C. IVLII CAESARIS

CommentariiDe Bello Gallico

Ex Libris I, IV, VDiscipvlis Legenda

EdiditHans H. Ørberg

LATIN-ENGLISHVOCABULARY

ABBREVIATIONSabl ablativeacc accusativeadj adjectiveadv adverbcomp comparativeconj conjunctivedat dativef femininefut futuregen genitiveger gerundindecl indeclinableinf infinitivem masculinen neuterpass passiveperf perfectpl pluralprp prepositionsg singularsubj subjunctivesup superlative

Missing words can be found in Latin-English Vocabulary I, the vocabulary for Lingva Latina perse Illvstrata, Pars I: Familia Romana.

Document typeset with LATEX based on the PDF document available at http://focusbookstore.com/LLdownloads.aspx, with minor changes.

Aab/ā (mīlibus passuum…) at a distance ofab-dere -didisse -ditum hideab-esse: nōn multum abest

quīn +subjlittle is wanting (but) that

abies -etis f firab-sistere stop, refrainabs-tinēre abstain (from)ac see atqueac-cēdere be added

accēdit (quod/ut) moreover…accersere -īvisse -ītum fetchāctuārius -a -um (nāvis) fast-moving (with sails and

oars)ad (: ferē) about, approximatelyad-aequāre come up to, equalad-dūcere bring, lead

in cōnsuētūdinem a. accustomadductus +abl prompted, impelled

ad-eō so (very), to such an extentad-haerēre -sisse -sum cling, stickad-hibēre bring in, summonad-hortārī encourage, urge onad-igere -ēgisse -āctum drive, hurlad-ipīscī -eptum obtain, winaditus -ūs m access, comingadiūtor -ōris m helper, supporterad-ministrāre perform, organizead-mittere admit, allow, give rein

equō admissō at a gallopad-modum adv very much, greatly, quite, no

less thanad-monēre advise, urgead-orīrī attack, assaultadventus -ūs m approach, arrivaladversus -a -um: adversā

noctein the face of night

in adversum ōs straight in the facead-vertere: animum a. noticead-volāre rushaedificium -ī n building, farmhouseaegrē adv, sup aegerrimē hardly, with difficultyaequāre make equalaequus -a -um (locus) level, even; fair, justaes aeris n copper, bronzeaestus -ūs m tide, currentaf-flīctāre shatteraf-flīgere -xisse -ctum strike, shatteraf-fore fut inf = af-futūrum

esse < ad- esse‘would be present’

Āfricus -ī m south-west windager agrī m territory, countryagere (cum, inter sē) talk, discussagger -is m earthwork, rampag-gredī -ior -gressum attackag-gregāre, sē join, followalacer -cris -cre eager, keenalacritās -ātis f eagerness, zealalere -uisse altum feed, nourish, support

aliēnus -a -um unfavorableali-quam-diū adv for some timeali-quī = aliquis someonealius aliā ex nāvī one from one ship and one

from anotheraltitūdō -inis f height, depthambō -ae -ō bothammentum -ī n thongamplitūdō -inis f size, extentamplius adv moreamplus -a -um large, greatanceps -cipitis adj undecidedancora -ae f anchorangulus -ī m angle, cornerangustiae -ārum f pl narrowness, pass, narrow

passageangustius adv comp closer together; more scantilyanimus: in a.ō est +dat have in mind, intend

a.um advertere noticea.ī causā for pleasure

annōtinus -a -um of last yearānser -eris m gooseante adv previously, beforehand, aboveante-cēdere go before, precedeante-currere run beforeantecursōrēs -um m pl vanguardante-ferre preferante-pōnere place before/aboveapertus -a -um uncovered, exposedap-pellere -pulisse -pulsum drive to; pass (of ships) put

in, sail (to)aptus -a -um (ad) fitted (for)aqua -ae f water, water-clock (to mea-

sure time)aquārī fetch wateraquātiō -ōnis f fetching of wateraquili-fer -ferī m standard-bearerarbiter -trī m assessor, umpireārdēre -sisse burn, be inflamedargilla -ae f clayāridus -a -um dry; n dry landarmāmenta -ōrum n pl riggingarmāre equip, rigarmātī -ōrum m pl armed menar-ripere -iō -uisse -reptum seize, grabascēnsus -ūs m ascent, way of ascendinga-scīscere -īvisse -ītum admitasper -era -erum hard, severeas-suē-facere accustomatque/ac: (pār) a. as

(aliter) a. thancontrā a. contrary to

at-texere -uisse -xtum weave onat-tingere -tigisse -tāctum adjoin, reachat-tribuere -uisse -ūtum assignauctor -ōris m one who advocates, sup-

porter, advisera. esse propose

auctōritās -ātis f authority, prestigeaudācter adv boldly

3

audītiō -ōnis f hearsay, reportaurīga -ae m charioteerauxiliārī give helpauxilium: dat auxiliō

(venīre/mittere)to the assistance (of)

ā-vertere turn away, divertāversus with the back turned

avus -ī m grandfather

Bbalteus -ī m baldricbellāre wage warbellicōsus -a -um warlikebenevolēns -entis adj friendlybenevolentia -ae f goodwillbīduum -ī n two daysbiennium -ī n two yearsbi-pertītō adv in two partsbonitās -ātis f good qualitybreviārium -ī n abstract, summarybrevitās -ātis f shortnessbrūma -ae f winter solstice

Ccadere cecidisse fall (in battle), be killedcaeruleus -a -um bluecaespes -itis m turfcalamitās -ātis f disaster, defeatcapere (locum) reach

cōnsilium c. form a plan, make a decisioncaptīvus -ī m prisoner of warcaptus -ūs m capacity, notioncaput (fluviī) mouth

capita pl individualscarrus -ī m waggoncasa -ae f cottage, hutcastellum -ī n fort, strongholdcāsus -ūs m chance, accident, fortune

cāsū accidentallycausa -ae f situationceleritās -ātis f speed, swiftnesscēnsus -ūs m censuscenturia -ae f century (unit of up to 100 sol-

diers, 1/6 of a cohort)centuriō -ōnis m centurion (officer command-

ing a century)certiōrem facere inform

pass certior fierī be informed, learncibāria -ōrum n pl food, provisionscircu(m)-īre go roundcircu-itus -ūs m circumferencecircum-cīdere cut outcircum-mittere send roundcircum-sistere -stetisse gather round, surroundcircum-spicere look round (for)circum-venīre surroundcis prp +acc on the near side ofcitātus -a -um moving quicklyciterior -ius nearercitus -a -um quick

adv citō, sup citissimē fast, quicklycīvitās -ātis f state, citizens (of a state)clādēs -is f disaster, defeatclam adv secretlyclāmitāre shoutclārus -a -um famous; (vōx) loudcliēns -entis m clientcoāctū +gen under compulsionco-emere buycōgere coēgisse coāctum bring together, assemble, collectcognitus -a -um knownco-hortārī exhort, encouragecol-laudāre praise, commendcol-ligāre tie up, fix togethercol-ligere -lēgisse -lēctum collect

sē colligere recovercol-locāre put, place, station, set upcomb-ūrere -ussisse -ustum burncom-meāre come and go, travelcommeātus -ūs m supplies, provisions; passage,

convoycom-mendāre entrust, commitcommentārius -ī m recordcomminus adv at close quarterscom-mittere commit, do

proelium c. join battle+dat entrust

commodum -ī n advantage, convenience;commodō +gen without inconveniencingcommodus -a -um convenient, advantageous

adv -ē readily, easilycom-movēre trouble, frightencommūnicāre (cum) communicate, discuss, consultcom-mūnīre fortifycom-mūtāre changecommūtātiō -ōnis f changecom-parāre prepare, providecom-pellere -pulisse -pulsum drive (together)comperīre -erisse -ertum find out, learn, be toldcom-portāre carry, bring (together)com-prehendere catch hold of, seize, arrest

ignem c. catch firecōnātus -ūs m effort, attemptcon-cēdere give in, yield, concede, allowcon-cidere -disse fall downcon-cīdere -disse -sum cut down, killconcilium -ī n assembly, public meetingcon-citāre incite, stir upcon-clāmāre shout, cry outcon-currere hurry togetherconcursāre run to and frocon-cursus -ūs m gathering, concourse, running

about; (nāvium) collisioncon-dere -didisse -ditum found

ab urbe conditā from the founding of the citycondiciō -ōnis f condition, terms, (legal) po-

sitioncon-dūcere hirecōn-fectus -a -um +abl worn out, exhausted

4

cōn-ferre con-tulissecol-lātum

bring together, collect

sē cōnferre go, resortcōnfertus -a -um close, in close ordercōnfestim adv at oncecōn-fīdere -fīsum esse trust, have confidence in

+acc +inf be surecōn-fīnium -ī n boundarycōn-fīrmāre establish, secure, strengthen

+acc +inf confirmcōn-flagrāre be destroyed by firecōnflīctāre strike, harasscōn-flīgere -xisse -ctum clashcōnfluēns -entis m confluencecōn-fluere flow together, meetcon-gredī -ior -gressum meetcon-icere -iō -iēcisse -iectum throw

in fugam c. put to flightin vincula c. put in chainsculpam c. in lay the blame on

con-iūrātiō -ōnis f conspiracy, plotcon-quīrere search outcōnsanguineus -a -um related; m relative, kinsmancōn-scrībere write; (mīlitēs) enlist, enrolcōnsectārī pursue, hunt downcōn-sentīre be in agreement, agreecōn-sequī follow, reach, acquire, gain,

wincōn-sīdere take up a position, encamp,

settlecōnsilium -ī n deliberation, decision, inten-

tion, judgement, discre-tion; council (of war)

cōn-similis -e similar, likecōn-sistere -stitisse halt, stop, take one’s standcōnspectus -ūs m: in

cōnspectū +genbefore the eyes of

cōn-spicārī catch sight of, seecōnstāre: cōnstat +acc +inf it is apparent, it is plaincōnstīpāre, sē crowd togethercōn-stituere place, locate; appointcōn-suēr- = cōn-suēver-, -suēvēr-

cōn-suēss- = cōn-sēviss-cōn-suēscere -ēvisse become accustomed, accus-

tom oneselfperf cōn-suēvisse be accustomed /used (to), be

in the habit of; usually(do)

cōnsuētūdō -inis f usage, habit, practice, cus-tom

cōnsul -is m consulcōn-sulere -uisse -sultum consult, deliberate

+dat consult the interests of, showconsideration for

cōnsultāre deliberate, debatecōnsultō adv deliberatelycōn-surgere stand up, risecontabulāre cover with boards, equip with

floorscontemptiō -ōnis f scorn, contempt

con-tendere make an effort, strive, hasten,contend, fight

contentiō -ōnis f conflict, contentioncon-testārī call to witnesscontinēns -entis adj uninterruptedcontinēns -entis f (abl -ī) continentcontinenter adv continuouslycon-tinēre keep together, keep, confine,

limitcon-tingere -tigisse -tāctum touch, be in contact withcontinuus -a -um continuous, successivecōntiō -ōnis f assembly, paradecontrā atque contrary tocon-trahere (nāvēs) draw together, gather, reduce

in size, contractcontrōversia -ae f disputecontumēlia -ae f indignity, affrontconvallis -is f narrow valleycon-venīre +acc meetconventus -ūs m meeting, assizeco-orīrī arise, break outcōpia -ae f supplycōpiae -ārum f pl forces, troopscōpiōsus -a -um richcōram adv before his own eyescotīdiānus -a -um dailycrātis -is f wickerworkcrēber -bra -brum, sup

-errimusclose together, frequent

cruciātus -ūs m tortureculpa -ae f blame, faultcultūra -ae f cultivationcultus -ūs m standard of living, civilizationcūnctārī linger, hesitatecūrāre +acc +ger undertake, have (something

done)cursus -ūs m running, speed, passagecūstōdia -ae f guard

Ddē (III vigiliā) starting with, atdē-cēdere go away, retiredecem et octō eighteendē-cernere -crēvisse -crētum decide, decreedē-certāre fight it out, fight to a finishdēclīvis -e slopingdecuria -ae f squad of ten cavalrymendecuriō -ōnis m officer commanding a decuriadecus -oris n honordē-decus -oris n disgracedē-dere (sē) give up, surrenderdēditīcius -a -um having surrendereddēditiō -ōnis f surrenderdē-dūcere lead away, remove, conduct,

(nāvem) launchdēfectiō -ōnis f defection, revoltdēfēnsor -ōris m defenderdē-ferre bring, carry, reportdē-fessus -a -um worn outdē-fetīgāre exhaust, wear out

5

dē-ficere -iō -fēcisse -fectum run short, fail, revolt, defectdē-fīgere fix, plantdē-fluere flowdē-fōrmis -e misshapen, uglydē-icere -iō -iēcisse -iectum throw down, divert, (spē) dis-

appointdeinceps adv in succession, in turndē-līberāre deliberate, considerdē-ligāre tie, fastendē-ligere -lēgisse -lēctum choose, pick outdē-litēscere -tuisse hide, go into hidingdē-mēns -entis adj mad, insanedēmentia -ae f madness, insanitydēmere -mpsisse -mptum take away, removedē-metere − -messum mowdē-migrāre go away, movedē-mittere, sē go down, descenddē-mōnstrāre indicate, point out, explain,

describedēnsus -a -um thickdē-perīre perish, be lostdē-pōnere lay down, put, place, aban-

dondē-populārī/-āre sack, plunderdē-precārī beg relief, plead fordēprecātor -ōris m one who pleads for someone,

intercessordē-prehendere seize, interceptdēsertus -a -um deserteddēscendere ad (cōnsilium) resort todēsīderāre +acc +inf want, require; pass be miss-

ingdē-sistere -stitisse +abl cease fromdēspērātiō -ōnis f despairdē-stringere -strīnxisse

-strictum(gladium) draw

dētrīmentum -ī n harm, lossdē-turbāre dislodgedē-vehere convey, transportdiēs -ēī m/f (fixed) day, time

in diēs day by daydif-ferre differ, be differentdif-ferre dis-tulisse dī-lātum scatter, dispersedifficultās -ātis f difficultydif-fīdere have no confidence in, dis-

trustdignitās -ātis f dignitydī-iūdicāre settle, decidedīmicāre fightdīmidium -ī n half

d.ō minor half as bigdī-mittere send off (in different direc-

tions); give up control of,abandon; let go

dīs dītis adj (= dīves), supdītissimus

rich, wealthy

dis-cēdere ab armīs give up armsdis-cessus -ūs m departuredisciplīna -ae f training, disciplinedis-icere -iō -iēcisse -iectum scatter

dis-pār -paris adj unequaldi-spergere -sisse -sum scatterdis-pōnere distribute, post, stationdis-putāre argue, debatedisputātiō -īnis f discussion, debate, disputedissēnsiō -ōnis f disagreement, dissensiondis-sentīre disagreedis-simulāre conceal, dissembledis-tribuere distributedis-tul- < dif-ferredītissimus -a -um sup < dīs dītisdiūtinus -a -um lasting, prolongeddocēre +acc +inf tell, inform, declaredolus -ī m deceit, guile, trickerydomāre -uisse -itum tame, subduedomesticus -a -um domestic, internaldubitāre waver, hesitatedubitātiō -ōnis f doubtdūcere +acc +inf considerdum conj +subj untilduodēnī -ae -a twelve eachduplex -icis adj doubleduplicāre doubledūrus -a -um hard, severe

Eeā adv that wayē-dūcere lead outef-fēmināre unman, enervateef-ferre ex-tulisse ē-lātum carry out

efferrī (victōriā) be elated, exultef-fugere +acc escape fromē-gredī -ior -gressum go outēgressus -ūs m going out, (ē nāvibus) disem-

barcation, landingē-icere -iō -iēcisse -iectum throw out, turn out

sē ēicere rush outeius-modī of that kind, suchē-lābī -lāpsum slip out, manage to get outē-licere -iō -uisse -itum entice, lure outē-mittere send out, let goeō +comp so much (the more/ less)eō adv for that reason

eō quod becauseeō ut in order that

eō-dem adv to the same place, to thesame purpose

ephippiātus -a -um furnished with an ephippiumephippium -ī n saddle-clothepistola -ae f lettereques (Rōmānus) knight, member of the eques-

trian orderequester -tris -tre cavalry-errāre (= fallī) be mistakenēruptiō -ōnis f sally, sortieessedārius -ī m fighter in a war-chariotessedum -ī n war-chariotē-vellere tear out, pull outē-venīre turn out, happenēventus -ūs m outcome, event

6

ē-vocāre call out, summonex-agitāre stir up, harassexāmināre weighex-animāre killex-cēdere (+abl) go out, go away, leaveex-cipere follow after, succeedex-citāre build, erectex-clūdere -sisse -sum shut out, exclude, preventexemplum -ī n precedent, modelexercitāre train, exerciseexercitātiō -ōnis f exercise, trainingexiguitās -ātis f smallness, scantinessexīstimātiō -ōnis f opinion, judgementexpedītiō -ōnis f raid, expeditionex-pedītus -a -um ready for action, moving eas-

ily; easyex-pellere -pulisse -pulsum

(+abl)drive out, expel, banish

ex-perīrī -pertum try, attemptex-piāre make amends, atone forex-plōrāre investigate, exploreexplōrātor -ōris m scout, spyexplōrātus -a -um secured, certainex-pōnere put out, put on shore, land;

expose, displayex-portāre carry out, take awayex-sistere -stitisse emerge, ariseex-stāre project, stand outex-stinguere -stīnxisse

-stīnctumextinguish, wipe out

ex-trahere protract, spend (time)extrēmus -a -um outermost, hindmost, last

ad extrēmum finallyex-uere -uisse -ūtum depriveex-ūrere -ussisse -ustum destroy by fire

Ffactū supine II : optimum f. the best to be donefacultās -ātis f possibility, opportunityfāgus -ī f beech-treefalx -cis f sickle-like hook fitted on a

long pole, siege-hookfamiliāris -is m/f close friendfamiliāritās -ātis f close friendshipfās n indecl right, properfemur -oris/-inis n thighferrāmenta -ōrum n pl iron toolsferre: ut fert illōrum opīniō as far as their opinion goesfervē-facere heat

fervēfactus red-hot, incandescentfervēns -entis adj red-hotficta -ōrum n pl made-up storiesfidēs -eī f trust, guarantee, promise,

protection, credibility, al-legiance

figūra -ae f form, shapefīnēs -ium m pl land, territoryfingere fīnxisse fictum make up, invent

ficta n pl made-up storiesfīnīre form the boundary of

fīnitimus -a -um (+dat) bordering, neighboring; m plneighboring people

fīrmus -a -um (adv -iter) strong, firm, steadyflamma -ae f flame, fireflētus -ūs m weepingflōrēre bloom, flourishfore fut inf < esse/fierī ‘would be, would happen’fortitūdō -inis f braveryfortūnae -ārum f pl propertyfremitus -ūs m roar, growlfrequēns numerous

quam freqentissimī in the greatest possible numberfrūmentārī gather corn, foragefrūmentārius -a -um corn-, corn-producing

rēs f.a corn-supplyfuga -ae f in fugam dare, put to flightfugitīvus -ī m runaway, fugitivefūmus -ī m smokefunda -ae f slingfundere fūdisse fūsum:

(proeliō) f.rout

fūnis -is m ropefūsilis -e molten, fusible

Ggallīna -ae f hengaudēre gavīsum be glad, rejoicegenus -eris n stock, descentgerere gessisse gestum carry on, perform, do

rēs gesta action, event, achievementglāns -andis f acorn, acorn-shaped missilegrātia -ae f favor, popularitygrātulārī congratulategrātulātiō -ōnis f congratulationgravitās -ātis f heaviness, weight, importance

Hhabēre regard

magnī h. value highlyin hostium numerō h. regard as enemies

hīberna -ōrum n pl winter camphiemāre pass the winterhistoria -ae f historyhōc abl +comp: hōc facilius so much the more easilyhonestus -a -um honorablehonōs -ōris m esteem, honorhorridus -a -um rough, horriblehospitium -ī n tie between host and guest,

hospitable relationshūmānitās -ātis f civilizationhūmānus -a -um civilizedhumilis -e humblehumilitās -ātis f lowness, lowliness

Iiaculum -ī n throwing-spear, javelinictus -ūs m stroke, impactidcircō adv for that reason, thereforeignōbilis -e not well known, obscureignōscere +dat forgive

7

il-lāt- < īn-ferreillō adv to that place, to that endillūstris -e clear, lucidimmānis -e vast, tremendousim-mittere throw, hurlimpedīmenta -ōrum n pl baggageimpedīmentum -ī n hindranceimpedīre encumber, hinder, impedeimpedītus -a -um hindered from moving freely,

encumberedim-pellere -pulisse -pulsum impelim-pendēre overhang, towerimpēnsus -a -um excessiveimperāre rule, hold power

+acc (+dat) order, levy, requisitionimperātum -ī n command, orderim-perītus -a -um (+gen) ignorant (of)impetrāre obtain (by request)impetus -ūs m impulse, onsetim-portāre importim-prōvīsus -a -um: dē -ō unexpectedly, without warn-

ingim-prūdēns -entis adj ignorant, unawareimprūdentia -ae f ignorance, unawareness, im-

prudenceimpulsus -ūs m impulse, instigationinānis -e emptyin-cendere -disse -cēnsum set on fireincendium -ī n fire, conflagrationin-citāre cause to move fast, urge on,

spur on, impelin-cognitus -a -um unknownin-colere dwell, livein-commodus -a -um, adv

incommodēinconvenient

incommodum -ī n harm, disadvantage, misfor-tune, setback

in-crēdibilis -e incrediblein-currere rush in, chargeincursiō -ōnis f inroad, raidin-dūcere -xisse -ductum lead, induce, promptindūtiae -ārum f pl armisticein-ers -ertis adj inactive, lazy, idleīn-ferre in-tulisse il-lātum cause, inflict

signa ī. advance to the attackbellum ī. (+dat) make war (on)

īn-ficere -iō -fēcisse -fectum dyeīn-fīnītus -a -um infinite, greatīnfīrmitās -ātis f weakness (of character), un-

reliabilityīn-fīrmus -a -um weakīn-flectere bendīnfrā adv below, further downin-gredī -ior -gressum enter, get inin-icere -iō -iēcisse -iectum throw in

+dat instil, inspire (with)in-īquus -a -um uneven, unfavorablein-īre enter on, begin

cōnsilium i. form a planin-iussū +gen without orders

in-opīnāns -antis adj unpreparedīn-scius -a -um unawareīn-sequī follow closely, pursueīnsidiae -ārum f pl ambush, plot, treacheryīnsigne -is n distinctive markīnsignis -e conspicuous, sensationalīn-sinuāre, sē make one’s way inīn-sistere -stitisse stand, take one’s standīn-stabilis -e unsteadyīn-stāre press on, attackīn-stituere -uisse -ūtum put up, set up, institute,

start on, instructīnstitūtum -ī n custom, institutionīnstruere -ūxisse -ūctum build, equipīnstrūmentum -ī n equipmentīn-suēfacere accustominteger -gra -grum freshinter-cēdere come in between, be inter-

posedinter-cipere -iō -cēpisse

-ceptumcut off, intercept

inter-clūdere -sisse -sum cut off, stopinter-dīcere forbidinter-diū adv by dayinter-esse +dat take part ininterior -ius interior, inner; m pl peoples

of the interiorinter-īre perish, die, be killedinteritus -ūs m deathinter-mittere interrupt, leave off, leave (un-

used), miss(tempore) intermissō after a lapse of

inter-pōnere put between, insert, interposefidem i. pledge one’s word

interpres -etis m intermediary, interpreterintervāllum -ī n interval, distanceintro-īre come inside, enterintroitus -ūs m entranceintrō-rumpere break inintus adv insidein-ūsitātus -a -um unusual, unfamiliarin-ūtilis -e uselessinveterāscere -rāvisse become old, become establishedin-vicem in their turnin-vītāre urge, inviteinvītus -a -um unwilling, against one’s wishes

eō invītō against his willir-rumpere break inita: nōn +adj not very…iter itineris n route, march, day’s march

magnīs itineribus by forced marchesiūdicāre judge, decide, consideriūdicium -ī n judgement, decisioniugum -ī n yoke; (montis) ridge

sub i. mittere send under the yoke (humili-ating defeated army)

iūmentum -ī n beast of burden, draught-animal (horse, mule…)

iūrāre swear-ius adv comp too…

8

iūs iūrandum oathiūstitia -ae f justice

Llābī lāpsum lapse, fall into errorlabōrāre be distressed, be in troublelabōriōsus -a -um hard, laboriouslacessere challenge, provokelaetātiō -ōnis f rejoicinglapis -idis m stonelargītiō -ōnis f largesse, briberylassitūdō -inis f wearinesslassus -a -um wearylātē adv, comp lātius, sup

lātissimēwidely

longē lātēque far and widelātitūdō -inis f breadth, widthlēgātiō -ōnis f delegationlēgātus -ī m delegate, envoy; staff-officer,

legatelēnis -e, adv comp lēnius slow, gentle, lightlēnitās -ātis f slowness, gentlenesslepus -oris m harelevāre +abl free from, relieve oflevis -e irresponsible, ficklelevitās -ātis f lightnesslīberālis -e, adv līberāliter generous, nobleligāre fasten, tielignārī collect firewoodlignātiō -ōnis f collecting of firewoodlignātor -ōris m one who collects firewoodlinter -tris m light boatlīs lītis f disputelitterae pūblicae documents, recordslocus -ī m scope, opportunity; position,

rank, statusobsidum locō as hostages

longē adv far; +sup by far…longinquus -a -um far-off, remote; long, pro-

longedlongitūdō -inis f lengthlongius adv comp further, longerlōrīca -ae f cuirass, parapetlūx lūcis f daylight

prīma lūx dawn, daybreak

Mmagnī habēre value highlymagnitūdō -inis f size, forcemagnopere urgently, greatlymāiōrēs -um m pl ancestors

m. nātū elders, seniorsmandāre order

sē fugae m. take to flight, flymandātum -ī n order, commissionmanēre mānsisse remainmanus -ūs f armed force, troop

manūs dare surrender, give upmatara -ae f Gallic throwing-spearmāteria -ae f wood, timber

mātrimōnium -ī n marriagein m. dūcere marry

mātūrāre make haste, hurrymātūrus -a -um premature, early

adv mātūrē, comp mātūrius earlymāximam partem adv mostlymedērī +dat cure, remedymediocris -e moderatemediterrāneus -a -um inlandmedius -a -um the middle ofmemoria -ae f memory

memoriā prōdere hand downmēnsūra -ae f measurementmerērī (dē) deserve well (of), behave well

(towards)merīdiānus -a -um of middaymeritum -ī n benefit, servicemetallum -ī n metalmētīrī mēnsum measure, measure out, ap-

portionmigrāre migrate, movemīlia -ium (passuum) n pl (Roman) milemissū Caesaris as Caesar’s envoymittere send wordmōbilis -e inconstant, ficklemōbilitās -ātis f freedom of movement, mobilitymoderārī direct, guidemolere -uisse -itum grindmollis -e (lītus) gentle, openmorārī stay, linger, check, delaymōtus -ūs m motion, movement, commo-

tion, insurrectionmovēre, castra move camp, move forwardmultus -a -um: multō diē in broad daylight

ad multam noctem till late in the nightmūnītiō -ōnis f fortification, defense workmūrālis -e: pīlum mūrāle spear used to defend walls

Nnancīscī nactum get, obtain, acquirenātiō -ōnis f people, nationnātū abl of agenātus -a -um born

nātus… locō/ genere of… descent/ranknāvālis -e naval, ships’nāvigium -ī n vessel, shipnecessāriō adv of necessitynecessārius -ī m kinsman, relativeneglegere -ēxisse -ēctum neglect, omitnegōtium -ī n work, difficulty, troublenē-quāquam adv by no means, not at allnihil adv in no way, not at allnōbilitās -ātis f nobility, the aristocracy, the

noblesnocēre: pass nocērī +dat come to harmnoctū adv by nightnocturnus -a -um night-, nightly, nocturnalnōminātim by name, specificallynostrī gen (< nōs) of usnovae rēs revolution

9

novissimus -a -um last, hindmost; pl the rearnovitās -ātis f novelty, unfamiliaritynūdāre lay open, exposenumerus: n.ō in number, in all

ad n.um to make up the numberobsidum n.ō as hostages

nummus -ī m sg coinagenūtus -ūs m nod

ad nūtum at the nod, instantly

Oob-icere -iō -iēcisse -iectum put in front, set before

obiectus +dat situated opposite toob-īre visit, inspectob-lāt- < of-ferreob-servāre observe, followobses -idis m/f hostageob-sidēre besiege, blockadeobsidiō -ōnis f siege, blockadeobstrictus -a -um obligedob-struere -ūxisse -ūctum bar, blockob-temperāre comply with, obeyob-tinēre hold, occupyob-tul- < of-ferreoccāsiō -ōnis f opportunityoccāsus -ūs m (sōlis) sunset, westoccultus -a -um hidden, secretoccupāre seize, occupyoccupātiō -ōnis f preoccupationoccupātus -a -um occupied, busy, engagedoc-currere encounter, come upon, run

intoof-ferre ob-tulisse ob-lātum offer, present, expose, deliverofficium -ī n: in officiō loyalomnīnō adv altogether, only, at allonerāre loadonerārius -a -um: nāvis

onerāriacargo vessel

onus -eris n burden, load, cargoopīnārī think, supposeopīniō -ōnis f opinion, expectation, reputa-

tionopportūnus -a -um, adv -ē convenient, favorable, suit-

ableop-primere -pressisse

-pressumoverpower, overwhelm, crush

oppugnātiō -ōnis f attack, assaultopus -eris n work, effort, defense work

(opere mūnītus)opus esse, pl opus sunt be neededōrātiō -ōnis f speech, wordsōrātor -ōris m speaker, envoyorbis -is m circle, ringōrdō -inis m rank; century (centuria)

prīmī ōrdinēs the 6 centuries of the 1st

cohort, their commanders(senior centurions)

ōrnātus -ūs m embellishmentostendere (verbīs) declare, point out, explainostentāre display

Ppābulārī collect fodder, foragepābulātor -ōris m foragerpācāre pacify, subdue

pācātus settled, peacefulpaenitēre +acc +gen (cause to) regret, repentpāgus -ī m district, tribepalam adv openlypalūs -ūdis f swamp, marshpār paris adj equalparāre (pretiō) acquire, buyparātus -a -um +inf ready topars: quā ex parte for which reason

trēs partēs three quartersmāximam partem adv mostly

parvulus -a -um small, slightpassim adv all over the place, in every di-

rectionpatēns -entis adj open, accessiblepatēre extend, stretchpatī +acc +inf allowpaucitās -ātis f fewness, small numberpecus -oris n (sg/pl) livestock, cattlepedester -tris -tre pedestrian, infantry-peditātus -ūs m infantrypellis -is f skin, hidependere payper prp +acc because of

(licet) per mē with me, on my partper-agere carry out, performper-cipere -iō -cēpisse

-ceptumperceive, apprehend

per-contārī make inquiries, questionpercontātiō -ōnis f inquiry, questioningper-currere run over, run alongper-dūcere conduct, extend, prolong,

constructperendinō diē abl the day after tomorrowper-equitāre ride aroundper-exiguus -a -um very smallper-facilis -e very easyper-ferre convey, deliver, bring newsperfidia -ae f faithlessness, treacheryper-fringere -frēgisse -frāctum break throughperfuga -ae m deserter, renegadeper-fugere take refuge (with the enemy)perfugium -ī n place of refugeperīculum facere make an attempt, tryperītus -a -um (+gen) experienced, expertper-legere read throughper-manēre -mānsisse remain, stayper-mittere permit, commit, entrustper-mulcēre -sisse -sum soothe, calmper-paucī -ae -a very fewperpetuum: in p. for everper-rumpere break throughper-scrībere write (in full)per-sequī (bellō) pursue, pressper-sevērāre persist

10

per-solvere, poenās pay the penalty, suffer pun-ishment

per-spicere -iō -exisse -ectum inspect, discern, seepersuādēre sibi persuade oneself, be con-

vincedpersuāsum mihi est I am convinced

pertinācia -ae f obstinacypertināx -ācis adj obstinateper-tinēre extend

p. (ad) tend, relate, pertain (to)per-turbāre throw into confusion, discom-

poseperturbātiō -ōnis f confusion, disturbancephalanx -ngis f phalanxpietās -ātis f devotion, sense of dutypīlus -ī m century (centuria)pinna -ae f breastwork, parapetpius -a -um devoted, dutifulplānus -a -um level, flatplēbs -bis f the common peopleplumbum -ī n lead

p. album tinplūrimum sup most of allpoenās persolvere pay the penaltypondus -eris n weightpōnere (arma) lay down

spem p. in place one’s hopes inpositus in dependent on

pōns pontis m bridgepopulārī ravage, plunderpopulātiō -ōnis f plunderingporrō moreoverposcere poposcisse demandpositus -a -um: p. in dependent onposse (plūrimum) have powerpossessiō -ōnis f possession, holdingpos-sīdere -sēdisse take possession ofpost… quam afterposteā-quam, posteā… quam afterpostrī-diē (eius diēī) the day afterpostulāre +acc +inf claimpostulātum -ī n demandpotestās -ātis f opportunity

potestātem facere give a chance, allowpotīrī +abl take possession of, gain con-

trol ofprae-cēdere precede, surpasspraeceps -cipitis adj headlong, precipitouspraeceptum -ī n instruction, orderprae-cipere -iō -cēpisse

-ceptumcommand, order

praecipitāre throw headlongprae-clūdere -sisse -sum blockpraecō -ōnis m crier, heraldpraeda -ae f bootypraedārī rob, plunderpraedicāre proclaim, declarepraefectus -ī m officer, commander (of cav-

alry, auxiliary troops)

prae-ficere -iō -fēcisse-fectum +dat

put in charge of, set over

prae-fīgere attach by the endprae-mittere send in advance, send word

aheadprae-optāre preferprae-parāre prepare beforehandpraesēns -entis n present

in praesēns/praesentia for the presentpraesentia -ae f presence

p. animī resolutionpraesertim adv especiallypraesidium -ī n guard, protection, protective

force, garrisonpraesidiō dat in defense

prae-stāre -stitisse fulfil, show, prove+dat be superiorpraestat it is preferable, it is better

praestō esse +dat be ready, meetpraeter-mittere omit, let slippraeter-quam apart from, exceptpraetor -ōris m praetor

prō praetōre ex-praetorprae-ūrere burn at the endpremere pressisse pressum press, harass, attackprī-diē the day beforeprīmus -a -um the front part of, the begin-

ning ofprīnceps -ipis adj first, leadingprīncipātus -ūs m chief positionprīstinus -a -um old, former

p. diēs the day beforeprius quam beforeprīvātim adv privatelyprō prp +abl in front of; in relation to, con-

sidering, according to; in-stead of, as

prō praetōre ex-praetorprobāre approve of, prove

probārī +dat be commended byprō-currere run forwardprō-dere -didisse -ditum abandon, betray

memoriā p. hand downprōd-īre go/come forwardprō-dūcere lead forth; draw outproeliārī engage in battle, fightprofectiō -ōnis f departureprō-ficere -iō -fēcisse -fectum achievepro-fitērī -fessum declare, offerprō-fluere flow forth, risepro-fugere run away, fly, fleepro-inde accordinglyprōmissus -a -um (capillus) longprō-nūntiāre proclaim, announce, relateprō-pellere push forward, drive forth,

drive awaypropinquus -ī m relativepropinquitās -ātis f nearness, proximityprō-pōnere put forward, set forth, hold

out, offer

11

proptereā adv for that reason, thereforep. quod because

prō-pugnāre fight in defenseprō-sequī pursueprōspectus -ūs m view, sightprosperus -a -um successfulprō-spicere +dat provide forprō-tegere protectprō-vehere carry forth, conveyprō-venīre come forth, grow upprō-vidēre foresee, provide forprō-vocāre provoke, challengeproximē adv most recentlypulvis -eris m dustpūrgāre clean, purge, excuse

Qqua f (sī/nē/num qua…) any

nē qua legiō so that no legionquā adv by which road, wherequae-cumque n pl whatever, anything thatquaestor -ōris m quaestor (officer)quam +sup (potest) as… as possible

q. māximus as large as possibleq. plūrimī as many as possibleq. māximē as much as possible

quam prīmum as soon as possiblequam-vīs +adj no matter how…, however…quantō +comp tantō +comp the more…, the more…quantus-vīs -a- -um- however bigquārta pars fourth part, quarterquerī questum complain, protestquibus-cum with whomquic-quam = quidquamquī-cumque quae- quod-/quid-whoever, whateverquiēs -ētis f repose, restquīn conj +subj (but) thatquīn etiam indeed, in factquis-piam quae- quod- somequī-vīs quae- quod- whatever, anyquō +comp +subj so that the morequō adv becausequo-ad conj until, as long asquō-minus conj +subj so that… notquotiēs as often as, whenever

Rrādere -sisse -sum shaverapiditās -ātis f rapidityrapīna -ae f plunderrārus -a -um sparse, scatteredratiō -ōnis f account, register, transac-

tion, systemr.em habēre +gen pay regard tor.em reposcere demand an account

re-bellāre revolt, rebelrebelliō -ōnis f rising, revoltrecēns -entis adj fresh, recentreceptus -ūs m retreatrecessus -ūs m retreat

reciperāre recover, regainre-cipere, sē retire, (ex fugā/timōre) recoverre-cūsāre object to, reject

nōn re-cūsāre quīn not hesitate tored-igere -ēgisse -āctum drive back

r. in/sub imperium bring under the power (of)+adj make, render

red-integrāre restore, renewreditiō -ōnis f returnreditus -ūs m returnre-ferre rettulisse -lātum bring back, carry back, report

pedem r. go back, withdrawre-ficere -iō -fēcisse -fectum restore, repairre-fugere run away, recoilrēgnum -ī m kingship, kingdomre-gredī -ior -gressum retreatre-icere -iō -iēcisse -iectum throw back, drive back, repulsere-lēgāre banishrelinquere +dat leave, allow

pass relinquī be left, remainrelinquēbātur ut add to this that

reliquum -ī n what is leftnihil reliquī nothing left

reliquus -a -um: tempus r. futurere-migrāre move back, returnremissus -a -um mild, moderatere-mittere relaxre-mollēscere become softre-nūntiāre report (back)re-pellere reppulisse -pulsum repel, repulse

ā spē repulsus disappointed in one’s hopesrepentīnus -a -um suddenreperīre find out, discoverre-petere request againre-portāre bring back, carry backre-poscere claim

ratiōnem r. ab call to accountreprehendere censurere-scindere -scidisse -scissum break down, demolishre-scīscere -īvisse/-iisse get to know, learnre-servāre reservere-sistere -stitisse resistre-stituere -uisse -ūtum set up again, rebuild, restore,

give backre-tinēre -uisse -tentum detainrettul- < re-ferrerota -ae f wheel

Ssagulum -ī n soldier’s cloaksānus -a -um sane, sensiblesarcina -ae f pack, soldier’s kitsatis habēre be content (with)satis-facere +dat give satisfaction, make amends,

satisfysaucius -a -um woundedscalae -ārum f pl ladderscapha -ae f light boat, skiffscindere tear apart, demolishscrīptor -ōris m writer, author

12

sēdēs -is f seat, homelandsēmentis -is f sowingsēmita -ae f path, tracksenātor -ōris m senatorsenātus -ūs m senatesentīre sēnsisse sēnsum feel, realizesēparāre separatesēparātim adv separatelysēparātus -a -um separatesepelīre -īvisse -ultum burysepultūra -ae f burialsērō adv late, too lateservāre watch, keep, maintainservīre +dat be guided by, go byses-centēsimus -a -um 600th

siccitās -ātis f dryness, droughtsīc-utī conj as, just as, just as ifsigna īnferre launch an attacksignificātiō -ōnis f sign, indicationsilvestris -e woodedsimul conj (= simul atque) as soon assimulāre pretendsimulātiō -ōnis f pretencesimultās -ātis f animosity, quarrelsingillātim adv one by one, singlysingulāris -e single, one at a time, singu-

lar, uniquesocer -erī m father-in-lawsocius -ī m allysōlitūdō -inis f lonelinesssollicitāre incitesolvere (nāvēs) cast off, set sailspatium -ī n area, space, distance, inter-

val, timespeciēs -ēī f look, semblance

in s.em in semblance, speciouslyspectāre ad face, lie towardsspeculātor -ōris m scout, spyspeculātōrius -a -um scout-, reconnaissance-sponte, suā of one’s own accord, by one-

self, alonestabilis -e firm, stablestabilitās -ātis f stabilitystāre stetisse standstatiō -ōnis f post, guard, picketstatuere -uisse -ūtum +acc

+infdecide, judge, consider

stipendium -ī n taxstrāmentum -ī n strawsub-dūcere draw up, (nāvēs) haul up,

beachsub-ductiō -ōnis f hauling upsub-esse be closesub-fodere -iō -fōdisse

-fossumstab from below (in the belly)

sub-icere -iō -iēcisse -iectum throw from below(+dat) subject (to)

sub-iectus -a -um situated belowsub-īre undergo, expose oneself tosublāt- < tollere

sub-ministrāre supply, furnishsub-mittere send (relief)sub-movēre remove, drive offsub-sequī follow closelysubsidium -ī n reinforcements, reserves, help

(venīre/mittere) s.ō dat in support, to the rescuesub-sistere stand firmsub-venīre +dat come to help, give assistance tosuc-cēdere move up, come close, take the

place of, followsuc-cendere -disse -cēnsum kindlesuccessus -ūs m successsuc-cīdere -disse -sum cut downsuc-currere +dat run to helpsudis -is f stakesuī gen (< sē) themselvessumma -ae f total, whole

summa imperiī total power, supremacysummus -a -um the top ofsuperāre overcome, defeat, winsuper-esse be left, survivesuperior -ius higher, upper, earlier, previ-

ous, superiorsup-petere be availablesupplex -icis, adv -iciter suppliantsupplicātiō -ōnis f thanksgivingsuprā adv abovesus-cipere -iō -cēpisse -ceptum take up, undertakesuspicārī guess, imaginesuspīciō -ōnis f suspicionsustentāre endure

Ttālea -ae f bar, ingottam-etsī even thoughtangere reach, border ontantulus -a -um so smalltegere tēxisse tēctum covertēlum -ī n spear, weapontemere adv recklessly, without reasontemeritās -ātis f recklessnesstēmō -ōnis m poletemperāre refraintemperātus -a -um (loca) temperate, mildtempestās -ātis f weathertenuis -e faint, weaktergum -ī n terga vertere, turn tailtestimōnium -ī n evidence

t.ō esse be evidence, demonstratetestūdō -inis f tortoise, shield-covertolerāre bear, enduretollere sus-tulisse sub-lātum lift, remove, take away, take

on boardsublātus (+abl) uplifted

tormentum -ī n catapulttorrēre -uisse tostum scorchtrā-dūcere bring/lead acrosstrāgula -ae f speartrā-icere -iō -iēcisse -iectum cross, piercetrā-iectus -ūs m way across

13

tranquillitās -ātis f calmtrāns prp +acc on the other side oftrān-scendere -disse -ēnsum crosstrāns-fīgere piercetrāns-īre go overtrāns-missus -ūs m crossingtrāns-mittere crosstrāns-portāre carry acrosstrepidāre be in a panictrepidus -a -um alarmedtribūnus -ī m: t. mīlitum military tribune (senior offi-

cer)trīduum -ī n three daystri-ennium -ī n three yearstrīnī -ae -a threetri-pertītō adv in three partstriplex -icis adj tripletriquetrus -a -um triangularturma -ae f troop (of cavalry)turris -is f (acc -im, abl -ī) tower, assault/defense tower

Uubi conj when

ubi prīmum as soon asulcīscī ultum take revenge on, avengeulterior -ius more distant

Gallia (prōvincia) u. Transalpine Gaulultimus -a -um most distantultrō adv even, of one’s own accord,

without any reasonululātus -ūs m howling, yellingūnā adv: cum… ūnā together withundique adv from all parts/sidesūnī -ae -a only, aloneūnus: ad ūnum (omnēs) without exception, one and

allūsus -ūs m use, practice

ūsus est it is neededūsuī esse be of use

utī conj = utūtilis -e usefulūtilitās -ātis f utilityutrīque m pl both parties

Vvacāre be empty, be unoccupiedvadum -ī n ford, shallowvagārī wander, roamvagīna -ae f sheathvagus -a -um roamingvalēre be strong, have powervallēs -is f valleyvāstāre lay waste, devastatevectīgal -ālis n tax, tollvectīgālis -e tax-paying, tributaryvectōrius -a -um: nāvis

vectōriacargo vessel

vehementer adv stronglyvēnārī huntvēnātiō -ōnis f huntingvenīre: ventum est perf pass ‘they have/had come’ventitāre come often, keep comingvergere slope towards, faceverērī +dat be anxious aboutversāre turn this way and thatvērus -a -um: vērum est it is fairverūtum -ī n spearvestīgium -ī n footprint, spot

in vestīgiō on the spot, at oncevestītus -ūs m clothesvetāre -uisse -itum forbid, prohibitveterānus -a -um veteranviātor -ōris m travellervīciēs adv twenty timesvīcus -ī m villagevidērī vīsum esse seem right

sī (tibi) vidētur if you think fitvigiliae -ārum f pl wakefulness, keeping watchvinculum -ī n bond, fetter-vīs: quī-vīs, quam-vīs,

quantus-vīs-ever, however…, no matter

how…vitrum -ī n woad (plant), blue dye made

from woad leavesvoluptās -ātis f pleasure, delightvulgō adv commonlyvulgus -ī n the common people

14