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“100301129824/5077-10/GTBKIET, Malout”
Six Months Industrial Training
At
CAD VISION CENTRESAKCHI, JAMSHEDPUR
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the 8th semester curriculum degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
of
PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR
Under the Guidance of :- Submitted By :-Mr. Majid Khan Subham Kumar
Uni. Regd. No. 100301129824Inst. Roll No. 5077/10
Submitted To :-Mr. Sumit SachdevaSr. Lecturer (M.E.)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GURU TEG BAHADUR KHALSA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
CHHAPIANWALI (MALOUT)
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Acknowledgement
With deep sense of gratitude, I Would like to take this opportunity to thank my Training
Co-ordinator Mr. Majid Khan (Trainer), Cad Vision Centre, Sakchi,
Jamshedpur who gave his best support & co-ordination during my summer training.
His involvement & unstinted support always gives his the confidence to do my work.
Without His guidance this project report would not have seen the light of the day.
I am also very thankful to Mr. Navdeep Kumar (H.O.D.) Mechanical
Engineering, G.T.B.K.I.E.T., Chhapianwali (Malout) for their kind co-
opration to complete this report. I would like to thank the people who took their time to
help me to complete this project. I would like thanking my friends who were of immense
help to me.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents who were a source of support
throughout the making of the report.
Thanks
Subham Kumar
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TRAINING SCHEDULE
Company Name :- Cad Vision Centre, Sakchi, Jamshedpur
Timing : 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.
First Month - Institute & Courses Information
Second Month - Autocad Information
Third Month - Coordinate System
Fourth Month - Objects of Autocad
Fifth Month - Blocks, Window, Layers
Sixth Month - Arrays
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Description Page No.
1.1 Logo of Cad Vision Centre 1
1.2 Cad Vision Centre 1
1.3 Classes 2
2.1 Cad / Cam Technology 8
2.2 General Procedure 10
2.3 3-D Model 16
3.1 Autocad 17
3.2 Polar Coordinate System 18
3.3 Object Snaps 21
4.1 Autocad 22
4.2 Autocad Symbols 23
4.3 Lines 25
5.1 Blocks Working 34
6.1 Autodesk 35
8.1 Object Layers 38
8.2 Objects Copying 39
9.1 Array Command 41
9.2 Array 42
10.1 Move Command 43
10.2 Rotating Command 43
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement iii
Training Schedule iv
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
Chapter No. Nomenclature Page No.
CHAPTER-1
1.1 CAD VISION CENTRE 1-6
1.2 PROFILE
1.3 Placement Cell:
1.4 Alumini Cell:
1.5 Facilities
1.6 Computer Lab:
1.7 Library:
1.8 Student Activities:
1.9 Institute-Industries Tie-Up:
1.10 ENGINEERING SERVICES
1.11 CLIENTS of CAD VISION CENTER
CHAPTER-2 7-16
2.1 SCOPE OF CAD/CAM/CAE
2.2 WORKING WITH CAD/CAM/CAE
2.3 Geometric modeling
2.4 Engineering Analysis
2.5 Simulation
2.6 Drafting
2.7 Need analysis
2.8 Specification and requirement
2.9 Feasibility study
2.10 Creative design syntesis
2.11 Preliminary design & devolopement
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2.12 Detalied design
2.13 Prototype building &testing
2.14 Design for production
2.15 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAD/CAM
2.15.1 CAD tools required to support
2.16 THE CAD/CAM MARKET TRENDS
CHAPTER-3 17-213.1 WORKING WITH COORDINATE SYSTEMS3.2 ABSOLUTE & RELATIVE COORDINATE
3.3 CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM
3.4 POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEMS
3.6 SNAPING TO POINTS ON OBJECTS
CHAPTER-4 22-334.1 CREATING OBJECTS IN AUTOCAD4.2 LINE
4.3 POLYLINE
4.4 MULTILINE
4.5 Creating Multiline Styles
4.6 POLYGON
4.7 SKETCH
4.8 RECTANGLE
4.9 CIRCLE
4.10 ARC
4.11 SPLINE
4.12 ELLIPSE
4.13 DONUT
4.14 POINT
4.15 HATCHING AREAS
4.16 TEXT
4.17 MULTILINE TEXT
CHAPTER-5 34
5.1 WORKING WITH BLOCKS
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CHAPTER-6 35-366.1 EDITING METHODS6.1.2 EDITING WITH GRIPS
CHAPTER-7 37
7.1 USING THE PROPERTIES WINDOW
CHAPTER-8 38-40
8.1 EDITING LAYERS
8.2 MATCHING PROPERTIES
8.3 COPYING THE OBJECTS
8.4 OFFSETTING THE OBJECTS
8.5 MIRRORING THE OBJECTS
CHAPTER-9 41-42
9.1 ARRYING OBJECTS
CHAPTER-10 43-45
10.1 MOVING THE OBJECTS
10.2 ROTATING OBJECTS
10.3 ALIGNING THE OBJECTS
10.4 ERASING THE OBJECTS
10.5 STRETCHING THE OBJECTS
10.5 Moving by Stretching:
CHAPTER-11 46
11.1 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER-12 47
12.1 REFERENCES
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CHAPTER-1
1.1 CAD VISION CENTRE
Fig. 1.1 : Logo of Cad Vision Centre
We are Jamshedpur based young and professionally managed organization equipped with
state-of-art infrastructure to serve the best in the field of CAD. We always try to share the
problem and come up with the solution which add few values in young growth process.
We are sincerely involved in computer aided Digitizing, Designing & Development
works and 100% focused on Mechanical, Structural, Civil, Electrical & Training
activities.
Fig. 1.2 : Cad Vision Centre
CAD VISION CENTER, is situated in the heart of Jamshedpur Ambagan, Sakchi. The
office has a space of 900sq.ft. It has 18 Nos. Computer since its inception with a plotter
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for printing A1 size. This institute has got its own legal software 2009. We have been
imparting training to students in a batch. In the field of auto cad training which is an
unique feature and we stand as a leading training institute in the state of Jharkhand.
In present era of modernization and volatile market situation, one must need a helping
hand to support & to become a market leader. In today’s competitive market, only new
ideas, innovation, quality works, time frame and cost effectiveness in every possible way
can make all the difference.
We strongly believe that only a well-focused & qualified team can fulfill the need of
training. We are running Computer-Aided-Design training program for students and
working people on full time or part time basis by sound, qualified and experienced
engineers. We also offer corporate level training program to upgrade their skills. We are
the only company in Jamshedpur who are 100% dedicated to CAD related activities.
Fig. 1.3 : Classes
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1.2 PROFILE
Our Commitment to Excellence in providing our customers with extremely accurate,
reliable and high performance products.
(Design & Drawing) and services is the key to our success and will be underlying tenet in
all our endeavors. Innovative systems, experience and highly motivated Specialists
designers & draughtsmen ensure cost-effective, on-time solutions that maximize
customer satisfaction and the value provided.
The Institute in its academic curriculum imparts certificate courses in following fields.
S.No. Courses Offered Duration
1 Mech. Drafting With Cad 6 Months
2 Civil Drafting With Cad 6 Months
3 Auto cad only 6 Months
4 3ds max 3 Months
5 Mech. + Civil 9 Months
6 Mech.Drafting only 6 Months
7 Civil Drafting only 6 Months
8 Mech. + Civil Drafting 6 Months
To provide the students with a still sharper edge in the employement segment, the
institute provide students with extensive instructions and practice facility on computer
with the aid of Models like piping circuit, steel building, frame structure building,
assembly of machine equipments, measuring instruments etc.
1.3 Placement Cell:
The Institute has a solemn Placement Cell which maintains close liaison with a large
number of Industries with a view to provide placement services to the students. A number
of students have been absorbed in reputed companies like TATA MOTORS,
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MULTICOLOR Ltd., VASTU VIHAR, SANDHU TECHNOCRATS Pvt. Ltd.,
TAURAS FLEXIBLES Pvt. Ltd. etc in INDIA. Many of our students are employed in
abroad also.
1.4 Alumini Cell:
An Alumini cell has been formed by the EX-Students of CVC with the prudent help and
support from the current students and faculties. The main aim is to stay together in a
amalgamated fashion and mutually help each other under all tryingcircumtance likewise
finding and improving courses jobs.
1.5 Facilities
We provide the following facilities to the students.
1.6 Computer Lab:
The Institiute has a well equipped Advanced Computer Lab with all Modern
Infrastructures consisting eighteen(18) computers with latest configurations.
1.7 Library:
The Institute has a well furnished library having sufficient number of titles on all relevant
courses. The students also have access to important news papers in English, Hindi and
Urdu and national and international level periodicals in the field of Design, Drawing and
Drafting.
1.8 Student Activities:
Apart from the academic curriculum the students are also encouraged to participate in the
field of extracurricular activities. The students actively participate in cultural programme
and shows like speech, debate, elocution, extempore, essay writing, singing(Solo and
Duet), one act play etc.
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1.9 Institute-Industries Tie-Up:
The unique feature of the institute is tie-up with Industries to impart technical training to
their employees at CVC as per their. It has already signed a MOU with Jamipol, Sandhu
Technocrates, Tauras Flexibles etc for this purpose.
The Institute is also registered with many reputed industries like TATA MOTORS,
TATA RYERSON, BOC, TINPALTE, VOLTAS LTD, etc. for their Design and
Drawing.
These design and drawings are completed by our students with the careful guidence of
the experts in relative fields. Thus the students are exposed to live project from the
Industries.
1.10 ENGINEERING SERVICES
Engineering design and drawing (Mech., Piping, Civil, Electrical)
Structural detailing and drawing for both steel and RCC
Co-ordination drawings.
Solid modeling and design customization.
Reverse Engineering.
2D and 3D Plant Modeling.
Bill of Materials Generation.
1.11 CLIENTS of CAD VISION CENTER
>>> Tinplate Co. of India Ltd.
>>> Tata Motors (HV Axles Ltd.)
>>> Tata Ryerson Ltd.
>>> Voltas Limited
>>> Indian Steel & Wire Products
>>> B.O.C. India Ltd.
>>> Taurus Flexibles Pvt. Ltd.
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>>> Master Engineering
>>> Tube Computec Pvt. Ltd.
>>> Cordoba Engineering Pvt. Ltd.
>>> Sumit Enterprises
>>> Ama Seats
>>> Sandhu Technocrats
>>> General Enterprises
>>> Reliant Enterprises
>>> Apex Sales
>>> MR Alloys
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CHAPTER-2
2.1 SCOPE OF CAD/CAM/CAE
Integrated CAD/CAM/CAE Softwares like Pro/Engineer, I-DEAS & CATIA help
manufacturers optimize product concept early in Design process, enabling them to
significantly improve product quality, while reducing product development time and cost
Moreover people having 3D CAD/CAM/CAE knowledge have better chances of growth,
immediate employability after completion of course, graduation and chances of jobs
abroad.
As the market economy opens more and more it has become extremely competitive and
with this state of economy, skilled people play the most important role in organization.
Hence it becomes imperative on the part of top Tool Room Training centers and Engg.
Colleges to especially look for new initiatives towards improving the skills and
knowledge of students.
An emerging trend of Engg. Education in Tool Room and the world is the rapid
incrementation of CAD/CAM/CAE software as an essential part of curriculum.
The primary reasons for this trend are enumerated as follows:
Rapid shift from manual Design and Production system of Engg. Industry to highly
productive quality and cost effective CAD/CAM/CAE system. In fact most of Tool
and Die, Automotive, Heavy Engg., Industrial Equipment industry etc. in India and
the World are totally working on CAD/CAM/CAE equipment. In continuation in
above points many of companies as recruiters are looking at CAD/CAM/CAE
knowledge as part of essential profile of recruiting students.
Knowledge of CAD/CAM/CAE system shall be an added weapon for students
seeking admission to post graduate M.S. courses and jobs abroad.
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These CAD/CAM/CAE systems shall prove to be an excellent tool for Industry,
Research setup for Professors and Academically Bent Students. The question, Which
are the industries that need more skilled man power and what for these segments skill
sets are available, such of these segments are:
Tool Room Process M/C Heavy Engg. Industries
M/C Tool Defence
Automobile Auto Ancillaries
2.2 WORKING WITH CAD/CAM/CAE TECHNOLOGY
Essentially design is a decision making process where the discretion and knowledge of
the designer play a great role. While man still finally controls decision-making, the
computer has served to ease the designer’s task.
Fig. 2.1 : CAD/CAM TECHNOLOGY
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MASTER MODELER
CAD CAM CAE
TOOL PATH GENERATION
SIMULATION
SHEET METAL DESIGN
MOLD DESIGN
PIPE DESIGN
STATIC ANALYSIS(WHEN BODY IS IN STATE OF REST)
KINEMATICS ANALYSIS(WHEN BODY IS IN STATE OF MOTION)
“100301129824/5077-10/GTBKIET, Malout”
2.3 Geometric modeling
Design involves the development of the shape and dimensions of a component. During
designing several factors are to be considered simultaneously. Some of them are stress
requirements, method of manufacture. Geometric modeling is the first step in CAD. A
geometric model is created on the screen using different techniques. Once creating this
model can be easily altered in geometry and configuration to yield a satisfactory shape.
The next step is deciding on the exact dimensions. The results of geometric modeling will
further be use by CAM in the preparation of NC tapes for the component.
2.4 Engineering Analysis
The most important function of CAD is engineering analysis. Engineering analysis
basically involves deciding the exact dimensions of the component. These values have to
be arrived at by analyzing the component in terms of the loads it has to withstand in
function. CAD provides sophisticated method like the finite element technique.
Unsatisfactory design may require several iteration of the whole process. The computer
scores over the human in its capabilities of rapid information retrieval, numerical
processing and repeating a process without fatigue.
2.5 Simulation
Simulation, in the CAD/CAM context, means duplicating on the video screen a replica of
the actual physical situation the designed component is likely to be in. for instance, an
aeroplane will be subjected to wind loads. In the conventional method, the aeroplane will
be tested in a wind tunnel using a prototype. This is an expensive and inflexible process,
expensive because of the physical construction of the wind tunnel and the prototype,
inflexible because it may not be possible to test various sizes and shape under a set of test
condition. Computer simulation gets rid of both these limitations. It involves the testing
of a graphic model whose size and shape can be varied at will. Computer simulation does
not completely do away with prototype testing. A near perfect shape can be determined
using simulation, which can later be tested with a prototype under test conditions.
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2.6 Drafting
The logical step would be to produce a drawing of the component. A drawing is
dispensable for the production of the component. Not only the components designed by
engineering analysis, but also complex layouts, assemblies can be created interactively
and plotted in about one tenth of the normal time. Automated drafting has resulted in
enormous productivity gains in terms of time, labour and expenses.
System Design Cycle (Conventional Design cycle)
For solving any design problem or engineering problem, the general procedure may be
followed.
Fig. 2.2 : General Procedure
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RECOGNITION OF A NEED
SPECIFICATION ANDREQUIREMENTS
FEASIBILITY STUDY
CREATIVE DESIGN SYNTHESIS
PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND DEVELOPEMENT
DETAILED DESIGN
PROTOTYPE BUILDING AND TESTING
DESIGN FOR PRODUCTION
PRODUCT RELEASE
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2.7 Need analysis
This aspect of design can have its origin in many numbers of sources. Customer reports
on the product function and quality may force a redesign. The starting point of a design
project is a hypothetical need which may have been observed in socio-economic scene.
The need may be existing or may not yet exist, but the evidence may be existing that the
need is latent. The following points will help at this stage:
1. Study the nature of the need.
2. Establish the need reasonably well to the extent possible.
3. Make primitive statement of need.
4. Do reconnaissance study with respect to qualitative and quantitative
aspects.
2.8 Specification and requirement
Once a need has been established, its requirements must be carefully spelled out. Very
often the specifications are stated in such general terms as to indicate that the consumer
has only a vague idea of what he wants. In these requirements design and performance
requirements are carefully stated. Also, the specifications are prepared keeping in mind
the production competence and capability of the company.
2.9 Feasibility study
Once the problem’s need has been established and the specifications have been prepared,
accepted and submitted, the feasibility study is done. The purpose of this study is to
check the possibility of success or failure of the purposed project both from technical and
economic standpoint. In this study, various questions are to be answered.
1. Is any natural law being defied?
2. Are some of the specifications beyond what is technically available at
present?
3. Is there any dependence on source materials?
4. Will the cost of the end product be too high?
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The persons doing the feasibility study will be the engineers with strong design
background, knowledge of engineering science, a good knowledge of material usage,
knowledge of production methods and requirements of the sales department.
2.10 Creative design syntesis
Once the feasibility of the design is established, the creative design synthesis has to be
done. Here, the designer can act as engineer, inventor, artist all in one, because now he is
called upon to create.
The quantities of the new design will be:
1. The quality of newness or uniqueness.
2. Things, which are either useful or appreciated, are called creative. Creative
things are sometimes either purposeful or beautiful or both.
3. The third quality in the design solution will be that it will have simplicity. A
solution having the qualities of newness and useful or appreciated but complex
would not be known as a creative solution.
2.11 Preliminary design & devolopement
After the process of creativity design is complete, there will be one or more possible
designs that satisfy the given set of specifications and requirements. It then becomes
necessary to decide which of the solutions to choose for the preliminary design and
development stage. Note, this stage is primarily concerned with checking the validity of
the functional and overall size requirements of the specifications.
The stages of the preliminary design can be summarized as below:
1. Selection of the most useful solution from the several suggested solutions.
2. Formulation of useful model preferably mathematical for this selected
solution.
3. Analysis of this model.
4. Prediction of performance.
5. Preparing layout of the selected solution, making a check for its function.
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2.12 Detalied design
Many designers often miss many of the activities of the detailed design phase of the
design process, particularly for smaller jobs, because so much of the detailing in the sense
of component design is already done in the preliminary design phase. This phase of the
design work consists of two major activities:
(1) Detailing the parts, component and their assembly.
(2) Going into sufficient details of manufacture in implementing the design.
The second phase as indicated earlier requires a good knowledge of manufacturing
process. The method of manufacturing should be such that the following are avoided.
(1) Heavy weight of material
(2) Reclamping of work
(3) Special purpose tools
(4) Finishing operations
2.13 Prototype building &testing
After completing all the details, the sub-assemblies and assembly drawings including the
materials and parts list, the completed design is sent to the prototype or model shop for
fabrication. At this juncture the parts are fabricated, commercial components are
purchased, and the machine or system, after having been assembled, is ready for
evolution and testing. This testing can help in:
1. Producing acceptable performance
2. To generate new design information
3. To develop improved design concepts
4. To increase validity of the results.
2.14 Design for production
In addition to being functionally sound, a product must have sales appeal and must be
competitive in price. In order for a product to be made economically, it must be designed
so that the most appropriate material and processes will be utilized. This is called “
design for production”. For large scale manufacturing, any of these processes may be
more economical than individual part machining.
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2.15 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAD/CAM SOFTWARE
01. INTEGRATED CAD/CAM SYSTEM - Pro/engineer, I-DEAS CATIA,
UNIGRAPHICS are integrated CAD/CAM system. We can do design/ analysis/
generation of tool path in same environment.
02. Point/Standalone solution- Softwares, which give only one solution out of
DESIGN, MANUFACTURING & ANALYSIS are called point solution
software. Like AUTO-CAD gives only drafting solution, master cam gives
manufacturing solution& ANSYS, NASTRAN, ADAMS, ABAQUS gives only
analysis solution.
2.15.1 CAD tools required to support the design process
Design phase Required CAD tools
Design Conceptualization Geometric modeling techniques; graphic
aids, manipulations, and visualization
Design modeling and simulation same as above;animation; assemblies
Special modeling packages
Design analysis analysis packages; customized programs
And packages
Design optimization Customized application; structural
Optimizations
Dsign evaluation Dimensioning erances; bill of materials;
NC
Design communication and documantation drafting and detailing; shaded images
Table 1.1 : CAD TOOLS
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2.16 THE CAD/CAM MARKET TRENDS
The Cad/Cam market has always been in a state of flux since it began. The emergence of
microcomputer and engineering workstation have contributed to the decline in price
which make CAD/CAM systems more affordable by small businesses. In current dollars
the average yearly growth is 21 percent per year. Growth is expected to decline over the
seven-year in 1985 to 17 percent per year in1992.
Traditional turnkey systems will continue to be soled but not at the rate seen in the past .
these will be aimed at the project group which works together’at the drafting and drawing
archival environment, and the other where shering a system does not sereuesly impeded
the productivity of coworkers.Turnkey system will continue to offer high level of
software and peripheral capability and can be equipped with the same types of software
tools and graphics terminals as their stand alone workstation counter parts.
The relative ranking of top three industries are expected to be system vary.the fastest
growth is seen in construction,electronics , and chemicals market sagment . the rapid
growth in construction is due to the combination of a relatively small installed base and
the development of CAD/CAM technology to a point where construction can
productively use it on a large scale.
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Why industries switch towards 3-d technology
Fig. 2.3 : Because 3-d model is centreled to all the activities pertaining to analysis,manufacturing,product concept& customer requirements.
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CHAPTER-33.1 WORKING WITH COORDINATE SYSTEMS
3.2 ABSOLUTE & RELATIVE COORDINATE SYSTEMS
To enter an absolute X, Y coordinate, specify a point by entering its X and Y values in
the format X,Y. Use absolute X,Y coordinates when you know the precise X and Y
values of the location of the point.
For example, to draw a line beginning at an X value of –2 and a Y value of 1, make the
following entries on the command line:
Command: line
From point: –2,1
To point: 3,4
AutoCAD locates the line as follows:
Fig. 3.1 : Autocad
Use relative X, Y coordinates when you know the position of a point in relation to the
previous point. For example, to locate a point relative to –2,1, precede the next coordinate
with the @ symbol:
Command: line
From point: –2,1
To point: @5,3
This is the equivalent of entering the absolute coordinate 3,4.
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3.3 CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM
A Cartesian coordinate system has three axes: X, Y, and Z. When you enter coordinate
values, you indicate a point's distance (in units) and its direction (+ or –) along the X, Y,
and Z axes relative to the coordinate system origin (0,0,0) or relative to the previous
point. Usually, when you begin a new drawing in AutoCAD®, you are automatically in
the world coordinate system (WCS); the X-axis is horizontal, the Y-axis is vertical, and
the Z-axis is perpendicular to the XY plane.
3.4 POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEMS
Polar coordinate systems use a distance and an angle to locate a point. When you enter
polar coordinate values, you indicate a point's distance from the origin or from the
previous point and its angle along the XY plane of the current coordinate system.
Fig. 3.2 : Polar Coordinate SystemsTo enter a polar coordinate, enter a distance and an angle, separated by an angle bracket
(<). For example, to specify a point at a distance of 1 unit from the previous point and at
an angle of 45 degrees, enter @1<45.
By default, angles increase in the counterclockwise and decrease in the clockwise
direction. To move clockwise, enter a negative value for the angle. For example, entering
1<–45 is the same as entering 1<315. You can change the angle direction and set the base
angle on the Units Control dialog box. See "Setting Drawing Units."
The following example shows a line drawn with polar coordinates.
Command: line
From point: 0,0
To point: 4<120
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To point: 5<30
To point: @3<45
To point: @5<285
To point: Press ENTER to exit the command
3.6 SNAPING TO POINTS ON OBJECTS
During drawing commands, you can snap the cursor to points on objects such as
endpoints, midpoints, centers, and intersections. For example, you can turn on object
snaps and quickly draw a line to the center of a circle, the midpoint of a polyline
segment, or the apparent intersection of two lines.
You turn on object snaps in one of two ways:
Single point (or override) object snaps: Sets an object snap for one use.
Running object snaps: Sets object snaps until you turn them off.
To snap to a point on an object
1 Start a command requiring you to specify a point (for example, ARC, CIRCLE,
COPY, LINE or MOVE).
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2 When the command prompts you to specify a point, choose an object snap using
one of the following methods:
Click a toolbar button on the Standard toolbar Object Snap flyout or on the Object
Snap toolbar.
Press SHIFT and right-click in the drawing area, and choose an object snap from
the shortcut menu.
Enter an object snap abbreviation on the command line.
3 Move your cursor over the snap location and click.
After you click to the snap point, the object snap clears. If you select any point other than
the object snap point, AutoCAD displays an invalid point message.
In addition to single-point object snaps, you can turn on running object snaps. Running
object snaps stay on until you turn them off. You can also turn on more than one running
object snap at a time.
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Fig. 3.3 : Object Snaps
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CHAPTER-44.1 CREATING OBJECTS IN AUTOCAD
4.2 LINE
A line can be one segment or a series of connected segments, but each segment is a
separate line object. Use lines if you want to edit individual segments. If you need to
draw a series of line segments as a single object, use a polyline. You can close a sequence
of lines so that the first and last segments join to form a closed loop.
To draw a line
1 From the Draw menu, choose Line.
2 Specify the start point (1).
3 Specify the endpoint (2).
4 Specify the endpoints of the next segments (3, 4, 5, 6).
5 Press ENTER to complete the line.
Fig. 4.1 : Autocad
4.3 POLYLINE
A polyline is a connected sequence of line or arc segments created as a single object. Use
polylines if you want to edit all segments at once, although you can also edit them singly.
You can set the width of individual segments, make segments taper, and close the
polyline. When you draw arc segments, the first point of the arc is the endpoint of the
previous segment. You can specify the angle, center point, direction, or radius of the arc.
You can also complete the arc by specifying a second point and an endpoint.
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Fig. 4.2 : Autocad SymbolsPolylines with arc segments
In the next example, you draw a polyline line segment, continue with an arc segment, and
then draw another line segment in a tangential direction.
To draw a line and arc combination polyline
First draw the line segment.
1 From the Draw menu, choose Polyline.
2 Specify the start point of the line segment (1).
3 Specify the endpoint of the line segment (2).
4 Enter a to switch to Arc mode.
5 Specify the endpoint of the arc (3).
6 Enter l to return to Line mode.
7 Enter the distance and angle of the line in relation to the endpoint of the arc. You
can enter these relative values in the form @distance<angle.
8 Press ENTER to end the polyline.
After you've created a polyline, you can edit it with PEDIT or use EXPLODE to convert
it to individual line and arc segments. When you explode a wide polyline, the line width
reverts to 0 and the resulting line segments are positioned along the center of what was
the wide polyline.
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4.4 MULTILINE
Multilines consist of between 1 and 16 parallel lines, called elements. You position the
elements by specifying the desired offset of each element from the origin of the multiline.
You can create and save multiline styles or use the default style, which has two elements.
You can set the color and linetype of each element and display or hide the joints of the
multiline. Joints are lines that appear at each vertex. There are several types of end caps
you can give the multiline, for example, lines or arcs.
Fig. 4.2 : MultilineExamples of multilines
4.5 Creating Multiline Styles
To create a multiline style
1 From the Format menu, choose Multiline Style.
2 In the Multiline Styles dialog box, enter a name and description for the style.
Descriptions are optional and can be up to 255 characters, including spaces.
3 To create a multiline style, choose Add.
4 To add elements to the style or to modify existing elements, choose Element
Properties.
5 In the Element Properties dialog box, highlight the element in the list, and then
make changes to Offset, Color, and Linetype.
6 To add an element, choose Add, and then make changes to Offset, Color, and
Linetype. Choose OK.
The offset defines the 0,0 origin of the multiline relative to which other elements
are drawn. An element does not have to be drawn at the origin.
7 To set multiline properties, choose Multiline Properties in the Multiline Styles
dialog box.
8 In the Multiline Properties dialog box, make any changes and choose OK.
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Properties include the display of segment joints and the type of start and end caps
with their angles and fill color.
9 Choose Save to save the style to an external multiline style file (the default is
acad.mln). You can save multiline styles to the same file.
If you create more than one multiline style, save the current style before creating a new
one or you lose the changes to the first style.
You can add up to 16 elements to a multiline style. If you create or modify an element so
that it has a negative offset, it appears below the origin in the image tile of the Multiline
Styles dialog box.
To specify the properties of the entire multiline
1 From the Format menu, choose Multiline Style.
2 In the Multiline Styles dialog box, choose Multiline Properties.
3 In the Multiline Properties dialog box, select Display Joints to display a line at the
vertices of the multiline.
4 Under Caps, select a line or an arc for each end of the multiline, and enter an
angle.
Lines cross the end of the whole multiline, and outer arcs join the ends of the outermost
elements. Inner arcs connect pairs of elements, leaving the centerline unconnected if there
is an odd number of elements. For example, if there are six elements, inner arcs connect
elements 2 and 5 and elements 3 and 4. If there are seven elements, inner arcs connect
elements 2 and 6 and elements 3 and 5; element 4 is left unconnected.
Fig. 4.3 : Lines5 Under Fill, select On to display a background color.
This color is not displayed in the image tile of the Multiline Styles dialog box.
6 Choose Color.
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7 In the Select Color dialog box, select the background fill color and choose OK.
8 In the Multiline Properties dialog box, choose OK to return to the Multiline Styles
dialog box.
Next, save the multiline style.
4.6 POLYGON
Polygons are closed polylines with between 3 and 1,024 equal-length sides. You draw a
polygon by inscribing it in, or circumscribing it about, an imaginary circle or by
specifying the endpoints of one of the edges of the polygon. Because polygons always
have equal-length sides, they provide a simple way to draw squares and equilateral
triangles.
Fig. 4.4 : PolygonUse inscribed polygons when you want to specify the distance between the center of the
polygon and each vertex. This distance is the radius of the circle within which the
polygon is inscribed. In this example, you draw an inscribed square, the default polygon.
Use circumscribed polygons when you want to specify the distance between the center of
the polygon and the midpoint of each side. This distance is the radius of the circle the
polygon circumscribes.
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4.7 SKETCH
You can use the SKETCH command to draw freehand sketches. Freehand sketches
comprise many line segments. Each line segment can be a separate object or a polyline.
You set the minimum length or increment of the segments. Sketching is useful for
creating irregular boundaries or for tracing with a digitizer. Small line segments allow for
greater accuracy, but they can greatly increase the drawing file size. For this reason, use
this tool sparingly.
4.8 RECTANGLE
Draws a rectangular polyline.
Command line: rectang or rectangle
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Enter an
option or specify a point (1)
First Corner
Specify other corner point: Specify a point (2)
The two specified points determine the diagonal corners of a rectangle with sides parallel
to the X and Y-axis of the current UCS.
4.9 CIRCLE
You can create circles in several ways. The default method is to specify the center and
radius. You can also specify the center and diameter or define the diameter alone with
two points. You can define the circle's circumference with three points. You can also
create the circle tangent to three existing objects or create it tangent to two objects and
specify a radius. In the following illustrations, the darker circles are the ones being
drawn.
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Fig. 4.5 : Circles
Four methods of drawing circles
4.10 ARC
You can create arcs in many ways. The default method is to specify three points—a start
point, a second point on the arc, and an endpoint. You can also specify the included
angle, radius, direction, and chord length of arcs. The chord of an arc is a straight line
between the endpoints. By default, AutoCAD draws arcs counterclockwise.
In the following example, the start point of the arc snaps to the endpoint of a line. The
second point of the arc snaps to the middle circle.
Fig. 4.6 : ARC
4.11 SPLINE
A spline is a smooth curve passing through a given set of points. AutoCAD uses a
particular type of spline known as a nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curve. A
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NURBS curve produces a smooth curve between control points. Splines are useful for
creating irregular-shaped curves, for example, drawing contour lines for geographic
information system (GIS) applications or automobile design.
Fig. 4.7 : Spline by Specifying Points4.12 ELLIPSE
You can create full ellipses and elliptical arcs, both of which are exact mathematical
representations of ellipses. The default method of drawing an ellipse is to specify the
endpoints of the first axis and the distance, which is half the length of the second axis.
The longer axis of an ellipse is called the major axis, and the shorter one is the minor
axis. The order in which you define the axes does not matter.
Fig. 4.8 : ELLIPSEIn the following procedure, you draw an ellipse using the default method and the pointing
device. Here, the first axis is the major axis, and the second is the minor. The distance
increases as you drag the pointing device away from the midpoint.
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You can provide a rotation angle instead of a distance or draw the ellipse based on a
center point, an endpoint of one axis, and half the length of the other axis.
Ellipses created by specifying axis endpoints and distance
In the illustrations above, points 1 and 2 are the endpoints of the first axis, and point 3
defines the distance (half the length) of the second axis. The ellipse at the left is drawn by
specifying the center (1) and two axes. The endpoint of the first axis is at point 2, and
point 3 defines half the length of the second axis.
4.13 DONUT
Drawing donuts is a quick way to create filled rings or solid-filled circles. Donuts are
actually closed polylines that have width. To create a donut, specify its inside and outside
diameters and its center. You can continue creating multiple copies with the same
diameter by specifying different centers until you press ENTER to end the command. To
create solid-filled circles, specify an inside diameter of 0.
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Fig. 4.8 : DOUNT
4.14 POINT
Point objects can be useful, for example, as node or reference points that you can snap to
and offset objects from. You can set the style of the point and its size relative to the
screen or in absolute units.
4.15 HATCHING AREAS
Hatching fills a specified area in a drawing with a pattern. You can hatch an enclosed
area or a specified boundary using the BHATCH and HATCH commands.
BHATCH creates associative or nonassociative hatches. Associative hatches are linked to
their boundaries and are updated when the boundaries are modified. Nonassociative
hatches are independent of their boundaries. BHATCH defines boundaries automatically
when you specify a point within the area to be hatched. Any whole or partial objects that
are not part of the boundary are ignored and do not affect the hatch. The boundary can
have overhanging edges and islands (enclosed areas within the hatch area) that you
choose to hatch or leave unhatched. You can also define a boundary by selecting objects.
HATCH creates nonassociative hatches only. It is useful for hatching areas that do not
have closed boundaries.
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After you've created a hatch, you can edit it with HATCHEDIT or explode it into
composite lines using the EXPLODE command.
You can define a hatch boundary by specifying points directly. For example, you may
want to illustrate a pattern fill in a small section of a drawing, as shown in the following
illustration.
Island detection methods specify whether to include objects within the outermost
boundary as boundary objects when you are using Pick Points. These internal objects are
known as islands. By default, AutoCAD uses the Flood island detection method. The
Flood method includes islands as boundary objects, as shown in the following
illustration. How AutoCAD hatches the detected islands depends on the island detection
style. The following illustration uses the Normal island detection style, meaning that
islands remain unhatched and islands within islands are hatched.
When you use Pick Points to define your boundaries, you can remove any detected
islands from your boundary definition.
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You can control how AutoCAD hatches islands detected as boundaries using the three
island detection styles: Normal, Outer, and Ignore.
4.16 TEXT
Using TEXT you can create one or more lines of text and end each line when you press
ENTER. Each text line is a separate object that you can relocate, reformat, or otherwise
modify.
4.17 MULTILINE TEXT
For long, complex entries, create multiline text using MTEXT. Multiline text fits a
specified width but can extend vertically to an indefinite length. You can format
individual words or characters within a multiline text object.
Multiline text consists of any number of text lines or paragraphs that fit within a width
you specify. Unlike single-line text, multiline text includes as part of the same mtext
object all text lines or paragraphs created in a multiline text editing session. You can
move, rotate, erase, copy, mirror, stretch, or scale mtext objects. Multiline text has more
editing options than single-line text. Using the Multiline Text Editor, you can apply
underlining, fonts, color, and text height changes to individual characters, words, or
phrases within a paragraph. You can also use the Properties window to change all
properties of multiline text objects.
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CHAPTER-5
5.1 WORKING WITH BLOCKS
A block is a collection of objects you can associate together to form a single object, or
block definition. You can insert, scale, and rotate a block in a drawing. You can explode
a block into its component objects, modify them, and redefine the block. AutoCAD
updates all current and future instances of that block based on the block definition.
Blocks streamline the drawing process. For example, you can use blocks to
o Build a standard library of frequently used symbols, components, or standard
parts. You can insert the same block numerous times instead of re-creating the
drawing elements each time.
o Revise drawings efficiently by inserting, relocating, and copying blocks as
components rather than individual geometric objects.
o Save disk space by storing all references to the same block as one block definition
in the drawing database.
When you insert a block in your drawing, you are creating a block instance. Each time
you insert a block instance; you assign a scale factor and rotation angle to the inserted
block. You can also scale a block instance using different values in any coordinate (X, Y,
Z) direction.
Fig. 5.1 : Blocks Working
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CHAPTER-66.1 EDITING METHODS
6.1.2 EDITING WITH GRIPS
If grips are turned on, when you select objects with the pointing device before starting a
command, AutoCAD marks the selected objects with grips. (Noun/Verb Selection must
be turned on in order to select objects first.
Fig. 6.1 : AUTODESK
With grips you can use the pointing device to combine several of the most common
editing commands with object selection to edit more quickly. When grips are turned on,
you select the objects you want before editing. You can then manipulate the objects.
USING THE OBJECT PROPERTIES TOOLBAR
AutoCAD provides two main tools that you can use to easily edit object properties such
as layers, colors, linetypes, and line weights.
Object Properties toolbar: Provides options for viewing or changing the object
properties that are common to all objects, including layers and layer properties, colors,
linetypes, line weights, and plot style.
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6.2 Properties window: Provides a complete list of properties for any object. You can
view an object's properties and modify the ones that can be changed.
You can use the controls on the Object Properties toolbar to quickly view or change an
object's layer, layer properties, color, linetype, line weight, and plot style. The Object
Properties toolbar consolidates the commands needed to view and edit these object
properties. Selecting an object when no command is active dynamically displays these
properties in the controls on the toolbar. You cannot change the properties of objects on
locked layers.
All controls on the Object Properties toolbar support character matching: instead of
scrolling through the lists to make a selection, you can enter the first character of the
property name to select it. If the name is too long to be displayed within the control, it is
shortened with an ellipsis the control and displaying the text tip.
Because blocks are distinct objects, it is important to understand that, although each
object that composes the block maintains its own object properties, the Object Properties
toolbar reflects only the object properties for the block, not its individual parts. This is
likewise true for xrefs, because xrefs are simply external blocks.
The layer, color, linetype, and line weight values for a block are the layer, color, linetype,
and line weight values that were current at the time you inserted the block, unless you
manually assigned other values to the block after insertion. For an individual object
contained within a block, the layer on which AutoCAD draws the object is always the
layer on which the object existed at the time you created the block. The color, linetype,
and lineweight in which AutoCAD draws the individual objects are described in the
following table.
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CHAPTER-7
7.1 USING THE PROPERTIES WINDOW
When you enter PROPERTIES, AutoCAD displays the Properties window. While the
Object Properties toolbar provides convenient access to the properties that are common to
all objects, the Properties window is the main method you use to modify the complete set
of object-specific properties, including properties that you have defined.
The Properties window lists the current settings for all object properties when a single
object or multiple sets of objects are selected. From the Properties window, you can
modify any property that can be changed. To modify properties using the Properties
window select the object whose properties you want to change and use one of the
following methods:
Enter a new value.
Select a value from a list.
Change the property value in a dialog box.
Use the Pick Point button to change a coordinate value.
You can leave the Properties window open while you work. When you select an object,
the Properties window displays the properties of that object. When multiple objects are
selected, the Properties window displays the general properties and any other properties
that are common among objects in the selection set. The general properties are as
follows:
Color: Displays or sets the color.
Layer: Displays or sets the layer.
Linetype: Displays or sets the linetype.
Linetype scale: Displays or sets the linetype scale.
Plot style: Displays or sets the plot style.
Lineweight: Displays or sets the lineweight.
Hyperlink: Displays or sets the hyperlink.
Thickness: Displays or sets the thickness.
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CHAPTER-8
8.1 EDITING LAYERS
With the layer buttons and the layer control, you can view a selected object's layer,
change an object's layer, make a layer current, change a layer's properties, and access the
Layer Properties Manager. The layer name and properties displayed in the Layer control
depend on the current selection set:
You can use the Layer control to transfer objects to locked, frozen, or turned- off layers,
but you cannot transfer an object to an xref-dependent layer (any layer that is defined
within an inserted xref). Xref-dependent layers are displayed as unavailable in the list
because you cannot make them current and you cannot edit objects on those layers. You
can, however, still modify the properties of xref-dependent layers by clicking icons in the
Layer control. In the Layer Properties Manager, if you turn on a filter and apply it to the
Object Properties toolbar, the Layer control does not list layers that match the filter. In
this case, when you position your pointer over the Layer control, the tool tip indicates
either "Filter applied" or "Inverted filter applied," rather than the full layer name.
To change an object's layer
1 Select the objects whose layers you want to change.
2 On the Object Properties toolbar, choose the Layer control.
Fig. 8.1 : Object LayersBecause you cannot transfer objects to xref-dependent layers, their names are
displayed as unavailable in the Layer control.
3 Choose a layer.
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AutoCAD applies the chosen layer to all selected objects.
8.2 MATCHING PROPERTIES OF OTHER OBJECTS
You can copy some or all properties of one object to one or more objects using
MATCHPROP. Properties that can be copied include color, layer, linetype, linetype
scale, lineweight, thickness, plot style, and in some cases, dimension, text, and hatch.
8.3 COPYING THE OBJECTS
To copy objects within a drawing, create a selection set and specify a start point and an
endpoint for the copy. These points are called the base point and the second point of
displacement, respectively, and can be anywhere within the drawing.
Command: Copy
Fig. 8.2 : Object Copying
8.4 OFFSETTING THE OBJECTS
Offsetting creates a new object that is similar to a selected object but at a specified
distance. You can offset lines, arcs, circles, 2D polylines, ellipses, elliptical arcs, xlines,
rays, and planar splines. Offsetting circles creates larger or smaller circles depending on
the offset side. Offsetting outside the perimeter creates a larger circle. Offsetting inside
creates a smaller one.
Command: Offset
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Fig. 8.3 : Command Offset
8.5 MIRRORING THE OBJECTS
You mirror objects around a mirror line, which you define with two points, as shown in
the following illustration. You can delete or retain the original objects. Mirroring works
in any plane parallel to the XY plane of the current UCS. Although you can mirror a
viewport object in paper space, doing so has no effect on its model space view or model
space objects.
Command: Mirror
Fig. 8.3 : Mirror Command
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CHAPTER-9
9.1 ARRYING OBJECTS
You can copy an object or selection set in polar or rectangular arrays (patterns). For polar
arrays, you control the number of copies of the object and whether the copies are rotated.
For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and the distance
between them.
Command: Array
Fig. 9.1 : Array Command
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Fig. 9.2 : Array
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CHAPTER-10
10.1 MOVING THE OBJECTS
When you move objects, you can rotate or align them or move them without changing
Orientation or size. Use snap mode, coordinates, grips, and object snap modes to move
objects with precision.
In the following example, you move the window.
Command: Move
Fig. 10.1 : Move Command
10.2 ROTATING OBJECTS
You rotate objects by choosing a base point and a relative or absolute rotation angle.
Specify a relative angle to rotate the object from its current orientation around the base
point by that angle. Whether the objects are rotated counterclockwise or clockwise
depends on the Direction Control setting in the Units Control dialog box. Specify
absolute angles to rotate objects from the current angle to a new absolute angle.
In the following example, you rotate the plan view of a house, using the default relative
angle method.
Fig. 10.2 : Rotating ObjectSometimes it's easier to rotate with absolute angles. For example, to align two objects
when you know the absolute angles of both, use the current angle of the object to be
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rotated as the reference angle, and use the angle of the other object as the new angle. An
easier way is to use the pointing device to select the object that you want to rotate and the
object you want to align it with.
10.3 ALIGNING THE OBJECTS
You can move, rotate, or tilt an object so it aligns with another object. In the following
example, align the pieces of piping using a window selection box to select the object to
be aligned. Use the Endpoint object snap to align the pieces precisely.
Command: Align
Fig. 10.3 : Aligning the Objects
10.4 ERASING THE OBJECTS
You can erase objects using all the available selection methods. In the following
example, you use window selection to erase a section of piping. Only objects enclosed by
the window are erased.
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Command: Erase
10.5 STRETCHING THE OBJECTS
To stretch an object, you specify a base point for the stretch and then two points of
displacement. You can also select the object with a crossing selection and combine grip
editing with object snaps, grip snaps, grid snaps, and relative coordinate entry to stretch
with greater accuracy.
Command: Stretch
10.5 Moving by Stretching:
In the following example, you move a door from one part of a wall to another by
stretching. Turning on Ortho mode helps you move the object in a straight line.
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CHAPTER-11
11.1 CONCLUSION
CAD Vision Centre is the leading institute of India for providing the AUTOCAD Training.
The institute is located at Jamshedpur. The Institute is very fast growing today. While
conducting my training I have learnt a lot regarding AUTOCAD & many more detail of
which has already been given in this report which may be read as part of this report. I have
done my duty during training with my heart & soul and can never forget these golden days
of my study. I assure that the things which I learnt in the company will help me in future
career. Hence best of luck to CAD Vision Centre.
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CHAPTER-12
12.1 REFERENCES
http://cadvisioncenter.org/aboutus.aspx
http://www.google.co.in/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCcQFjAA&url=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww.autodesk.in%2Fproducts%2Fautodesk-autocad
%2Foverview&ei=0lOAU6rIJo2l8AWouoDoCQ&usg=AFQjCNFmaopUA580
dK7WSnkIL_f65SOuEg&bvm=bv.67720277,d.dGc
http://www.google.co.in/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CDgQFjAC&url=http
%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki
%2FAutoCAD&ei=0lOAU6rIJo2l8AWouoDoCQ&usg=AFQjCNHAwN2bFH
w9pCkN6khfDpCFr0z84w&bvm=bv.67720277,d.dGc
Reference Book Provided by Cad Vision Centre.
Profile Book of Cad Vision Centre.
Autocad Books Provided by Cad Vision Centre.
Catalogues of Cad Vision Centre.
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