CAD图纸和模型制作一体化: 电脑控制式模 Integrating CAD ...lapac/papers/celani2010.pdfCAD图纸和模型制作一体化: 电脑控制式模型工作室 1 Integrating

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建筑设计·运算逻辑·认知理论

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CAD图纸和模型制作一体化: 电脑控制式模型工作室作者：Gabriela Celani

翻译：李书谊

摘要

在众多数码技术的应用中，建筑设计行业中的模型制作是其中的一种。快速原型制作机器能根据数码文件一层层地建模。激光切割机和CNC数控车床能按照CAD图纸进行切割和碾磨实物模型。使用三维扫描技术，就有可能把数字模型自动地制作成实物模型，如把现有的建筑物和手工的比例模型按所需比例制作成模型。本文将展示一些制作建筑模型的新技术，并会列举一些案例。

1　简介

建筑模型在设计过程中是用来作形体研究和探索、视觉分析、设计师之间思想交流以及对客户的演示。要看设计过程在哪个阶段，建筑模型也许只是简单地展示建筑的体量或者建筑精美的视觉外观，也许是整个项目或只是项目的某个细部。模型可以在材料、尺度和构造方面有很大的差异，这要取决于它们所需要达到的目标。

根据制作方法（例如块、面、线的元素）、主题（例如地理、景观、园林、城市布局、建筑、结构、室内、建造大样、家具和产品设计）、精细程度、建筑比例模型可定义为不同的类型。这些分类是取决于模型的用途；它们可能被用于设计探索和分析、设计思想交流以及对客户的展示和展览。

建筑模型可以看作是一种原型的特殊类型，据（Liou19）所载，“创建一个原型的目的在于让人们理解它的外形、功能、给人的感受、如何制作以及人们所期待的效果。然而制作原型是一个既费时间又费金钱的过程，所以在制作原型前需作仔细推敲。”以上的摘录指的是消

Integrating CAD Drawings and Model-making: the Computer-controlled Model-shopGabriela Celani

Abstract

One of the many applications of digital technology in

architecture is model-making. Rapid prototyping machines can

build architectural models from digital files layer by layer. Laser

cutters and Computer Numerical Control（CNC） routers can cut

and mill parts of a model from Computer-Aided Design（CAD）

drawings. With 3D-scanning technologies it is possible to create

digitized models of physical objects - such as existing buildings or

hand-made scale models - which can then be prototyped at the

desired scale. In this paper some of the technologies available for

producing architectural scale-models will be presented and some

examples of applications will be shown.

1　Introduction

Architectural models are used during the design process for the

study and exploration of form, visual analysis, the communication

of ideas, and in presentations to clients. Depending on the stage of

the design process, architectural models may simply represent the

building´s volume or its exact visual appearance; the overall project

or just a small detail. Depending on the intended objectives for the

model the materials, scales, and configuration may vary.

Different typologies of architectural scale models can be

defined according to production methods（e.g. mass, surface and

linear elements）, theme（e.g. geography, landscape, garden,

urban setting, building, structure, interior, construction detail,

furniture and object design）, and level of elaboration（Knoll and

Hechinger）. These categories depend on the purpose of the model

as noted.

Architectural models can be seen as a particular type of

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Integrating CAD Drawings and Model-making: the Computer-controlled Model-shop

费品工业里的原型制作。产品设计师首先会采用计算机辅助制作技术来制作原型。建筑模型通常会采用纸板、泡沫塑料和木头来手工制作，然而，原用来制作原型的电脑控制式机器最近已经用来自动生产建筑比例模型。

2　传统模型和新式模型制作过程的比较图1展示了自动化制作模型过程中的五个步骤。传统模

型制作过程完全是手工的，而在计算机控制的过程里大多数步骤可以自动化（表1）。

自动化模型制作的第一步包括了确定模型制作的目标、比例以及构成方式，它是模型制作过程中最重的阶段。主要区别于传统模型制作过程是第二、三和第四步，包括了模型将采用的材料、制作技术、图纸以及模型的部件制作。然而，就像传统制作模型一样，组装部件和表面修饰的过程还是必需用手工。

prototype. According to（Liou 19）,

“A prototype can be created for the purpose of how it will look,

how it will feel, how it will function, where to get it made, and how to

make sure it will turn out the way one wants it. However, prototyping

can be a very time- and cost-consuming process. It is critical to have

a well-thought-out plan before producing a prototype”.

The excerpt above refers to prototypes created for the

consumer-product industry. Product developers were the first to use

computer-aided manufacturing techniques for making prototypes.

Traditionally, architectural models have been hand-made with

materials such as cardboard, rigid foam, and wood. More recently,

computer-controlled machines have been used to automatically

produce scale models.

2　A comparison between the traditional and the new model-making

processes

Figure 1 shows five steps in the automated model-making

图1　自动化制作模型的过程

Figure 1　The automated model-making process.

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传统模型和新式模型制作过程的比较表1

传统模型制作着手于模型的比例和基本特征：体量模型用于研究初

步设计，截面模型用于解释工程建设系统和细部模型用于方案演示

数码设计模型的过程也是着手于确定模型的目标、比例和特征。这

一步与传统模型唯一的区别是这些模型由于它们更好的精确度，可

适用于非常小的比例以及表现更多的细部

步骤1：确定模型的目标和特征

步骤2：确定材料和技术

传统模型制作的第二步包括了材料和工具的选择，这些材料和工具

的选择是取决于模型所要保留的时间：研究模型可采用纸板和泡沫

为材料，用刀片、剪刀和电热丝切割；而演示模型通常采用木头为

材料，用电动带锯或者电动车床切割

数码模型制作过程的第二步是根据模型坚固程度要求、几何形体和

现有的电脑控制原型机器来决定采用适合的技术。一些几何体只能

用特殊的技术制作

步骤3：制作生产图纸

传统模型制作的第三步是制作切割图案。这些图案是根据建筑技术

图纸画在纸上，并且要考虑到所用材料的厚度

数码模型制作也需要生产图纸，但是它们是数码格式的。有些机器

如激光切割机要求有二维图纸，而有些如三维打印机和CNC数控车

床则需用提供数字三维模型

步骤4：制作模型部件

在传统模型制作过程中，模型部件通常是用刀片、剪刀、电锯、电

热丝等来切割的。其中有些切割过程还会引起受伤

在数码过程中，2D和3D图纸是被传送到电脑控制的机器里，建

造、打磨和切割都在该机器中自动进行。这种方式能节约时间，减

少受伤机会，并且制作出更精确的模型

最后一步包括了把部件组装在一起，并且修整模型。在传统的过程

中，部件一般是被粘合钉牢后然后涂上颜料

与传统过程中一样，数码制作模型仍需要用手工装配和修整。但由

于电脑控制技术的精确性，部件可以简单地咬合在一起，而不是通

过胶水或钉子固定。有些基于层的技术还需要特殊的后续工序。举

个例子，3D打印机制作出的部件需要用树脂来密封，而用FDM技

术制作的模型需要在完成后把支撑材料去掉。有些基于层技术还可

以使用颜色，例如在3D打印机里，可以把颜色图案打印在模型上

步骤5：装配和修整

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数码制作原型技术的特征在于它能让建筑师创造出更多类型的比例模型，并把它们应用到不同的地方。例如：采用电脑控制机器就有可能制作一些功能性模型去展示工程大样，如极小比例的工程接缝；甚至有可能为风洞测试（Wind Tunnel Tests）制作非常精确的模型。

3　原型制作技术基本上有三种自动化制作建筑模型的技术（图2）：加

法式的、减法式的和切割式的（有些作者认为切割式技术也属减法式的一种类型）。

process. While the tradit ional model-making process was

completely manual, in the computer-controlled process most of the

steps can be automated（Table 1）.

Defining the purpose of the model, along with its scale and

configuration, is the first and most important phase in the process.

The main differences between the digital and traditional process

include defining the materials and production techniques, preparing

production drawings, and making the parts of the model（Steps

2, 3 and 4）. Both processes still typically require manual assembly

and/or finishing of the model, Step 5.

The unique characteristics of digital prototyping technologies

have allowed architects to develop new types of architectural

scale-models and use them for new purposes. With the use of

computer-controlled machines it is possible to produce models that

show construction details, such as joints, even at a very small scale.

It is also possible to produce very precise models for analysis such as

wind tunnel tests.

3　Prototyping technologies

There are basically three methods for making architectural

models in an automated way（Figure 2）: additive, subtractive

and cutting（although some authors consider cutting a type of

subtractive technique）.

The additive technique, also known as rapid prototyping,

consists of building models layer-by-layer from materials such as

plastic, liquid resin, powder resin and plaster. Each of these materials

has a different cost, surface finishing and strength. Some examples

of additive techniques and their main characteristics are shown in

Table 2.

Additive techniques require carefully produced, “water-

tight” 3D models with a level of detail calibrated to the machines

output resolution. Since the materials used by most machines are

very expensive the model is typically made as a shell（hollow on

the inside） to avoid the unnecessary use of material. Each type of

machine requires a minimum shell-wall width, so usually a 3D model

图2　用在模型制作里三种原型技术的类型

Figure 2 The three digital types of prototyping technologies that can be used for making models.

加法的技术是一种快速制作原型的技术，模型是一层一层加工的，它可以采用不同的材料：塑料、液体树脂、粉末树脂和石膏。每种材料有不同价格，并采取不同表面整修方法，并具有不同的坚固性。以下表2是一些加法式技术以及它们的特征。

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The traditional model-making process starts with the definition of

the scale and general characteristics of the model according to its

purpose: simple volumes for study during the design process, cut-

through sections for explaining construction systems, and models with

detailed rendering of the finishing materials for presentation purposes.

The digital model-making process starts with the same clear definition

of the model´s objective, scale and desired characteristics. In this step

the only difference is the fact that, due to their greater precision and

accuracy, these models can be produced at a much smaller scale,

with more detail.

Step 1: Defining the model´s objectives and characteristics

Step 2: Defining materials and techniques

The second step in the traditional model-making process consists of

choosing materials and tools, depending on how long the model is

supposed to last: study models can be made of cardboard or foam

cut with blades, scissors or hotwires, while presentation models are

usually made of wood, cut with electric band saws or jig saws.

In the digital process the second step also consists of choosing the

appropriate techniques, according to resistance requirements, but

also to geometry and available computer-controlled prototyping

machines. Certain geometries can only be produced with specific

techniques.

Step 3: Making production drawings

The third step in traditional model-making consists of making cutting-

patterns. These patterns are usually drawn on paper, based on the

building´s technical drawings, and taking into consideration the

thickness of the material chosen in the previous step.

In the digital process there is also need for production drawings, but

in digital format. Some machines, such as laser cutters, require digital

2D drawings, while others, such as 3D printers and CNC routers, use

digital 3D models.

Step 4: Producing the model´s parts

In the traditional process, the model´s parts are usually cut with

blades, scissors, electric band saws, electric jig saws, hot wires, etc.

Some of these techniques present a potential risk of injuries.

In the digital process the 2D or 3D files are sent to computer-controlled

machines, which build, mill or cut parts of the models automatically.

This saves time, eliminates risks, and results in more precise models.

The final step consists of putting the parts

together and finishing the model. In the

traditional process parts are usually glued,

nailed or braced, and then painted.

Digitally-produced models still need to be assembled and finished manually like in the traditional

process. The precision of the computer-controlled techniques allows making parts that can be

simply snapped together, without the use of glue or nails. Some of the layer-based techniques

require special post-processing. For example, 3D-printed parts need to be sealed with a resin,

while models produced with the Fusion Deposition Modeling（FDM） technique need to have

the support material removed. Some of the layer-based techniques allow the use of colors. In 3D

printers, for example, it is possible to produce models with color patterns printed on the surface.

Step 5: Assembling and finishing

Table 1 A comparison between the traditional and the new model-making processes

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加法式的技术需要仔细加工过的并完全封闭的三维模型；模型细部精细程度与机器的分辨率有关。由于多数机器需用非常昂贵的材料，所以模型必须中空而避免不必要的浪费。每种机器需要有一个墙体厚度最小值，所以通常

made for a specific additive technique at a specific scale will not

be suitable for another technique or for a different scale. Some CAD

programs can help producing such models. For example, some

programs allow turning a solid model into a shell by parametrically

用一些快速制作原型的技术来制作建筑模型表2

技术材料颜色后续处理坚固性价格

SLA（立体石刷术）液体状的感光树脂半透明琥珀色不需要好高

SLS（选择性激光烧接）

粉末状聚酰胺树脂白色有选择性使用封密剂很好并具柔韧性高

FDM（溶化沉淀建模）

ABS塑料白色和一些其他颜色去掉支撑材料很好并具柔韧性中等

3D打印各种不同类型的粉末（石膏、浆粉、人造橡胶等等）

白色或其他颜色（由洋红、蓝绿和黄色三种色混合而成）

使用氰基丙烯酸盐粘合剂

使用氰基丙烯酸盐粘合剂后坚固性好；用某些粉末作为材料柔韧性好；其他一般柔韧性不好

中等

Table 2 Some rapid prototyping techniques that have been used in architecture

Technology Material Color Post-processing Strength Cost

SLA

Stereo Lithography

Liquid photosensitive

resin

Translucent

amber

N o n e e d f o r p o s t -

processing

Good High

SLS

S e l e c t i v e L a s e r

Sintering

Powder polyamide

r e s i n , n y l o n ,

elastomeric materials

White Optional application

of sealant

Very good, flexible High

FDM

F u s i o n d e p o s i t i o n

modeling

ABS plastic W h i t e a n d s o m e

colors (not mixed)

S u p p o r t m a t e r i a l

removal

Very good, flexible Medium

3D Printing D i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f

p o w d e r ( p l a s t e r ,

starch, elastomeric,

etc)

White or color (any

m i x o f M a g e n t a ,

Cyan and Yellow)

A p p l i c a t i o n o f

cyanocrilate

Good if cyanocrilate

is applied. Flexibility

c a n b e o b t a i n e d

wi th cer ta in types

of powder, but the

regular ones are not

flexible.

Medium

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一个用特定的加法式技术制作的比例模型并不一定适用于另一种技术或另一种比例尺度。有些CAD程序能把实心模型转化为中空模型，并参数化地定义墙体厚度。同时，快速原型制作的方法通常有尺寸限制，所以需把模型分开一块块制作然后组合起来，模型接缝必须想办法进行掩饰。

减法式技术需使用数码3D模型作为技术图纸，采用块状的材料如木块、丙烯酸、MDF和泡沫塑料等通过或电热丝进行雕刻和打磨。这些机器被称为CNC (Computer－Numeric Control)。数控车床是根据锭子的运动自由度而进行分类的。一个三轴数控车床可以在三个方向移动（X、Y和Z）。一个四轴数控车床可以在三个方向移动并且在另一轴上旋转一圈。CNC数控车床需要用特定软件去控制工具转换和预览切割过程。

平面切割技术可以采用各种不同方式，这取决于所需要的切割材料：纸板和乙烯基可用刀片切割，厚纸板和薄板材料可用激光切割，厚板材料如木头、丙烯酸和MDF可用三轴数控车床来切割。使用CNC数控车床切割平面材料叫作二维压型。切割技术需要二维电子图纸，也可以自动地从3D模型中获得二维图纸。一些CAD程序能让3D模型平面化，然后把所有的平面投射在一个面上。可用一些特殊脚本自动化地构画出部件之间的衔接面。嵌套程序可以用一种优化方式自动地把小零件安放到材料上去。在激光切割机里图形的不同颜色代表不同的激光力度和速度。

建筑比例模型的制作通常是把以各种技术结合在一起使用的。

4　3D扫描技术

3D扫描仪可以把实物模型自动地转化为数字模型。3D扫描技术有很多类型，但基本上可以归纳为一下两大类：可触摸式的和不可触摸式的。可触摸式的技术是用一个机械的探测器去测量物体。不可触摸式的技术可以分成以下四大类：飞行时间（time-of-flight），激光三角测量

defining the wall thickness. Further, rapid prototyping machines usually

have limited dimensions , therefore it is necessary to split a large model

into parts that can be produced separately and then reassembled.

Such models should be planned in such a way as to hide these joints.

The subtractive technique consists of sculpting or milling a block

of material such as wood, acrylic, MDF, foam, etc., with a router

or hot wire based on a digital 3D model. These machines are also

known as CNC（computer-numeric control） machines. Routers

are categorized in terms of the freedom of movement of the routing

head or spindle. A 3-axis router can move in three directions（X,

Y and Z）. A 4-axis router can move in three directions and rotate

around one axis, and so on. Some machines have multiple spindles,

making it possible to sculpt very complex shapes. CNC routers

require specific operating software for planning tool-change and

previewing the milling process.

Flat cutting can be performed with different techniques

depending on the material: metal blades are used for paper and

vinyl, laser for cardboard and thin sheet materials, and 3-axis routers

for thick sheet materials such as wood, acrylic and MDF（medium-

density fiberboard）. The use of CNC routers for cutting flat shapes

is called 2D-profiling. The inputs required for 2D-profiling are simple

2D digital vector drawings, which can be automatically obtained

from a 3D model. Some CAD programs can automatically generate

2D projection drawings from 3D models. Special scripts can be

developed for automatically generating customized edge profiles

on 2D drawings to make the 3D assembly of the physical parts easier.

Nesting programs can be used to automatically arrange pieces

based on optimizing the use of the material and minimizing waste.

In laser cutting, different colors in the drawing can be associated to

different laser power levels and cutting head speeds.

Often in architectural scale-modeling the different technologies

noted above are combined.

4　3D-scanning technologies

3D-scanners can produce digital models directly from physical

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（laser triangulation），结构灯光（structured light）和立体视觉（stereoscopic vision）。大多数技术需要有特殊设备，但一些立体视觉技术只需要简单地用一般照相机从不同角度对物体进行拍摄，然后使用电脑编程对照片进行编辑。

三维扫描可以用来对现有建筑进行勘测，也可把手工比例模型数字化。一个经三维扫描仪扫描后，并通过数字原型技术处理后的建筑体或模型可以转化成为带比例的实物模型，这种方法可以把实物非常完美地转化为数字模型，见图3。

models. There are different types of 3D-scanning technologies\

which can be classified under two main types: touching and non-

touching. Touching technologies use a mechanical probe to

physically measure the object while non-touching technologies

typically use lasers or light to measure an object. Non-touching

technologies can themselves be classified under four main types:

time-of-flight, laser triangulation, structured light, and stereoscopic

vision（Celani, Pupo and Piccoli）. Most of these technologies

require special equipment, but certain stereoscopic vision

techniques consist simply of a computer program that analyzes

photographs of an object taken from different angles with a regular

camera.

3D-scanning can be used for surveying existing buildings and for

digitizing hand-made physical scale models. A 3D-scanned building

or model can be turned into a physical scale model through digital

prototyping techniques. This method allows designs to be developed

in a process that involves transitioning between physical objects and

digital models in a seamless way as shown in Figure 3.

5　Examples of applications

The new production techniques require new planning strategies

for making the models, but at the same time they allow new

applications of architectural models that can go beyond simple

representation. In the following pages examples of five models built

for different purposes, all with the use of digital technologies, are

presented. These models were built at the Laboratory for Automation

and Prototyping in Architecture and Construction（LAPAC） of the

State University of Campinas（UNICAMP） in Brazil. The work was

developed by students from UNICAMP´s School of Civil Engineering,

Architecture and Urban Design（FEC）.

5.1　Model#1

The 3D-scanning/prototyping pipeline

Student: Izabela Maciel

This architecture student used both 3D-scanning and

图3　三维扫描技术的使用以及在设计过程中的原型制作

Figure 3　The use of 3D-scanning and prototyping in the design process.

5　应用案例

新的制作技术需要用新的策略去编排模型，同时它们让建筑模型的应用扩展到其他用途而不只限于简单的展示。以下几页会展示五个模型案例，它们是用五种不同的数码方法制作，并有不同的用途。这些模型是在巴西的Campinas国家大学（UNICAMP）的建筑和施工自动化和原型制作实验室（LAPAC）里制作的。实际操作是由UNICAMP建筑规划和市政学院（FEC）的学生来进行的。

5.1　模型#1三维扫描/原型制作，学生：Izabela Maciel建筑系学生在设计一个艺术博物馆时候使用了三维扫

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prototyping techniques while developing a design for an art

museum. The student started her design process by manually sculpting

a complex, non-orthogonal shape from a foam block. The shape

was 3D-scanned with a structured light 3D-scanning device. Next,

the digital model was edited in CAD software. Finally, 2D planar

projections were automatically generated from the 3D model, laser

cut, and turned into a physical model, with extra detail added（Figure 4）.

5.2　Model#2

Understanding a building in its different scales

Students: Beatriz Bertho and Tarsila Bonaldo

This set of models was produced to visually explain a particular

design from its urban setting down to its construction details. The

描和原型制作技术。这个学生开始时把一个复杂的非正方形体在一个泡沫塑料上雕刻。然后把这个形体用一个结构式灯光三维扫描设备来扫描。接着，把数字模型放到CAD软件里编辑。最后，它自动展开成为平面，然后用激光切割，再添加一些细部把它重新变成一个实体模型（图4）。

5.2　模型#2对建筑在不同比例情况下的理解这一套模型是用来从城市关系到施工大样各方面

视觉上解释一幢建筑物。这幢建筑物是建筑师Bernard Tschumi设计用来参加纽约非洲博物馆的方案竞标，但它最后没有被建成。这个设计方案曾被发表过。这套模型用了三种不同的技术：激光切割、三维打印（3DP）和选择性激光烧接（SLS）。由于SLS技术的高分辨率，模型上

激光切割的实体模型

Laser-cut physical model.

图4　模型#1

Figure 4 Model #1.

用手雕刻的泡沫塑料模型

Foam model, hand sculpted.

结构式灯光三维扫描系统

Structured light 3D scanning system.

把模型展开成为平面

2D projections.

把模型数字化

Digitized model.

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design is an unbuilt competition entry by architect Bernard Tschumi

for the African Art Museum of New York（Tschumi）. Three different

techniques were used to create the models: laser cutting, 3D-printing

（3DP） and selective laser sintering（SLS）. The high resolution of

the SLS technique allowed the students to produce functioning

articulated spider-joints for the frameless glazing system, including

能体现出玻璃三角架接口，甚至是玻璃和实墙之间的螺栓（图5）。

5 . 3 　模型 # 3 展现一个大面积城市区域学生：

Juliana Matsubara, Carlos Vaz, Tiago Rosso, Joyce Carvalho，Ana Emilia Claudino

在进行激光切割

Laser-cutting.

把部件从3D打印机里移走

Removing parts from 3D-printer.

1∶500模型

1∶500 model.

1∶200模型

1∶200 model.

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图5　模型#2

Figure 5　Model #2.

1∶10立面拐角处大样模型

1∶10 façade corner detail model.

1∶200剖面模型

1∶200 section model.

1∶20立面墙体大样模型

1∶20 façade panel detail model.

1∶20立面墙体大样模型

1∶20 façade panel detail model.

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the bolts that fix the hardware to the glass.

5.3　Model#3

Representing a large urban area

Students: Juliana Matsubara, Carlos Vaz, Tiago Rosso, Joyce

Carvalho, Ana Emilia Claudino

在这个项目里，为展示Campinas校园制作了两个模型。这两个模型都是1∶2000比例，但制作的用途却不一样。两个模型采用了同一个二维和三维CAD文件来制作。二维图是通过校园的地形测量图制作出来的，而所有建筑物的三维模型则通过照片制作的，这些照片通过一个摄影测量建模软件合成。

在进行激光切割

Laser-cutting.

放置在地形勘测图上的激光切割部件

Laser-cut parts over the topographic survey drawings.

用SLS技术制作1∶2000的建筑模型

1∶2000 scale building models produced with the SLS technique.

手工修饰模型

Hand-finishing the model.

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第一个模型只是为了在图书馆里展示，它需要长时间摆置并且要容易清理。在这个模型里，地形是由三聚氰胺合成板用激光切割而成，建筑体则是用选择性激光烧结技术（SLS）制作的。由于这种技术的高分辨率以至于可制作出一些非常小的校园建筑物如公共汽车站。

第二个模型用来分析校园的排水系统。为强调地面的倾斜度，它竖向的比例被放大了两倍。由于这个模型只是用来研究，并且经费很少，所以地形用了带皱纹再生纸板制作，建筑体则采用了三维打印的石膏体。由于三维打印机较低的分辨率，以至于有些小建筑不能制作出来。

5.4　模型#4给视觉缺陷者确定步行路线学生：Luis

Fernando Milan这些模型是为特殊用途而制作的：为给行走到

Campinas大学中心图书馆的视觉缺陷者确定步行路线（图7）。这个模型的制作需要一些另外的步骤。需要让不同类型的视觉缺陷者（有些最近才盲的，有些是天生盲

In this project, two models were produced for representing

the University of Campinas campus. Each model was at a scale of

1:2000 but served a different purpose. The same 2D and 3D CAD files

were used to produce both models（Figure 6）. The 2D drawings

were adapted from a topographic survey of the campus. The 3D

models of the buildings were based on photographs with the help of

photogrammetric modeling software.

The first model was produced for display at the university´s

library. This model needed to be durable and easy to clean. For this

model the topography was produced with melamine laminated

boards that were laser cut and scored. The buildings were produced

through selective laser sintering（SLS）. The high resolution of SLS

models allowed even the smallest buildings on campus, including

bus stops, to be produced.

The second model was produced for studying the campus

´ drainage system. Its vertical dimension was doubled in order to

emphasize the slope of the terrain. Since the model was produced

with a smaller budget and meant only for research the topography

图6　模型#3


用皱纹纸板做成的研究模型

Corrugated cardboard parts for the study model.

用手展示的模型

Presentation model.

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人，有些视力非常弱）去测试这个模型，以核实他们是否都理解模型里所表达的惯例。需要制作两套不同比例的模型：一套是用来展现图书馆的两个楼层，另一个展现仅是盲人使用的点字法阅读室。后者用了一个较大比例，它把家具和设备都展现出来。两个模型都包括了盲人图例，这

was made with recycled corrugated cardboard and the buildings

were 3D-printed in plaster. Due to the lower resolution of the 3D

printer the smaller buildings could not be printed and were not

included in the model.

5.4　Model#4

Orienting visually-impaired people

Student: Luis Fernando Milan

These models were produced for the specific purpose of

helping to orient visually-impaired users of the Central Library of the

University of Campinas（Figure 7）. This required extra steps in the

model-making process. It was necessary to test the models with

different categories of visually-impaired people - people who had

lost their vision recently, people who were born blind, and people

with low vision - in order to verify if they could understand the

representational conventions used in the models. Two sets of models

were produced in different scales, one representing two floors of the

library building and another one representing only the Braille reading

room. The latter was produced at a larger scale and included the

furniture and equipment present in the room. Both models included

Braille阅览室的触觉式比例模型

The Braille reading room tactile scale model.

图7　模型#4


视觉缺陷者在测试触觉式比例模型

Visually-impaired user of the library testing the tactile scale model.

图书馆触觉式比例模型

The library tactile scale model.

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些图例是使用了特定的VBA脚码撰写技术而形成的三维模型，再用选择性激光烧接（SLS）制作。这些图例较坚固可被长久使用。

5.5　模型#5帮助博物馆馆长安排艺术展览学生：

Regiane Pupo, Ana Emilia Claudino, Joyce Carvalho, Elelin Bottesini

这个模型是Sao Paulo最大的艺术馆Pinaxoteca Eseado的第二层楼面，目的在于帮助馆长重新安排永久性收藏品的展览。模型在1∶25比例时大约有2m×3m的大小。为了方便储存和运输，这14个展览室的每个房间分别制作成一个个盒子。它们可以放置在一个打印了整体平面的帆布上。模型的每个部分首先用CAD文件绘制出，然后根据它们的大小用激光切割机或CNC数控车床在6mmMDF上切割。墙面和柱子的砖头图案是用激光划痕的。展览室墙面被覆盖了磁铁；收藏的画被缩小了并安装了磁铁，这样每幅画都可以粘附在墙上。雕塑品是使用三维扫描照相测量法软件而形成三维数字模型，然后它们以1∶25的比例打印出来；博物馆的椅子也用木头制作成比例模型（图8）。

textual information in Braille which was 3D-modeled with the help of

a specially developed computer script. The Braille information was

produced with selective laser sintering（SLS） which proved to be

sufficiently resistant for constant contact.

5.5　Model#5

Helping museum curators to plan art exhibitions

Students: Regiane Pupo, Ana Emilia Claudino, Joyce Carvalho,

Evelin Bottesini

This model of the second floor of Pinacoteca do Estado, São

Paulo´s largest art museum, was produced to help curators plan the

remodeling of the permanent collection exhibition. At a scale of 1:25,

the overall size of this model is about 2m x 3m. To provide for easy

storage and transportation, each of the 14 exhibition rooms was

produced as a separate box. The boxes can be arranged on top of

a canvas which has the overall plan printed on it. The parts of the

model were drawn on a CAD program and then cut from 6mm thick

MDF using a laser-cutter or CNC router, depending on the size of the

piece being cut. The brick pattern on some of the walls and columns

were laser-scored. The gallery walls were painted with a magnetic

建模前的准备工作：图纸绘制

Planning the model: construction drawing.

在MDF上用激光划痕出砖墙图案

Laser-scored brick pattern on MDF.

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模型的室内效果，可看到3D打印机制作的假人和用激光切割的长凳

Interior view of the model, with 3D-printed figure and laser-cut bench.

用照相测量法软件对雕塑进行三维扫描

3D-scanning a sculpture with photogrammetric software.

博物馆的雕塑模型

Models of the museum´s sculptures.

带有磁铁的画粘附在模型的墙上

Magnetic pictures on the model´s walls.

paint, and miniatures of each painting in the collection were

mounted on magnets so they could be placed on the walls. The

museum sculptures were 3D-digitized with the help of 3D-scanning

photogrammetric software and then 3D-printed at 1∶25. Even the

museum seats were produced at scale in bass wood（Figure 8）.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank FAPESP, CAPES, SAE and CNPq,

the research funding agencies that supported the creation of the

laboratory and offered scholarships to the students; the Department

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图8　模型#5


最后完成的模型

The final model.

博物馆馆长正在使用这个模型

Museum curator using the model.

for Three-Dimensional Technologies（DT3D） of the Renato Archer

Federal Information Technology Center（CTI）, which kindly

produced all the SLS models; professor Denis Granja, who advised

one of the research projects; Valéria Piccoli, from Pinacoteca do

Estado; Jorge Lopes, form CTI; and all the students who participated

in the production of the models: Regiane Trevisan Pupo, Luis

Fernando Milan, Juliana Matsubara, Beatriz Bertho, Tarsila Bonaldo,

Carlos Vaz, Tiago Rosso, Ana Emilia Claudino, Joyce Carvalho and

Evelin Bottesini. Pictures were taken by Regiane Pupo, Beatriz Bertho,

Tarsila Bonaldo, Juliana Matsubara and Gabriela Celani.

References

1　During the FDM production of a model, a weaker type of

plastic is used for supporting hanging parts that otherwise could

break down. The supporting material must be removed after

production.

2　One of the most popular 3D Printers, for example, can build

a model part of up to 8”x10”x8”.

Celani, G., et al. "Playing ‘Doll House’ in the Museum: the Use

of 3D-scanning and Rapid Prototyping Techniques for Producing

Scale Models of Sculptures." Paper presented at Virtual Systems and

Multi Media Conference, Lymasol, Cyprus, October 20-25, 2008.

Knol l , W. and M. Hechinger . Archi tectural models –

Construction techniques. London: McGraw-Hill, 1992.

Liou, F. W. Rapid Prototyping and Engineering applications. New

York: Taylor and Francis, 2008.

Tschumi, B. Event-Cities 3. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.

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