to c bit nh soon, very, almost.


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- V tr cc ph t trong ting Anh tng i thoi mi nhng cng cnhng phc tp. C mt s quylut nh sau:

+ Cc ph t b ng s thng xuyn ng cui cu theo th tu tin:

* ch phng thc hnh ng (ui ly),* ch a im (here, there, at school...),* ch thi gian,* ch phng tin hnh ng,* ch tnh hung hnh ng.

+ Mt ph t khng bao gi c ng xen vo gia ng t vtn ng.

V d:

I have terribly a headache. (cu sai v ph t ng xen giang t v tn ng )

+ Nu trong cu ch c ph t ch thi gian th n th ng ln ucu.

V d:In 1975 I graduated but I didnt find a job.

+ Cc ph t ch tn s (always, sometimes...) thng bao gicng ng trc ng t chnh khi n l ng t hnh ng,

nhng bao gi cng ng sau ng t to be.V d:- They have often visited me recently.

- He always comes in time.

Nhng: The president is always in time.ng t ni. l cc ng t trong bng sau.

bebecomeremainstay

appearseemsound

feellooksmelltaste

Cc ng t trn c nhng c tnh sau:


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* Khng din t hnh ng m din t bn cht ca s vt, svic, nhmu sc, mi v ...* ng sau chng phi l mt tnh t khng c l mt ph t.

Lu : cc cp ng tappear to happen

seem = to chance ( Dng nh)

- To appear c th thay th cho to seem v ngc li nhng khng ththay th cho to happen v to chance.

- 3 ng t to be, to become, to remain c nhng trng hp c mtdanh t hoc mt ng danh ttheo sau, lc chng mt i chc nng

ng t ni.- 4 ng t to feel, to look, to smell v to taste trong mt s trng hpi hi sau n l danh t lm tn ng v tr thnh mt ngoi ng t.Lc ny chng mt i chc nng ca mt ng t ni v tr thnh mtng t din t hnh ng v c quyn i hi 1 ph t i b tr (chngthay i v mt ng ngha).- To feel = s, nn, khm xt.- to look at : nhn- to smeel : ngi.- to taste : nm.

1.12 So snh ca tnh t v danh tSo snh bng.

So snh bng ch ra 2 thc th chnh xc ging nhau (bng nhau hocnh nhau) v ngc li nu cutrc so snh dng ph nh.Cu trc

As ... as

adjnoun

S + verb + as + + as +

advpronoun


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* Nu l cu trc phnh as th nht c th thay bng so.V d:He is not so tall as his father.

Lu :

Ta cn phi nh rng i t sau as lun dng ch ng.Peter is as tall as I. You are as old as she.

Mt s th d v so snh bng.My book is as interesting as your.

Tnh t

His car runs as fast as a race car.Ph t

John sings as well as his sister.Ph t

Their house is as big as that one.Tnh t

His job is not as difficult as mine. Hoc His job is not so difficult as mine. His job is not as difficult as mine. Hoc His job is not so difficult as mine.

They are as lucky as weTnh t

* Danh t cng c th dng so snh cho cu trc ny nhngtrc khi so snh phi xc nh chc chn rng danh t c nhngtnh t tng ng nhtrong bng sau:

Tnh t Danh theavy, lightwide, narrowdeep, shallowlong, shortbig, small

weightwidthdepthlengthsize

* Cu trc dng cho loi n y s l the same ... as.

nounSubject + verb + the same + (noun) + as


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pronoun

V d:My house is as high as his

My house is the same height as his.Lu :

- Do tnh cht phc tp ca loi cng thc ny nn vic s dng b hpvo trong bng trn.- The same as >< different from.

My nationality is different from hers.

Our climate is different from Canadas.

- Trong ting Anh ca ngi M c th dng different than nu sau l

c mt cu hon chnh(khng ph bin).V d:His appearance is different from what I have expected.

= His appearance is different than I have expected.

- From c th thay th bng to.Mt s th d v the same v different from:These trees are the same as those.

He speaks the same language as she.

Her address is the same as Ritas.

Their teacher is different from ours.

My typewriter types the same as yours.

She takes the same courses as her husband.

So snh hn, km-Trong loi so snh ny, ngi ta phn ra lm 2 loi ph t, tnh t ngnv ph t, tnh t di.-i vi cc ph t v tnh t ngn, ta ch cn cng thm ui ER vo

tn cng.-i vi nhng tnh t ngn c 1 nguyn m kp gia 2 ph m, ta phigp i ph m cui khngphi thay i cch c.V d:big - bigger.

red - redder


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Subject + verb + + than +

hot - hotter

- Nhng tnh t c tn cng bng bn nguyn m phi i thnh ier (y -ier)V d:

happy - happierfriendly - friendlier (hoc more friendly than)- Trng hp ngoi l: strong - stronger.-i vi tt c cc ph t v tnh t di dng more (nu hn) v dngless ( nu km).V d: more beautiful, more important, more believable.

adj + er

adv + er*nounmore + adj/ adv

pronounless + adj

* c th thmer vo tn cng ca mt s ph t nh: faster, quicker,sooner, v later.Lu :

-ng sau ph t so snh nhthan v as phi l i t nhn xng chng, khng c php l i tnhn xng tn ng ( li cbn).V d:Johns grades are higher than his sisters.

Today is hotter than yesterday.

This chair is more comfortable than the other.

He speaks Spanish more fluently than I .

He visits his family less frequently than she does.

This years exhibit is less impressive than last years.

- nhn mnh cho tnh t v ph t so snh ngi ta dng far hocmuch trc so snh.

Subject +far adv

+ +er + thannoun

+


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verb + much adj pronoun

Subject +verb +

far

muchmore+

less

adj+

adv

+than

noun+

pronoun

- Mt s th nh ng nhn mnh : much too muchadv adv adj

V d:Harrys watch is far more expensive than mine.That movie we saw last night was much less interesting than the one ontelevision.

A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.

She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.

He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.

His car is far better than yours.

* Danh t cng c th c dng so snh trong cc cu trc

bng hoc hn, km.- Trong cu trc so snh bng ch cn xc nh xem danh t l mc hay khng m c vtrc chng c mt s nh ng dng vi2 loi danh t .- Trong cu trc so snh hn km cng cn phi xc nh xem danh t l m c hay khng m c v ng trc chng c dngfewer (cho m c), less (khng m c) v moredng chung choc 2 (cng thc di y). Do cu trc ny khng phc tp nn c dng rng ri hn so vi cu trc so snh bng.

manymuch

nounlittle

pronounfew

Subject + verb + as + + noun + as +


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hoc

morenounSubject + verb + fewer + noun + than +pronoun

less

V d:I have more books than she.

February has fewer days than March.

He earns as much money as his brother.

They have as few class as we.Their job allows them less freedom than ours does.

Before pay-day, I have as little money as my brother.

So snh hp lKhi so snh nn nh rng cc mc t dng so snh phi tngng vi nhau v bn cht ng php ( ngi vi ngi, vt vi vt).Do vy 3 mc so snh hp l s l:* s hu cch

* that of (cho s t)* those of (cho s nhiu)

Cu sai: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor (cu ny so snh

drawings vi instructor)

Cu ng : His drawings are as perfect as his instructors (instructors =

instructors drawings)

Cu sai: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary. (cu ny sosnh gia lng ca 1 nggio svi mt c th k)Cu ng: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary. (

that of = that salary of)

Cu sai : The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher.(cu ny so snh gia duties viteacher)


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Cu ng: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of ateacher. (those of = those duties of).

Mt s th d v so snh hp l.

Johns car runs better than Marys.(Marys = Marys car)

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