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Caesar's De Bello Gallico I

Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and

Commentary

Geoffrey Steadman

Beta Edition February 2013


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Caesar's De Bello Gallico I

Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary

Beta Edition

2013 by Geoffrey D. Steadman

All rights reserved. Subject to the exception immediately following, this book may not

be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by

Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the

public press), without written permission from the publisher.

The author has made an online version of this work available under a Creative

Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The terms of thelicense can be accessed at creativecommons.org.

Accordingly, you are free to copy, alter, and distribute this work under the following

conditions:

(1) You must attribute the work to the author (but not in any way that suggests thatthe author endorses your alterations to the work).

(2) You may not use this work for commercial purposes.(3) If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting

work only under the same or similar license as this one.

ISBN-13:

ISBN-10:

Published by Geoffrey SteadmanCover Design: David Steadman

Fonts: Times New Roman

[email protected]


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xiii

How to Use this Commentary

Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of reading and

direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone. One of the purposes of this book

is to help readers identify the most frequent words and encourage active acquisition of vocabulary.

1. Skim through the book and familiarize yourself with every grammar box and the appendix.

2. Master the core vocabulary list as soon as possible.

A.Develop a daily regimen for memorizing vocabulary and forms before you begin reading.

Start with an intensive review of the running core list on the next page. Although a substantial

number of core vocabulary words come within the first few lessons of the commentary, readers

have already reviewed most of these words in first year Latin and can devote their efforts to

mastering the handful of words in the initial lessons that they have never encountered.

B. Download and use the core list flashcards available online (ppt or jpg format). Research has

shown that you must review new words at least seven to nine times before you are able to commit

them to long-term memory. Flashcards are particularly efficient at promoting repetition. As you

work, delete flashcards that you have mastered and focus your efforts on the remaining words.

Digital flashcards for less frequent vocabulary (occurring 3-4 times) will appear online in time.

3. Read actively and make lots of educated guesses

A.Persistence counts. Caesar is very consistent in his use of vocabulary and grammar, and so

while the readings will maintain the same level of difficulty, you will become a much betterreader with time. The more earnestly you learn vocabulary and new grammar in the early

readings, the more fluently you will be able to read later passages without much preparation.

B.Read in Latin word order. Initially, readers have a tendency both (i) to scan through the

entire Latin sentence quickly to order to attain a sense of the constructions and (ii) to treat the

sentence as a puzzle and jump around the passage from subject to verb to object and so forth.Ideally, you should read in Latin word order. Whatever method you use, always review the

sentence which you have just translated in Latin word order. Over time, as you acquire more

vocabulary and your comfort with Caesar increases, make reading in Latin word order your

primary method of reading. It is a lot of fun, and with persistence it is very satisfying.

4. Reread a passage or lesson immediately after you have completed it.

Repeated readings not only help you commit Latin to memory but also increase your ability to

read the Latin as Latin. Caesars consistent use of vocabulary and grammar makes it possible for

readers to develop reading proficiency very quickly. Always read the words out loud (or at least

whisper them to yourself). While you may be inclined to translate the text into English as you

reread, develop the habit of reading Latin as Latin and acquiring meaning without using English.

5. Reread the most recent passage or lesson immediately before you begin a new one.

This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary, forms, and syntax

quickly, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide you with much-needed context as

you begin the next selection in the text.


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xiv

Caesar Book I Running Core Vocabulary (5 or more times)

The following seven pages includes all 335 words in the Book 1 of Julius Caesars De Bello Gallico that occur

five or more times arranged in a running vocabulary list. The number in the right column indicates the lesson in

which the core word first occurs. The number at the left of the dicitonary entries indicates the numer ofoccurrences of the word in Book 1. The author tabulated the frequency lists by counting the words manually.

Digital flashcards are available online.

1 , ab: (away) from, 102

1 absum, -esse,fu: be absent, lack, 9

1 ad: to, toward; near, at 109

1 alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 13

1 animus, -m: mind, spirit; pl. courage, 11

1 appell (1): call, call by name, 5

1 atque: and, and also, and even, 46

1 aut: or (aut...aut eitheror), 361 Belgae, -rum m.: Belgians, 5

1 bellum, -, n.: war, 32

1 capi, -ere, cp, captum: to take, capture, seize, 8

1 causa, -ae f.: reason, cause; case, 25

1 contend, -ere, -, -ntus: strive; hasten; contend, 20

1 cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 96

1 d: (down) from; about, concerning, 37

1 dc, -ere, dx, dictus: say, speak, tell, call, name, 35

1 dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsus: divide, distribute, 7

1 et: and, also, even, 196

1 etiam: besides, also, even, 171 fnis, -is m./f.: end, border; territory, 38

1 flmen, -inisn.: river, stream, 22

1 Gallia, -ae f.: Gaul, 51

1 Gallus, -a, -um: Gallic; subt. a Gaul, 20

1 Germnus, -a, -um: German, 25

1 ger, -ere, gess, gestus: carry (on), wage, 8

1 Helvtius, -a, -um: Helvetian; subst. a Helvetian 64

1 hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 82

1 in: in, on (abl.), into, to (acc.) 182

1 incol, -ere, -u: inhabit, dwell on, 5

1 inter: between, among (+ acc.), 171 ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 48

1 is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 286

1 mons, montis m.: mountain, mount, 20

1 noster, nostra, nostrum: our, 40

1 obtine, -re, -u, -tentum: hold, maintain, 8

1 omnis, omne: every, all, 70

1 pars, partis, f.: part, share, side 26

1 pertine, -re, -tinu: to pertain to; reach, extend to, 6

1 proelium, -in.: battle, combat, 33

1 prohibe, -re, -u, -itus: keep off, prohibit, 11

1 proptere: on this account, therefore, 151 prvincia, -ae f.: province, 25

1 proximus, -a, -um: nearest, very close, 12

1 que: and, 114

1 qu, quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 326


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Caesar Running Vocabulary xv

1 reliquus, -a, um: remaining, left (over), 20

1 Rhnus, -m.: Rhine River, 20

1 Rhodanus, -a, -um: Rhone, 11

1 saepe: often, 5

1 s: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 1671 Squanus, -a, -um: Sequanian, 33

1 slus, -a, -um: alone, only, lone, sole, 8

1 sum, esse, fu, futrum: to be, 79

1 suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their own, 124

1 tertius, -a, -um: third, 11

1 trns; over, across (+ acc.), 7

1 trs, tria: three, 7

1 nus, -a, -um: one, 23

1 virts, -tisf.: valor, manhood, excellence, 15

2 addc, -ere, dux, ductum: draw to, influence 12

2 ager, agrm.: field, land; farm, 162 amcitia, -ae, f.: friendship, 12

2 annus, -m.: year, 7

2 apud: among, at the house of (acc.), 13

2 arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrtus sum: to judge, think, 6

2 autem: however, moreover, 8

2 carrus, -m.: wagon, cart, 7

2 cvits cvittis, f.: state, city-state, 28

2 confici, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 8

2 confirm (1): make strong, confirm strengthen, 5

2 constitu, -ere, -u, -tus: decide, establish, resolve, 11

2 cnsul, -is m.: consul, 62 copia, -aef.: abundance, supply; troops, 28

2 dc, -ere, dx, ductus: lead, draw, 11

2 , ex: out from, from, out of (+ abl.), 64

2 exe, -re, -i (v), -itus: go out, 6

2 facilis, -e: easy; adv. facile, easily, 9

2 faci, -ere, fc, factum: do, make, perform; grant, 70

2 fnitimus, -a, -um: neighboring; subst. neighbors, 5

2 fi, fier, factus: become, be made, 5

2 frmentum, -n.: grain, 13

2 habe, -re, habu, -itus: have, hold; consider, 45

2 hom, -inism./f.: man, mortal, human, 222 imperium, -n.: command, power, 9

2 infer, -ferre, -tul, illtum: wage, carry on, bring on, 13

2 iter, itinerisn.: way, road, journey, 33

2 locus, -m.: place, region, location, 33

2 M.: Marcus, 7

2 magnus, -a, -um: great, large; mighty, important, 34

2 maximus, -a, -um: greatest, largest, 7

2 mllepl. mlia, ium n. : thousand, 28

2 minor, minus: less, smaller, 18

2 multitdo, inis f.: multitude, population, people, 11

2 nbilis, -e: noble, renowned, 6

2 numerus, -m.: number, multitude, 17

2 Orgetorx, -is m.: Orgetorix, 8

2 passus, -s: pace, 13


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Caesar Running Vocabularyxvi

2 px, pcis f.: peace, quiet, rest, 6

2 persude, -re, -sus, -susum: persuade, convince, 8

2 Ps, Psnis m.: Piso, 5

2 possum, posse, potu: be able, can, avail, 73

2 pr: before, for, in behalf of (abl.), 142 proficscor, -, -fectus: set out, depart, 9

2 regnum, -n.: royal power, kingdom, realm, 8

2 rs, re, f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 71

2 satis: enough, sufficient, 8

2 ttus -a, -um: whole, entire, 16

2 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 74

3 ac: and, and also, and even, 29

3 accipi: to take without effort, receive, get, accept, 8

3 Aeduus, -a, -um: Haeduan, Aeduan, 43

3 amcus, -a, -um: friendly; noun, friend, 8

3 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 123 arma, -rum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 12

3 cg, cgere, cog, coctum: to collect; compel, 7

3 cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, 12

3 dlig, -ere, -lg, -lectum: choose, elect, select, 6

3 dis, -m./f.: day, time, season, 37

3 Divicus, -m.: Diviacus, 13

3 d, dare, ded, datum: give; grant, 20

3 Dumnorx, -gis m.: Dumnorix, 10

3 nunti (1): announce, speak out, divulge, 7

3 exercitus, -s m.: (trained) army, 27

3 fds, ef.: faith, honor, 63 frter, -trism.: brother, 11

3 dem, eadem, idem: the same, 20

3 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 18

3 item: also, likewise, in like manner, 8

3 is, irisn.: justice, law, right, 11

3 maxim: exceedingly especially, 5

3 multus, -a, -um: much, many, 16

3 n: lest, that not, no, not, 31

3 neque: and not, nor (nequeneque = neithernor), 50

3 nn: not, by no means, not at all, 91

3 ob: on account of, because of (acc.), 73 occup (1): seize, occupy, 11

3 oportet: it is proper, fitting, necessary, 9

3 rtio, -ionis f.: speaking, speech, language, 8

3 pater, patris, m.: father, 6

3 per: through, across (acc) 33

3 perfici, -ere: complete, accomplish, 5

3 pls (plris): more, 7

3 populus, -m.: people, nation, 47

3 qun: nay (even), (but) that, 7

3 Rmnus, -a, -um: of Rome, Roman, 55

3 sentus, -sm.: senate, council of elders, 21

3 sequor, -, sectus: follow, pursue, 7

3 tempus, temporis, n.: time, occasion, 14

4 Allobrogs, -um: Allobroges, 11


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Caesar Running Vocabulary xvii

4 cnsilium, -in.: plan, counsel, 12

4 conveni, -re, -vn, -ventus: come together, assemble, 6

4 domus, -s f.: house, home, dwelling, 15

4 duo, duae, duo: two, 12

4 e,re,v, itum: to go, come, 104 existim (1): judge, consider, think, 13

4 iube, iubre, iuss, iussum: to order, command, 15

4 L.: Lucius, 7

4 mns, montis m.: mountain, mount, 20

4 nihil: nothing, 8

4 nllus, -a, -um: none, no, no one, 8

4 omnn: altogether, wholely, entirely, 7

4 oppidum, -n.: town, 14

4 par (1): prepare, make ready, 5

4 perculum, -n.: risk, danger, peril, 10

4 recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take back, recover, 104 rpa, -ae f.: bank, shore, 5

4 singulus, -a, -um: one by one, 5

4 socius, -m.: comrade, ally, companion, 9

4 sps, -f.: hope, expectation, 10

4 trnse, -re, -i (v), itus: pass (by), 15

4 ubi: where, when, 11

4 ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 27

4 tor, ut,sus sum: use, employ (abl.), 5

4 vel: or, eitheror, 7

4 vide, vidre, vd, vsum: to see, 18

4 vs, vs, f.,pl. virs: force, power, violence, 55 adventus, -s m.: arrival, approach, 7

5 Caesar, -aris m.: Caesar, 87

5 certus, -a, -um: certain, reliable, sure, 7

5 concd, -ere; go away, withdraw, yield, 5

5 dum: while, as long as, until, 5

5 facults, -ttis f.: opportunity, power, skill, ability, 5

5 imper (1): command, order, bid, 9

5 iniria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 16

5 lgtus, -m.: an envoy, legate, 23

5 legi, -nis f.: legion, (4200 soldiers), 19

5 licet: impers., it is allowed or permitted, 65 memoria, -ae. f.: memory, 6

5 mles, mlitis, m.: soldier, 17

5 mitt, -ere, ms, missus: send, hurl, dismiss, 26

5 nunti (1): announce, report, 6

5 pell, -ere, pepul, pulsus: drive, push, 8

5 perveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: arrive, 8

5 princeps, -cipism./f.: chief, leader, 9

5 put (1): to think, imagine, 7

5 responde, -re, -d, -nsum: to answer, 10

5 revert, -ere, revers: turn back, return, 6

5 rog (1): to ask; tell, 55 s: if (only), whether, in case that, 49

5 sine: without (abl.), 12

5 sub: under, below, beneath, underneath, 7


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Caesar Running Vocabularyxviii

5 sum, -ere, sumps, sumptum: take, spend 4

5 tamen: however, nevertheless, 9

5 tene, tenre, tenu, tentum: to hold, keep, 13

5 llus, -a, -um: any, 5

5 vol, velle, volu:will, wish, be willing, 245 volunts, -ttis f.: will, wish, choice, 10

6 beneficium, -n.: favor, benefit, kindness, 6

6 grtia, -ae f.: gratitude; favor, thanks, 13

6 impetr (1): obtain, accomplish, 5

6 itaque: and so, 5

6 novus, -a, -um: new, fresh, young, recent, 9

6 obss, obsidis m./f.: hostage, 18

6 opus, -erisn.: work, deed, toil, 6

6 ostend, -ere, -, ntus: show, promise, 5

6 patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 5

6 ps, pedis m.: foot, 56 plrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 6

6 praesidium, -in.: guard, protection, 6

6 propter: on account of, because of, 12

6 relinqu, -ere, -lqu, -lictum: to leave behind, 6

6 telum, -n.: projective, weapon, blow, 5

6 veni, -re, vn, ventus: come, go, 25

7 auxilium, -n.: help, aid, assistance, 12

7 debe, -re, -u, debitum: to owe, ought, 5

7 frmentrius, -a, -um: of grain, full of grain, 7

7 ibi: there, in that place, 7

7 intelleg, -ere, -lx, -lctum: to understand, 137 ita: so, thus, 17

7 Labinus,m.: Labienus, 7

7 lber, lbera, lberum: free, 6

7 prmus -a -um: first, 15

7 superus, -a, -um: upper, higher, above, 5

7 trdc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead across, cross 9

7 trns: over, across (+ acc.), 7

8 Arar, -aris (acc.) -im (abl.) -m.:Arar river (Saone), 5

8 calamits, -ttis f.: loss, misfortune, calamity, disaster, 5

8 castra, -rumn.: camp, encampment, 41

8 explrtor, -ris m.: scout, spy, 5

8 fortna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 6

8 fuga, -aef.: flight, haste, exile, speed, 12

8 hostis, -ism./f.: stranger, enemy, foe, 38

8 idic (1): judge, decide, assess, 6

8 mand (1): order, command, commit, 6

8 nam: for, 6

8 necessrius, -a, -um: necessary, inevitable, 5

8 pblicus, -a, -um: public, common, 6

8 quartus, -a, -um: the fourth, 5

8 sed: but, moreover, however, 21

8 sve, seu: whether, or (if), 6

8 statu, -ere, statu, stattum: set up, establish; decide, 5

8 vigilia, -ae f.: watch (1/4 period of night), 5

9 ag, agere,g,ctum: drive, lead, do, 8


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Caesar Running Vocabulary xix

9 committ, -ere: commence, commit entrust 10

9 commove, -re, -mv, mtum: move, disturb, upset, 5

9 fer, ferre, tul, ltus: carry, bear, endure, 11

9 maior, maius: greater, 7

9 qur: wherefore, therefore, why, 59 vetus, veteris: old, experienced, 5

10 accid, -ere, accid: to happen, fall to, 7

10 aliqu, -qua, -quod: some, any, definite, 5

10 consuesc, -ere, -v, -sutum: to accustom, 7

10 discd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: to go away, depart, 7

10 di: a long time, long, 9

10 gravis, -e: heavy, serious, severe; venerable, 9

10 polliceor, -cr, -citus: promise, offer, 6

10 tam: so, so much, so very, such, 7

10 time, -re, timu: to be afraid, be scared, 5

10 tum: then, at that time, 511 amplus, -a, -um: ample, full, spacious, 7

11 circiter: (round) about, not far from, 11

11 coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 10

11 eques, equitis m.: horseman, rider, 10

11 equittus, -s m.: cavalry, 17

11 modus, -m.: way, manner; modo (adv.) only 7

11 pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 7

11 quidem: indeed, in fact, certainly, 9

11 tantus, -a, -um: so great, so large, 11

12 confer, -ferre, -tul: bring together, gather, 9

12 dubit (1): waver, be uncertain, hestitate, 512 potests, potesttis f.: power, influence, might, 5

12 praesum, -esse, -fu: be over, preside over, 5

12 queror, quer, questum: complain, lament, 5

12 summus, -a, -um: top of, highest (part of) 18

12 super (1): surpass, overcome, 9

13 colloc (1): place together, arrange, set up, 5

13 concilium, -in.: meeting, rendezvous, 6

13 contr: opposite, facing (acc.), 23

13 ille, illa, illud: that, those, 19

13 nm, nllus, nmin, -em, nll: no one, 5

13 quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum: to seek, ask, inquire, 8

13 reperi, -re, repper, repertum: find (out), discover, 9

14 animadvert, -ere, -vert, -versum: turn mind to, notice 6

14 C.: Gaius, 7

14 cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: to learn, come to know, perf. know, 15

14 perterre, -re, -terru: terrify thoroughly, 6

14 pet, petere, petv, pettum: seek, aim at, 12

14 Valrius, -m.: Valerius, 5

16 acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 18

16 equus, -m.: horse, 8

16 impetus, -s m.: attack, onset, assault, 8

16 instru, -ere, -strx, -structum: equip, prepare, draw up, 6

16 timor, -orism.: fear, dread, anxiety, 9

17 agmen, agminis n.: battle line, 5

17 impedmentum, -n.: baggage, impediment, 5


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Caesar Running Vocabularyxx

17 muni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 5

18 commodus, -a, -um: convenient, suitable, 5

18 manus, mans, f.: hand; group, 5

18 pugn (1): to fight, 10

18 refer, ferre, tul, ltum: report bring back 618 signum -, n.: sign, signal; gesture, seal, 5

18 vinc, -ere, vc, victum: conquer, defeat, 14

19 coici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: to hurl, throw together, 5

19 intermitt, -ere: to interrupt, discontinue, intervene, 5

19 nox, noctis, f.: night, 6

20 redc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: to bring back, 6

20 sals, -tis f.: safety, refuge; health, 5

21 ratio, ratinis, f.: calculation, account, 5

22 infer, -ferre, -tul, illtum: wage, carry on, 13

22 nisi: if not, unless 5

23 barbarus, -a, -um: foreign, savage, 523 iterum: again, a second time, 5

23 postul (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 12

24 Ariovistus, -m.: Ariovistus, leader of the Germans, 41

24 barbarus, -a, -um: foreign, savage, 5

24 consde, -re, -sd:to sit down, settle, 5

24 consutdo, -inis f.: custom, habit, 6

24 ditior: a long time, long, 9

26 colloquium, -in.: conversation, talk, 13

26 uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of two) 7

28 stipendium, -in.: pay; military service, 5

29 celer, -eris, -ere: swift, quick, 529 contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 5

32 decimus, a, um: tenth, 5

32 iam: now, already, soon, 8


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To make the ancients speak, we must feed them with our own blood.

- von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff


12/72

Lesson 1: Caesar I.12

1.1 Gallia est omnis dvsa in parts trs, qurum nam incolunt Belgae,

aliamAqutn, tertiam qu ipsrum lingu Celtae,nostr Gall appellantur.

2. H omns lingu, nstitts, legibus inter s differunt. Galls ab Aqutns

Garumna flmen, Belgs Matrona et Squana dvidit.

3. Hrum omnium fortissim sunt Belgae, proptere quod cult atque

hmnitte Prvinciae longissim absunt, minimque ad es merctrs

saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effminands anims pertinent

important, 4. Proximque sunt Germns, qu trns Rhnum incolunt,

quibuscumcontinenter bellum gerunt. Qu d caus Helvetiquoque reliqus

Galls virtte praecedunt, quod fer cotdins proelis cum Germns

contendunt, cum aut sus finibus e

s prohibent aut ips

in e

rum finibus

bellum gerunt.

5. Erum na pars, quam Galls obtinre dictum est, initium capit

flmine Rhodan, contintur Garumn flmine, cean, fnibus Belgrum,

attingit etiam ab Squanis et Helvtis flmen Rhnum, vergit ad

septentrins. 6. Belgae ab extrms Galliae fnibus oriuntur, pertinent ad

inferirem partem flminis Rhn, spectant in septentrinem et orientem

slem. 7. Aquitania Garumn flmine ad Pyrenaes monts et eam partem

cean quae est ad Hispniam pertinet; spectat inter occsum slis etseptentrins.

1

5

10

15

20

Aquitn, -rum m.: Aquitani, 2

Aquitania, -ae f.: Aquitania, 1

atting, -ere, attig, attctus: touch, reach, border, 1

Celtae, -rum m.: Celts, 1

comme (1): to travel, go to and fro, 1

contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 4

cotidinus, -a, -um: daily, of every day, 2

cultus, -

s m.: culture, refinement, 2differ, -ferre,: differ, carry different ways, 1

effmin (1): soften, make into women, 1

extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 3fer: almost, nearly, closely, 4

fortis, -e: strong, brave, valiant, 2

Garumna, -e f.: Garumna river, 3Hispania, -ae f.: Spain, 1

hmnits, hmnittis f.: humanity, culture,

refinement, 2

import (1): bring in, introduce, import, 1

inferus, -a, -um: below, lower, 1

initium, -n.: beginning, entrance, 3

nstitu, -ere, -u, -tum: set, establish, 3

lx, lgisf.: law, regulation, decree, 3

lingua, ae f.: tongue, language, 3

longus -a, -um: long, 4

Mtrna, -ae f.: Matrona (Marne) river, 1

merctor, -ris m.: merchant, trader, 2

minim: least of all, least, 2occsus, -sm.: fall, destruction, 2

cenus,m.: Oceanus, 2

orior, -r, ortus: arise, rise, spring, 3

praecd, -ere, cess, -cessum: surpass, 1

Pyrenaeus, -a, -um: of the Pyrenees, 1

quoque: also, 1

septentrins, -um m.: north, (7 stars), 4

Squana, -ae: Sequana (Seine) River, 1

sl, slism.: sun, 4

spect (1): watch, observe, behold, inspect, 3

verg, -ere, vers: turn, bend, 1


13/72

The Divisions Within Gaul 3

1 estdvsa: is divided; dvsa is a predicate

adjective and not part of a perfect pass. verb

qurum namaliamtertiam: of which

(parts) one (part)another (part)a third

(part); a genitive at the beginning of the clauseis often, as here, a partitive gen. (gen. of whole)

2 Aqutn:Aquitanians (inhabit); add incolunt

which is missing through ellipsis (omission)

Tertiam (incolunt) qu: (those) who.

(inhabit) the third; the missing antecedent of

the relative clause is subject of missing incolunt

ipsrum lingu: in the language of (these) very

ones; i.e. of the Gauls, ipse usually modifies a

noun, which is missing and must be supplied;

lingu is an ablative of respect (in respect to..)

nostr: in our (language); supply linguCeltaeGall: nom. predicates of appellantur

3 lingu, nstitts, lgibus: ininin;in respect to, all three are abl. of respect

4 Garumna flmen (dvidit): nom. subject, add

dvidit from the next clause

Matrona et Squana: nom. pl. with a 3rd

sg. verb because the rivers form a single

boundary; supply Galls as acc. direct object

5 Hrum omnium: of all these; or among all

these, partitive gen., as in line 1, Caesar often

uses a a genitive at the beginning of a clauseand then specifies the parts within the clause

proptere quod: because; lit. on this accountbecause, which is a pleonasm (redundancy)

6 Prvinciae: of the Province; i.e. Gallia

Transalpina, the area in southern France

controlled by the Romans. Although the word

prvincia is a general term, the Romans

referred to this province as the Province. This

edition uses the capital P to distinguish it

from other provinces.

6 longissim: very far; superlative adverb longad esto those; es is demonstrative

7 ea quaethose things which; neut. pl.

ad effminands:for softening; lit. for

courage going to be softened ad + gerundive

(fut. pass. pple) often expresses purpose; when

translating, readers should employ a gerund-

gerundive flip: translate the gerundive as agerund (e.g. softening) and the noun modifiedby the gerundive as an object of the gerund

8 Germns: dat. with special adj. proxim

9 quibuscum: cum quibus

Qu d caus:for which reason; concerning

which reason qu modifies caus; as often,

Caesar places the adjective, here a relative adj.,

before the preposition

10 virtte: in (respect to) valor; abl. respect

quod: because

cumprohibentgerunt:since; cum +indicative, not a preposition of sus fnibus.

11 sus fnibus:from their borders; abl. ofseparation (a construction which includes but

is not limited to place from which), governed

by prohibent, (Helvetians) keep

sus: their; Helvetians, reflexive possessive

es: them; i.e. Germans, personal pronoun

ips: (they) themselves; Helvetians

12 erum: their; i.e. Germans

13 erum: of these (three parts); partitive gen.

obtinre: ind. discourse (that clause), Gallsis acc. subj. and quam is acc. d.o.

dictum est: it has been said; as in line 2 above14 contintur: governs all three abl. of means,

which are missing conjunctions, asyndeton

15 ab Squns:from (the side of)

16 oriuntur: rise; pres. deponent, orior

17 spectant in septentrinem: looks to the

northern; i.e. opens up to the northeast

orientem: eastern; rising sun; pres. pple.

18 eam partem: that part; demonstrative

19 ad Hispniam: near Hispania; with estspectat: looks to; i.e. opens up to

Gerund-Gerundive Flip

A gerundive (effeminandus,-a,-um in line 7) is a future passive participle. It is an adjective

which agrees with a noun in case, number, and gender. Because it is awkward to translate

(e.g. going to be softened), readers should employ a gerund-gerundive flip and translate

the gerundive as a gerund, a verbal noun (e.g. softening), and the noun modified by the

gerundive as the gerunds object. This is a popular construction in Caesar. So, be prepared.

Flip

Ad anims effminands ad effminandum anims

For courage (going) to be softened for softening courage


14/72

Lesson 2: Caesar I.2 I.3.24

2.1 Apud Helvtis long nbilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorx. Is, M.

Messl, et M. Psne cnsulibus, regn cupiditte inductus conirtinem

nbilittis fcit et civitt persusit ut d fnibus sus cum omnibus copis

exrent: 2. perfacile esse, cum virtte omnibus praestrent, ttus Galliae

imperi potr.

3. Id hc facilius es persusit, quod undque loc natr Helveti

continentur: n ex parte flmine Rhno ltissim atque altissim, qu

agrum Helvtium Germns divdit; alter ex parte monte Ir altissim,

quest inter Squans et Helvtis; terti lac Lemann et flmine Rhodn,

qu provinciam nostram ab Helvetis divdit. 4. Hs rbus fibat ut et minus

l

t

vag

rentur et minus facile f

nitim

s bellum

nferre possent;5

. Qu

exparte homins belland cupidmagn dolre afficibantur. 6. Pr multitdine

autem hominum et pr glri bell atque fortitdinis angusts s fns habre

arbitrbantur, qu in longitdinem mlia passuum CCXL, in ltitdinem

CLXXX patbant.

3.1 Hs rbus adduct et auctritte Orgetorgis permt cnstiturunt ea

quae ad proficscendum pertinrent comparre, iumentrum et carrrum

quam maximum numerum coemere, sements quam maxims facere, ut in

itinere cpia frument suppeteret, cum proxims cvittibus pcem etamcitiam cnfirmre. 2. Ad es rs cnficiends biennium sibi satis esse

dxrunt; in tertium annum profectinem lge cnfirmant.

1

5

10

15

20

affici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: toaffect, afflict, 3

alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 1

altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 2

angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 2

auctrits, -ttis f.: influence, clout, 4

bell (1): to wage war, fight, 1

biennium, -n.: a period of two years, 1coem, -ere, -m, -emptum: buy up, 1

compar (1): prepare, acquire, get ready, 4

conirtio, -nis f.: conspiracy, pact, 1

contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 4

cupidits, -ttis f.: desire, eagerness for, 3

cupidus, -a, -um: desirous, eager, keen, 4

ds, dtis adj: rich, wealthy, 1dolor, -ris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 3

fortitd, -dinis f.: strength, courage, 1

glria, -ae, f.: glory, fame, 1

indc, -ere, -dux, -ductum: to lead in, bring in, 2

imentum, -n.: beast of burden, harnessed animals, 1Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3

lacus, -s m.: lake, pond, pool, 2

ltitd, -inis f.: width, breadth, 1

ltus, -a, -um: wide, 2

Lemannus, -m.: (w/ lacus) Lake Geneva, 2

lx, lgisf.: law, regulation, decree, 3

longitdo, -inis f.: length, width, 1

longus -a, -um: long, 4Messl(l)a, -ae m.: Messala (M. Valerius Messala), 2

ntra, -ae. f.: nature, 3

nbilits, -ttis f.: nobility, renown, 2

pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2

perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2

permove, -re, -mv, -mtus: upset, move deeply, 1

potior, -r, -tus: gain possession of, possess (abl.), 4

praest, -re, -stit, -stitus: to perform; show, 2

profectio, -nis f.: departure, 2

sementis, -is f.: sowing, planting, 1

suppet, -ere,v,tum: suffice, be at hand 2

undque: (from) everywhere, from or on all sides, 3vagor, -r: wander, roam, go to and fro, 1


15/72

Orgetorix Forms a Conspiracy to Emigrate from Helvetia 5

1 nbilissimus, ditisissimus: superlative adjs.

fuit: pf. sum, esse

M. Messl et M. Psne cnsulibus: when

Marcus Messala and Marcus (Pupius) Piso

were consuls; with Messala and Piso (being)consuls abl. abs. i.e. 61 BC, Romans named

the year after their annually elected consuls;

since there is no pple. for sum, esse, the subject

and predicate are the abl. abs.

2 regn:for the kingship; objective gen. governed

by cupiditte, equivalent to "he desires kingship

3 persusit ut:persuaded(dative) that; this

common verb in Caesar governs an indirect

command (ut + impf. subj. in secondary seq.)

4 exrent: they come out; impf. subjunctive, exe,

exre in an ind. command, which can often betranslated as an inf.: persuadedto come out

perfacile esse: (and) that it is very easy ;

ind. discourse also governed by persusit

above; asyndeton, supply a conjuction between

the ind. command above and perfacile esse

cumpraestrent: since they excelled; causal

with impf. subjunctive governing abl. respect

ttius: gen. sg. (-ius) modifying Galliae

5 potr: to possess; dep. inf. potior governs an

ablative object

6 idpersusit: he persuaded them (to do) thishcquod: by this (reason)because; abl.

of cause

facilius: comparative adv. facilis, facile

7 n ex parte: on one side; from one part

flmine Rhn: abl. means; supply the verb

continentur, an example of ellipsis

8 agrum Helvtium:Helvetian land

alter ex parte: on another side; see line 7

monte Ir: by Iura range; add continentur

9 terti (ex parte): parallel with line 7 and 8

lac Lemann: abl. means, add continentur10 hs rbus: because of; abl. of cause

fibant ut: it happened that; fi governs ut

+ impf. subjunctive (noun result clause); the

subjunctives are impf. in secondary sequence

because the main verb is impf.

11 vagrentur, possent: impf. subj. vagor and

possum; in result clauses these are translated

as normal impf. indicatives; vagor is deponent

minus: comparative adverb; minor, minus

11 facile: easily; irreg. adverb from facilis, facile

fnitims: on neighbors; dat. of compound

verb (the infinitive inferre)qu ex parte:for which reason; from which

respect

12 belland: of waging war; gerund, gen. sg. with

the adj. cupidwhich in turn modifies homins

Prpr: because of; in proportion to or

according to, pr is causal in force

13 s habre: that they had; ind. discourse in

secondary sequence: angusts fns is acc. d.o.

14 milia passuum: miles; thousands of paces, a

mile is 1000 steps; subject of patbant

16 adductpermt:Helvetians influencedand moved; the participles are nom. pl.

agreeing with a missing subject

ea quae: those (things) which; ea is object of

comparre and is translated as a demonstrative

17 ea quaepertinrent: those (things) which

pertain; relative clause of characteristic is

often used to limit and characterize general

antecedents (i.e. ea) and governs an impf. subj.

in secondary sequence

ad proficiscendum:for setting out; gerund

(verbal noun) + ad expresses purposecomparre, coemere, facere, confirmre:

complementary infinitives with cnstiturunt,

supply the missing conjunction et

18 quam maximum: as great...as possible; quam

+ superlative is frequently translated as X as

possible, here it modifies numerum

quam maxims: see above, with sements

utsuppeteret: so that might suffice; ut +

impf. subj., purpose clause in secondary seq.

adconficiends:for accomplishing; for

those things going to be accomplished ad +gerundive (fut. pass. pple modifying rs) often

expresses purpose; when translating, employ a

gerund-gerundive flip: translate as a gerund

and es rs as the object of the gerund

bienniumesse: that; ind. discourse

sibi:for themselves; dat. of interest/advantage

21 inannum: into the; i.e. during, 58 BC

Translating Subjunctives

With the exception of purpose clauses (may, might) and conditional sentences (if should, would; ifwere, would; if had, would have; see pg. 19), almost all the subjunctive constructions that readers

will encounter do not require a special translation in English. Readers should simply identify the

tense (see verb synopses, pp. 74-81) and translate the subjunctive just as one would an indicative.

Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives are the most common tenses in secondary sequence.


16/72

Lesson 3: Caesar I.3.3 I.46

3.3 Ad es rs conficiends Orgetorx dligitur. Is sibi lgtinem ad

cvitts suscpit. In e itinere persudet Castic, Catamantaloedis fli,

Squan, cuius pater rgnum in Squans mults anns obtinuerat et

sent popul Rmn amicus appelltus erat, ut rgnum in cvitte su

occupret, quod pater ante habuerit; 4. itemque Dumnorig Haedu, fratr

Dvicic, qu e tempore principtum in cvitte obtinbat ac maxim pleb

acceptus erat, ut idem cnrtur persudet eque fliam suam in

matrimnium dat. 5. Perfacile fact esse ills probat cnta perficere,

proptere quod ipse suae civittis imperium obtentrus esset: 6. nn esse

dbium quin ttus Galliae plrimum Helveti possent; s sus copis suque

exercit

ill

s regna concili

t

rum c

nfirmat.7

. H

c

r

ti

ne adduct

inter s

fdem et iusirandum dant et regn occupt per trs potentissims ac

firmissims populs ttus Galliae ss potrposse sperant.

4.1 Ea rs est Helvtis per indicium nntita. Mribus sus Orgetorgem

ex vinculs causam dcere cogrunt; damntum poenam sequ oportbat, ut

igncremrtur.

2. Di cnstitt causae dictinis Orgetorx ad iudicium omnem suam

familiam, ad hominum mlia decem, undque cogit, et omns clients

obaeratsque sus, qurum magnum numerum habbat, edem condxit;peresncausamdceretsripuit.3. Cum cvits ob eam rem incitta armis

is suum exsequ cnrtur multitdinemque hominum ex agrs magistrts

cgerent, Orgetorx mortuus est; 4. neque abest suspici, ut Helveti

arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem conscverit.

1

5

10

15

20

Casticus, -m.: Casticus, 1

Catamantloedis, -is m.: Catamantaloedis, 1cliens, -entis m.: client, dependent, 2

concili (1): win over, unite, 1

condc, -ere: bring together, gather, 1

conscsc, -ere, -scv, -sctum: to agree on, decree, 1

crem (1): burn, consume by fire, 1

damn (1): condemn, punish, convict, 1

decem: ten, 3

dici, dicinis f.: sway, power, sovereignty, 2

dubius, -a, -um: doubtful, wavering, 1

ripi, -ere, -u, reptus: rescue, take from, 4

exsequor, sequ, sectum: follow/carry out 1

fact: to do (supine), 1familia, -ae f.: family, household, 2

flia, -iaef.: daughter, 4

flius, -im.: son; child, 3

firmus, -a, -um: strong, steadfast, 2

ignis, ignis, m.: fire, 2

incit (1): urge on, incite, 1

indicium, -in.: information, evidence, 1

iudicium, -n.: decision, judgment; trial 4

irandus, a, -um: to be sworn (is irdanum: oath), 4

lgtio, -nis f.: embassy, envoy, 4

magistratus, -sm.: magistrate, officer, 4

mtrimnium, -in.: marriage, matrimony, 2

morior, mor, mortuus sum: to die, 1

mors, mortis, f.: death, 3

ms, mrism.: custom, manner, law, 2

obaertus, -a, -um: indebted, 1

perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2

plebs, plbis, f.: common people, masses, 3

poena, poenae, f.: punishment, penalty, 3

potns (potentis): powerful, influential, 2

potior, -r, -tus: gain possession of, possess (abl.), 4

principtus, -s m.: leadership, rule, 4

prob (1): approve, commend, 1

spr (1): hope (for), expect, 2

suscipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: undertake, receive, 4

suspci, -cinis f.: mistrust, suspicion, 4

undque: (from) everywhere, from or on all sides, 3

vinculum, -n.: bond, chain, 1


17/72

Orgetorixs Conspiracy Fails 7

1 adconficiends:for accomplishing; for

those things going to be accomplished ad +

gerundive (fut. pass. pple modifying rs) often

expresses purpose; when translating, employ a

gerund-gerundive flip: translate as a gerundand es rs as the object of the gerund

sibi:for himself; dat. of interest/advantage

2 e: this; demonstrative pronoun

persudet Casticut:persuades Casticus

that; verb governs dat. and ind. command

3 cuius: whose; gen. sg. relative pronoun

mults anns:for; acc. of duration

4 appelltus erat: had been named; + predicatenominative; the verb behaves as a linking verb

utoccupret: that he occupy; ind. command

with persudet can often, but not always, betranslated as an infinitive: to occupy

5 quodhabuerit: pf. subj., relative clause of

characteristic, the antecedent is regnum

DumnorgHaedu: (he persuades)Dumnorix

the Aeduan; dat. i.o. of missing persudet in

a construction parallel to Castic above

6 e tempore: at ; abl. of time when

maximacceptus erat: had been especially

(well) received; governs a dative of agent (by...)

7 utcnrtur: that: ind. command

governed by persudet; impf. deponent cnridem: the same thing; id-dem, neuter acc. d.o.,

i.e. utoccupret in ll. 4-5

e: to him; dat. sg. indirect object with dat

8 perfacileesseperficere: that it is; ind.

disc. governed by probat; perficere is inf.

subject and perfacile is the pred. adj.

fact: to do; in doing abl. sg. supine (PPPstem + ) is an abl. of respect qualifying the

adj. perfacile, very easy

ills:for those (men); dat. interest

conta: the things attempted; PPP, neuter pl.9 proptere quod: because; lit. on this account

because which is a pleonasm (redundancy)

ipse: (he) himself; i.e. Orgetorix

obtentrus esset: would attain; would be

going to attain, fut. pple + sum (here impf.

subj.) is a periphrastic fut. form; verbs in

subordinate clauses in indirect disc. are very

often placed in the subjunctive

nn esse dbium: (that) he did not doubt but

that; he was not doubtful, ind. discourse10 plrimum possent: would have very much

power; common idiom in Caesar, impf. subj.

11 concilitrum (esse): that they will win over;

fut. infinitive; ind. disc., s is acc. subj.

12 ius-iurandum: a sworn oath; as one or two

words; both decline; gerundiveiur , -re

13 ttus: of the entire; gen. sg. with Galliae

ss: that they; acc. subject of posse

potr: to possess; dep. inf., regn as abl. obj.

14 Ea rs: this matter; i.e. Orgetorixs conspiracy

est.nntita: nntita est; pf. passiveper indicium: i.e. through spies and informers

mribus sus: according to their customs;from their customs, often with ex denotes

a source of action (separation) not abl. cause

15 causam dcere: to plead (his) case; idiom

damntumsequ: that (he) if condemned

follow; deponent inf., PPP is conditional

oportbat: it was necessarythat; impersonal

utcremrtur: that; ind. command

ign: ablative of means; i-stem 3rd

decl. noun

17 di cnstitt: on the; abl. of time whencausae dictinis:for the pleading of the case

admlia decem: around; ad means up toor nearly throughout this passage

18 cogit:gathered; cg (co-ag) means (a)

compel or (b) drive together; cf. ll. 15 and 22

19 edem: in the same (place); abl. place where

20 ndceret:so thatnot; neg. purpose. cf. 15

cumconrturcgerent: after; cum

clause with two impf. subjunctives

exsequ: pres. dep. infinitive, exsequor

ob eam rem: on account of this matter22 mortuus est: died; pf. deponent, morior

ut: as; common translate with indicative

23 quin sibiconscverit: that he broughtonhimself; pf. subj. conscisc


18/72

Lesson 4: Caesar I.5 I.68

5.1 Post eius mortem nihil minus Helvti id quod cnstituerant facere

cnantur, ut fnibus sus exeant. 2. Ubi iam s ad eam rem parts esse

arbitrt sunt, oppida sua omnia, numer ad duodecim, vcs ad

quadringents, reliqua prvta aedificia incendunt; 3. frmentum omne,

praeter quod scum porttr erant, combrunt, ut domum redtinis sp

sublt partirs ad omnia percula subeunda essent; trium mensum molta

cibria sibi quemque dom efferre iubent. Persudent Rauracs et Tulings et

Latobrgs finitims ut, edem s cnsili, oppids sus vcsque exusts n

cum es proficscantur, Boisque, qu trns Rhnum incoluerant et in agrum

Noricum transerant Noreiamque oppugnbant, recepts ad s socis sibi

adsciscunt.6.1 Erant omnn itinera duo, quibus itineribus dom exre possent: num

per Squans, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iram et flmen

Rhodanum, vix qu singul carr dcerentur, mns autem altissimus

impendbat, ut facile perpauc prohibre possent; 2. alterum per provinciam

nostram, mult facilius atque expedtius, proptere quod inter fns

Helvtirum et Allobrogum, qu nper pct erant, Rhodanus fluit isque

nnnllis locs vad trnstur.

3. Extrmum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvtirum fnibusGenava. Ex e oppid pns ad Helvtis pertinet. Allobrogibus ss vel

persusrs, quod nndum bon anim in populum Rmnum vidrentur,

existimbant vel v coactrs ut per sus fns es re paterentur. Omnibus

rbus ad profectinem compartis diem dcunt, qu di ad rpam Rhodan

omns conveniant. Is dis erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Psne, A. Gabni

cnsulibus.

1

5

10

15

20

25

A.: Aulus, 1aedificium, -in.: building, edifice, 1

alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 1

altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 2

angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 2

April, Aprilis m.: April, 2

ascisc, -ere, ascv, -sctum: to take to, add, 1

Boii, -rum m.: Boians (Bohemians) 4

bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful 2

cibria, -rum n.: rations, rationed food, 1

combur, -ere, -uss, -ustum: burn up, 1

compar (1): prepare, acquire, get ready, 4

difficilis, difficile: hard, difficult, 2

duodecim: twelve, 1

effer, -ferre, -tul,ltus: raise, lift up 1

expedtus, -a, -um: unimpeded, fast, 3

extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 3

exr, -ere, -ss, -stum: to burn up, consume, 1

flu

, -ere, fl

x

, fl

xus: flow, 2Gabinius, -m.: Gabinius, 1

Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3

hc: to this place, hither, here 1

impende, -re: hang over, threaten, 1

incend, -ere, -, -nsus: kindle, burn, 2

Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3

Kal.: Kalends, 1

Latovc, -rum m.: Latovicians, 3

mensis, -is m.: month, 3molior, -r, moltum: set into motion, stir, 1

mors, mortis, f.: death, 3

nndum: not yet, 2

Noreia, -ae f.: Noreia, 1

Noricum, -m.: Noricum (modern Austria) 2

nper: recently, lately, newly, 3

oppugn (1): capture by assault, attack, 3

pc (1): to placify, subdue, 1


19/72

The Helvetians Follow Orgetorixs Plan: Two Possible Routes 9

pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2

perpauc, -ae, -a: very few, 2

pns, pontis m.; a bridge, 3

port (1): carry, bear, bring, 1

post: after, behind (+ acc.); afterward, next, 2

praeter: beyond, past (+ acc.), 3

prvtus, -a, -um: personal, private, 2

profectio, -nis f.: departure, 2

quadringenti: four hundred, 1

quisque, quidque: each one, each person, 3

Raurc, -rum: Rauraci, 2

rediti, -nis f.: return, going back, 1

sube, -re, -i, -itum: approach, undergo, 2

toll, ere, sustul, subltum: raise, destroy, 4

Tuling, -rum m.: Tulingi, 4

V.: Valerius, 1

vadum, -n.: shallows, shoal, ford, 2vcus, -m.: village, town, 4

vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 1

1 eius: his; i.e. Orgetorix, gen. sg.

nihil minus: no less; less by nothing, comp.

adverb; nihil is abl. degree of difference

id quod: that which; id is object of facere

2 utexeant: (namely) that; pres. subj. exe,in a noun purpose clause in apposition to id

ad eam rem:for this matter; expresses purpose

s: that they; acc. subject of parts esse

3 arbitrt sunt: pf. deponent

numer: in number; abl. of respect

ad: around; up to or nearly

5 praeter quod: except (that) which

scum: cum s

porttrerant: were going to carry;

periphrastic fut. (fut. act. pple + impf. sum)

utessent: so that; result, impf. sumsp sublt: with hope having been carried off;

abl. absolute, pf. pass. pple from toll

6 adsubeunda:for approaching; for all

dangers going to be approached, a gerundive

sube + ad expresses purpose and is best

translated through a gerund-gerundive flip as a

gerund + object: for approaching all dangers

molta: ground; i.e flour, PPP set in motion

8 utproficiscantur: that; an alternative

spelling for ut (note: the pres. inf. for tor is t

with an initial long-u); introducing an ind.command with pres. subj.

s: having employed; nom. pl. PPP, deponent

tor governs an ablative object

n: altogether; adverb formed from an abl.

10 trnserant: pluperfect of trnse

scis: (as) allies; in apposition to Boisque

12 erant: there were

itinera: routes

quibuspossent: by which; rel. clause of

characteristic; impf. subj. of possum, quibus is

a relative adj. with itineribus, which is

redundant and may be left untranslateddom:from home; place from which

num: one (route); in apposition to itinera

14 qu: by which (way); or where, abl. as adv.

qudcerentur: relative clause of

characteristic with impf. subjunctive, the path

is so narrow that carts must pass one at a time

15 utpossent: so that; result clause, impf. subj.

facile: easily; irregular 3rd decl. adv. facilis, -e

alterum (iter): the other (route); in apposition

to itinera (line 12) and parallel to num

16 mult: much; lit. by much, abl. degree ofdifference modifies comparative adjectives

faclius atque expedtius: comparative adjs.,

neuter singular modifying alterum (iter)

proptere quod: because; 3rd

instance so far

18 vad: in the shallows; in a ford; place where

20 sspersusrs (esse)coactrs (esse):

that they would persuade or compel; fut. inf.

21 bon anim: seemed not yet of good will to;

abl. of quality in the predicative position

22 v: irregular ablative of means, vs

paterentur: they (Allobrogs) allow; impf.subj. of the deponent patior (3rd-io)

23 diem dcunt qu di: they name the day on

which (day); ablative time when

24 a(nte) d(iem) V. Kal(ends) Apr(ilis):5th day

before the Kalends of April; March 28th, 58

L. Psnecnsulibus: abl. abs; add being


20/72


7.1 Caesar cum id nntitum esset, es per prvinciam nostram iter facere

cnr, mtrat ab urbe proficsc et quam maxims potest itineribus in

Galliam ulterirem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. 2. Prvinciae tt

quam maximum potest mlitum numerum imperat (erat omnn in Galli

ulterire legina), pontem, querat ad Genavam, iubet rescind.

3. Ubi d eius advent Helvti certirs fact sunt, legts ad eum mittunt

nobilssims civittis, cuius legtinis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem

locum obtinbant, qu dcerent sibi esse in anim sine ll malefici iter per

prvinciam facere, proptere quod aliud iter habrent nllum: rogre ut eius

voluntte id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memori tenbat L. Cassium

consulem occ

sum exercitumque eius ab Helv

ti

s pulsum et sub iugummissum, cncdendum nn putbat; 4. neque hmins inimc anim, dat

facultte per provinciam itineris faciend, tempertrs ab iniri et

malefici existimbat. 5. Tamen, ut spatium intercdere posset dum mlits

qus imperverat convenrent, lgts respondit diem se ad dlberandum

smptrum: squid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur.

1

5

10

15

April, Aprilis m.: April, 2

Cassius, -m.: Cassius, 3

dlber (1): consider, consult, weigh, 1

Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3

inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 2

intercd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: come or go between, 3

iugum, -n.: yoke, (mountain) range, 4


maleficium, -in.; wrongdoing, crime, 3

mtr (1): to hasten, make haste, 2

Nammeius, -im.: Nammeius, 1

occd, -ere, occid, occsus: kill, cut down 4


rescind, -ere, scid, scissum: cut back, 1

spatium, -in.: space, room, extent, 4

temper (1): refrain from, keep from, 2

ulterior, -ius: farther, 4urbs, urbis, f.: city, 2

Veruclotius, im.: Verucloetius, 1


21/72

Caesar Decides to Stop the Helvetians 11

1 Caesar: to Caesar; Caesar talks about himself

in the 3rd

person; dat. sg. of nntitum esset

nntitum esset: plpf. pass. subjunctive in a

temporal clause with cum, after or when

idescnr: this(namely) that theyattempt; acc. subject and deponent inf. (indirectdisc.) in apposition to id

2 quamitineribus: in as rapid marches as

possible; with the greatest marches as it is

possible, quam + superlative is as X as

possible, potest is impersonal: it is possible

3 Gallia ulterirem:further Gaul; i.e. the

Province (Transalpine Gaul) in southern France

contendit: hastens

4 Prvinciae ttimperat: ordered from the

entire Province; dat. indirect object; tt isdat. sg. of ttus (gen. ttus)

quamnumerum: as great a number ofsoldiers possible; a greatest number of

soldiers as it is able; see line 2

4 imperat.(et) pontemiubet: supply the

missing conjunction et, asyndeton, which

suggests that Caesar is quick and decisive

5 ad Genavam: near Geneva

rescind: present passive infinitive

6 eius: his; i.e. Caesars

certirs fact sunt: were informed; weremade more certain, common idiom in Caesar,

certirs is a pred. nominative7 cuius legtinis: of which embassy; rel. adj.

8 qudcerent: who would say; relative clause

of purpose, impf. subj. dc, which one may

translate as a regular purpose clause: to say

sibi esse in anim: that he had in mind; + inf.,

there is to him in mind, dat. of possession

9 proptere quod: because; lit. on this account

because, 4th

and final instance of this phrase

habrent: they had; impf. subj., subordinateclauses within indirect discourse govern verbs

in the subjunctive

rogre utlicret: they asked that it beallowed; historical inf. and ind. command

eius voluntte: with his permission

10 memori tenbat: in memory; abl. of means,

a common idiom for he recalled or he

remembered

L. Cassiumoccsum (esse), exercitumque

pulsum (esse)missum (esse): two

separate instances of indirect discourses (two

acc. subjects) governed by tenbat, supply

esse to form pf. passive infinitives

11 occsum (esse): had been killed; pf. pass. inf.

pulsum (esse): pf. pass. inf. pellsub iugum missum (esse): had been sentunder the yoke; i.e. had been enslaved

12 cncdendum nn (esse sibi): that he must

not yield; that it is not going to be yielded by

him, a passive periphrastic (gerundive + form

of sum) which expresses obligation or

necessity, often with a dative of agent

hominstempertrs (esse): that

peoplewould not refrain; fut. inf. governed

by existimbat

inimc anim: of hostile intent; abl. ofdescription modifying homins

dat facultte: ablative absolute13 itineris faciend: of making a journey; of a

journey going to be made gerundive modifies

gen. iter which is better translated through a

gerundive-gerund flip

ab inri..malefici:from; abl. separation

with tempertrs (esse)

14 ut spatiumposset:so that; purpose

clause with impf. subj.; spatium is subject

15 ssmptrum (esse): that he; indirectdiscourse, supply esse for the future inf.

ad dliberandum:for deliberating; ad +gerund expressing purpose, which can also be

translated as an infinitive: to deliberate

16 quid; anything; aliquis, aliquid is a common

indefinite pronoun (anyone, anything), but

quis, quid is commonly used as an indefinite

(who anyone; what anything) after s,

nisi, num, and n. The mnemonic for this

construction is the jingle After s, nisi, num,

and n, all the alis go away (in other wordsindefinite aliquid becomes just quid)

svellent,reverterentur: if they should

wish, they could return; in direct disc. afuture less vivid condition (spres. subj., pres.

subj.) which are placed in impf. subjunctive in

indirect discourse in secondary sequence

ad Id(s) April(is): near the Ides of April; the

13th

of April, the Ides denotes the time of the

month when there is a full moon; Ids is 4th

decl. acc. pl. and Aprilis is gen. sg.


22/72

Lesson 6: Caesar I.8 I.912

8.1 Intere e legine, quam scum habbat, mlitibusque, qu ex Prvinci

convnerant lac Lemann, qu in flmen Rhodanum nfluit, ad montem

Iram, qu fns Squanrum ab Helvtis dvidit, mlia passuum decem

novem, mrum in altitdinem pedum sdecim fossamque perdcit. 2. E

opere perfect, praesidia dispnit, castella commnit, qu facilius, s s

invt transre cnrentur, prohibre possit.

3. Ubi ea dis, quam cnstituerat cum lgts, vnit et lgt ad eum

revertrunt, negat s mre et exempl popul Rmn posse iter ll per

Prvinciam dare et, svim facere cnentur, prohibitrum ostendit. 4. Helvti

e sp diect, nvibus iuncts ratibusque complribus facts, ali vads

Rhodan

, qu

minima altit

d

fl

minis erat, n

n numquam interdi

, saepiusnoct, sperrumpere possent cnt, operis mntine et militum concurs et

tls repuls, hc cnt dstitrunt.

9.1 Relinqubtur na per Squans via, qu, Squans invits, propter

angustis re nn poterant. 2. Hs cum su sponte persudre nn possent,

lgts ad Dumnorgem Aeduum mittunt, ut e dprectre Squans

impetrrent. 3. Dumnorx grti et largtine apud Squans plrimum

poterat, et Helvtis erat amcus, quod ex e civitte Orgetorgis fliam in

matrimnium dxerat et, cupiditte regn adductus, nvs rbus studbat etquam plrims cvitts su benefici habre obstricts volbat. 4. Itaque

rem suscipit et Squans impetrat ut per fns sus Helvtis re patiantur,

obsidsque ut inter ss dent perficit: Squan, n itinere Helvtis

prohibeant; Helvti, ut sine malefici et iniri trnseant.

1

5

10

15

20

altitd, -inis f.: height, depth, altitude, 3

angustia, -ae f.: narrowness, straitness, 4

castellum, -n.: fortress, stronghold, fort, citadel, 1

communi, -re, -i, -tum: to fortify strongly, 1

complres n.: several, 4

contus, -s m.: attempt, effort, 1

concursus, -s m.: running together, gathering, 1

cupidits, -ttis f.: desire, eagerness for, 3

decem: ten, 3

dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: hurl down 1dprector, -ris m.: interceder, one who intercedes, 1

dsist, -ere, -stit: desist, cease, give up, 4

dispn, -ere: arrange distribute, 1

exemplum, -n.: example, 2

flia, -iaef.: daughter, 4

fossa, -ae f.: ditch, trench, 1

influ, -ere, inflx: to flow in, 3

interdi: by day, during the day, 1

interdum: sometimes, now and then, 2

invtus, -a, -um: unwilling, 3

iung, -ere, iunx, iunctum: join, attach, 2

Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3

lacus, -s m.: lake, pond, pool, 2

largti, -tinis f.: generosity, giving much; bribery, 1

Lemannus, -m.: (w/ lacus) Lake Geneva, 2

maleficium, -in.; wrongdoing, crime, 3

mtrimnium, -in.: marriage, matrimony, 2

minimus, -a, -um: very little, 2

ms, mrism.: custom, manner, law, 2

mntio, -inis f.: fortification, paving, 3

mrus, -m.: (city) wall, rampart, 2

nvis, nvis, f.: ship, boat, 2

neg (1): to deny, say thatnot, 1

noct: by night; abl. as adv. nox, noctis, 1

novem: nine, 1

numquam: never, 3

obstring, -ere, -strinx, -strictum: to confine, bind, 1

perdc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead through 1

perrump, -ere, -rp, -ruptum: break through, 1

ratis, ratis f.: raft, 2

repell, -ere, reppul, -pulsum: drive back, repulse, 1

sdecim: sixteen, 2


23/72

13

sponte: willingly, voluntarily, 2

stude, -re, u: be eager, strive after, 1

suscipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: undertake, receive, 4

vadum, - n.: shallows, shoal, ford, 2

via, -ae, f.: road, way, path, 3

1 scum: cum s; s is a 3rd person reflexive

pronoun, which refers to the subject

(mnemonic: s as in Subject)

3 fns: borders; ends or territory

mlia passuum decem novem:for miles;

thousands of paces; acc. of extent of space

decem novem:XIX; typically there is an et

joined these two numbers, modifies mlia

4 in altitdinem: (up) to a height

pedum sdecim: of; gen. of quality

perd

cit: draws up; i.e. builds; the verbdc is often used for digging and building

walls (to draw up a wall); here the wall and

ditch form a sheer fact of 16 feet; as often,

Caesar is subject of 3rd sg. verbs without a

subject

Eperfect: abl. absolute; e as an adjective

is demonstrative: translate as this or that

5 dispnit (et)commnit: asyndeton (lack of

conjunction) emphasizes Caesars decisiveness

qupossit: that may be able; adverbial

purpose clauses may begin with ut or quo(whereby = ut e, that thereby)

facilius: comparative adverb

s invt: abl. absolute; add being, without a

pple for sum, subject and pred. assume the abl.

6 cnrentur:

8 negat: he says that not; or denies that

spossedare: that; indirect discourse,

translate dare as to grant or to allow

mre et exempl: by; i.e. in accordance

with; abl. of cause

ll: dat. sg. ofllus (gen. llus, dat. ll)9 vim facere: to carry out force; use force

prohibitrum (esse): fut. inf., supply Caesar

as subject

10 nvibusfacts: two ablative absolutes

ali: others; in apposition to Helvti: some

crossed by boat, others crossed on foot

vads: in the shallows, abl. of place where

11 qu: where

nn numquam: sometimes; not never,

litotes, parallel to the adverb saepius

saepius: comparative adverb

13 repuls: PPP governs preceding ablatives

hc cnt:from this; abl. of separation

14 qu: where; abl. place where

Squans invts: abl. absolute; add being,

without a pple for sum, just as in line 5; here l

likely conditional in force: if the Sequanians

were unwilling Caesar suggests that the Gauls

would be unwilling to let Helvetians pass

15 Hs: i.e. Sequanians, dat. obj. of persu

dre

su sponte: by their own will

16 utimpetrret: obtain (what is requested);

purpose

edprectre: this one (being) an

interceder, abl. abs., supply pple for sum

17 grti et largtine: because of; abl. of

cause

plrimum poterat: was very powerful; idiom

19 cupiditte regnadductus: compare the

same description of Orgetorix pg. 4, line 2

novs rebus studbat: was eager forrevolution; eager for new things

20 quam plrims: as many as possible

su benefici: by his favor

obstricts: bound; i.e. by obligations

21 utpatiantur: that allow; noun result

clause; pres. subjunctive patior

22 obsidsqueperficit: normal word order:

perficit utobsids inter s dent; the ut

clause is another noun result clause

perficit: brings it about that

inter ss: to one another; amongthemselves

23 Squan: supply give hostages, which is

missing through ellipsis

nut: so thatso that; negative and

positive purpose clauses

itinere:from; abl. of separation

23 trnseant: pres. subjunctive of transe

Helvti: supply give hostages, which is

missing through ellipsis


24/72

Lesson 7: Caesar I.10 I.11.314

10.1 Caesar renntitur, Helvtis esse in anim per agrum Squanrum et

Aedurum iter in Santonum fns facere, qunn long Tolstium fnibus

absunt, quae cvits est in Provinci. 2. Id s feret, intellegbat magn cum

pericul Prvinciae futrum ut homins bellicss, populRmn inimcs,

locs patentibus maximque frmentris fnitims habret. 3. Ob es causs

e mntin quam fcerat T. Labinum legtum praefcit; ipse in Italiam

magns itineribus contendit, dusque ibi legins cnscrbit, et trs, quae

circum Aquileiam hiembant, ex hberns dcit et, qu proximum iter in

ulterirem Galliam per Alps erat, cum es quinque leginibus re contendit.

4. Ibi Ceutrons et Graiocelet Caturgs, locs superiribus occupts, itinere

exercitum prohib

re c

nantur. Compl

ribus e

s proeli

s puls

s, ab Ocel

,quod est citeriris Prvinciae extrmum, in fns Vocontirum ulteriris

Prvinciae di septim pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fns, ab Allobrogibus

in Segsivs exercitum dcit. H sunt extr Prvinciam trns Rhodanum

prm.

11.1 Helvti iam per angustis et fns Squanrum sus cpis

trdxerant, et in Aedurum fns pervnerant erumque agrs

populbantur. 2. Aedu, cum s suaque ab es defendere nn possent, lgts

ad Caesarem mittunt rogtum auxilium: 3. ita s omn tempore d populRmn merits esse ut paene in cnspect exercits nostr agr vstr,

lbererum in servittem abdc, oppida expugnrnn debuerint.

1

5

10

15

20

abduc, -ere, dx, ductum: to lead away, 1

Alps, -ium f.: Alps, 1

angustia, -ae f.: narrowness, straitness, 4

Aquilia, -ae f.: Aquileia (city on the Adriatic)

bellicsus, -a, -um: warlike, 1

Caturgs, -um m.: Caturiges, 1

Ceutrons, -um m.: Ceutrones (tribe) 1

circum: around, round about, 2citerior, -ius: on the other side, hither, 3

complres n.: several, 4

conscrib, -ere, -scrips, -scriptum: enlist, register, 2

conspectus, -s, f.: look, sight, view, 3

dfend, -ere, -fend, -fensus: ward off, repel, 4

dcitdc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: lead out, 3

expugn (1): to capture by assault, assault, 1

extr: outside; beyond, outside of (acc), 1

extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 3

Graiocel, -rum m.: Graioceli (Gallic Alpine tribe), 1

hibernus, -a, -um: of winter, wintry, 3hiemo (1): spend the winter, pass the winter, 1


inde: from there, then, afterward, 2

inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 2

talia, -ae f.: Italy, 3

longus -a, -um: long, 4

meritus, -a, -um: deserved, due, just, 3

mntio, -inis f.: fortification, paving, 3

Ocelum, -m.: Ocelum (Gallic town), 1

paene: almost, nearly, 3

pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2populor, -r, popultus sum: lay waste, devastate, 2

praefici, -ere, -fc: set over, put in charge over, 3

quinque: five, 3renunti, (1): bring back word, report, announce, 3

Santons, -um m.: Santones (Gallic tribe on coast) 2

Segusiv, -rum m.: Segusiavi (Gallic tribe), 1

septimus, -a, -um: seventh, 3

servits, servittis, f.: servitude, 3

T.: Titus, 2

Tolsts, -ium m.: Tolosati (Gallic tribe in the

Province), 1

ulterior, -ius: farther, 4vast (1): lay waste, 1

Voconti, -rum m.: Vocontii (tribe in Province), 1


25/72

151 renntitur: it is reported; impersonal

Helvtis esse in anim: that the Helvetians

have; to the Helvetians are dat. of possession

in ind. disc., often translated with verb have

2 Santonum: gen. pl. modifyingfnslong:far; common translation for this adv.

3 feret: translate in impf. impf. subj. fi, fier

Prvinciae: to the Province; dat. of interest

futrum (esse): it; future inf., sum

4 ut hominshabret: that (the Province)

have; that it have, noun result clause, the

subject of futrum (esse) above

5 locsfrmentris: to places; dat. object of

special adjective fnitims: Helvetians are a

threat because they neighbor the food supply

6 emntin: this fortification; dat. objectof the compound verbpraefcit

7 magns itineribus: with long marches

8 qu: where; abl. place where

9 ulterirem Galliam:farther Gaul

cum es: with these; demonstrative pronoun

10 locsoccuptts: abl. abs.

superiribus: higher; comparative adjective

itinere: abl. of place where

11 Complribuspulss: abl. abs.

12 citeririsulteriris: Nearer Province, just

as Nearer Gaul, is Northern Italy on Romes

side of the Alps while Farther Province or

Farther Gaul is Southern France, on the farther

side of the Alps

14 in Segsivs: among

16 sus cpis: this word can mean troops, butthe larger context suggests that this group

must include all of the Helvetians, translators

may have to be satisfied with supplies

17 erumque: andtheir; i.e. the Aeduans

18 cumpossent: since; causal in sense, impf.

subj. possum

suaque: and their own (property); their own

things neuter pl. parallel to reflexive s,

19 rogtum: to ask; acc. supine of rog, rogre

often expresses purpose; in English we can

express purpose with an inf.19 smerits esse: (namely) that they; ind.

disc. in pf. pass.; in apposition to auxilium

omn tempore: abl. time when; i-stem abl.

abj.; translate tempore as occasion

20 itautdebuerint : sothat; result clause,

translate pf. subj. debe as a pf. indicative,

agr (debuerint).(et) lber (debuerint)

(et) oppidadebuerint: three subjects rely

on the same verb missing through ellipsis; one

must supply conjunctions missing through

asyndeton

Popular Uses of Subjunctive in CaesarPractical Note: identify and translate most subjunctives in the tense you find them.

How to identify special translation example

1. Purpose, adverbial ut/n (neg.) may/might ut Caesar mitteret

or relative so that Caesar might send

2. Result, adverbial ut/ut nn (neg.) none ut Caesar mitteret

or noun clause that Caesar sent

3. Cum-Clauses Cum + subjunctive none Cum Caesar mitteret

When Caesar sent

4. Indirect Question interrogatives: e.g. quis, cr none nvit qus Caesar mitteret

he learned whom Caesar sent

5. Indirect Command commanding verb + ut/n (neg.) none persusit ut Caesar mitteret

he persuaded that Caesar send

6. Relative Clause of relatives: qu, quod+ subj. none es qus Caesar mitteret

Characteristic those whom Caesar sent

7. Verb in Subordinate any subordinate verb in none es, s id mitteret, lgere

Clause in Ind. Disc. an acc. + inf. construction that they read it, if he sentit

8. Future-Less-Vivid spres. subj., pres. subj. should/would s sit, mittat

if he shouldbe...he would send

9. Pres. Contrafactual s impf. subj., impf. subj. were/would s esset, mitteret

if he werehe would send

10. Past Contrafactual splpf. subj., plpf. subj. had/would have s fuisset, msisset

if he hadbeenhe would have


26/72

Lesson 8: Caesar I.11.4 I.1216

11.4 Edem tempore AeduAmbarr, necessri et cnsanguineAedurum,

Caesarem certirem faciunt ss, dpopults agrs, nn facile ab oppids

vim hostium prohibre. 5. Item Allobrogs, qu trns Rhodanum vcs

possessinsque habbant, fug s ad Caesarem recipiunt, et dmnstrant

sibi praeter agr solum nihil esse reliqu. 6. Quibus rbus adductus Caesar

nn exspectandum sibi statuit dum, omnibus fortns socirum cnsumpts,

in Santons Helvtipervenrent.

12.1 Flmen est Arar, quod per fns Aedurum et Sequanrum in

Rhodanum nfluit, incrdibil lnitte, ita ut oculs in utram partem fluat

iudicr nn possit. Id Helvti ratibus ac lintribus inctis trnsbant. 2. Ubi

per expl

r

tor

s Caesar certior factus est tr

s iam part

s c

pi

rum Helv

ti

sid flmen tradxisse, qurtam fere partem citr flmen Ararim reliquam

esse, d terti vigili cum leginibus tribus castrs profectus ad eam partem

pervnit, quae nndum flmen trnsierat. 3. Es impedits et inopnants

aggressus magnam partem erum concdit: reliqu ss fugae mandrunt

atque in proxims silvs abdidrunt. 4. Is pgus appellbtur Tigurnus: nam

omnis cvits Helvtia in quattuor pagos divisa est.

5. Hic pagus nus, cum dom exsset, patrum nostrrum memori, L.

Cassium cnsulem interfecerat et eius exercitum sub iugum mserat. 6. Itasve cs sve cnsili derum immortlium, quae pars cvittis Helvtiae

insignem calamittem popul Rmn intulerat, ea prnceps poens

persolvit. 7. Qu in r Caesar nn slum pblics sed etiam prvts niris

ultus est, quod eius socer L. Psnis avum, L. Psnem lgtum, Tigurn

edem proeli qu Cassium interfcerant.

1

5

10

15

20

abd, -ere, -did, -ditus: to hide, put away, 2

adgredior, -, aggressus sum: attack, 2

Ambarr, -rum m.: Ambarr (tribe in N.W. Gaul), 2avus, avm.: grandfather, 1

Cassius, -m.: Cassius, 3

csus, -s m.: misfortune, mishap; fall 1

citr: this side of (acc), 1

concd, -ere, -cd, -csum: cut up, kill, destroy, 1????

cnsanguineus, -a, -um: related by blood, kindred, 2

consum, -ere, -mps, -mptum: take, use up, spend, 1

dmonstr(1): to show, demonstrate, 1

dpopulor, -r, -tum sum: ravage, lay waste, 1

deus, -m.: god, divinity, deity, 2

exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 3

fer: almost, nearly, closely, 4flu, -ere, flx, flxus: flow, 2


immortlis, -e: immortal, 2

impedi, -re: entangle, ensnare, hinder, hamper, 3

incrdibilis, -e: unbelieveable, 1

influ, -ere, inflx: to flow in, 3

inopnns, inopnantis: un expecting, unawares, 1nsignis, -e: distinguished, conspicuous, 2

interfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: kill, slay, destroy, 4

iugum, -n.: yoke, (mountain) range, 4

iung, -ere, iunx, iunctum: join, attach, 2

lnits, -ttis f.: gentleness, mildness, 1

linter, lintris f.: boat, skiff, 2

nndum: not yet, 2

oculus, -, m.: eye, 2

pgus, -m.: district, canton, 3

persolv, -ere, -solv, -soltum: to pay in full, 1

poena, poenae, f.: punishment, penalty, 3

possessi, -inis f.: possession, 3praeter: beyond, past (+ acc.), 3

prvtus, -a, -um: personal, private, 2

prfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: accomplish, produce, 1

quattuor: four, 4


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17

ratis, ratis f.: raft, 2

Santons, -um m.: Santones (Gallic tribe on coast) 2

silva, -ae f.: wood, forest, woodland, 2

socer, socerm.: father-in-law, 1

solum, -b.: soil, ground, land, 1

Tigurn, -rum m.: Tigurini (people of Helvetia), 1

Tigurnus, -m.: Tigurinus (district in Helvetia), 2

ulciscor, -, ultum: avenge, take vengeance 2

uter, utra, utrum: each or one (of two), 4

vcus, -m.: village, town, 4

1 AeduAmbarr: the Aeduan Ambarri

2 certirem faciunt: inform; make certain a

common double acc., certirem is an acc. pred.

ss: that they; acc. subj. of posse

nn facileposse: that (it is) not easy that

be able; add esse to complete the impersonalconstruction with neut. sg. predicate facile

4 fug: in flight

s

recipiunt: retreat; take themselves back,s recipere is an common idiom for retreating

5 sibiesse: that; ind. disc., dat. of possession,

to themis, can be translated as they have

solum:soil; obj. of praeter, modified by agr

nihilreliqu: nothing remaining; partitive

genitive with nihil

Quibus rbus: by these state of affairs; by

which English prefers the demonstrative in

transitions6 exspectandum (esse) sibi: that he must not;

is going to be waited for by him; ind. disc., apassive periphrastic (gerundive + sum)

expresses obligation or necessity, often with

dat. of agent; in English translate in the active

7 in: among

9 incrdibil lnitte: of; abl. of quality

in utram partem fluat: ind. question

10 possit: it is able; translate as impersonal

ratibusiuncts: abl. abs., PPP iung

13 trnsbant: impf. trnse11 certior factus est: see line 2 above

trs part

s: acc. object of tr

dxisse,Helvtis: acc. subject of trdxisse

12 Id flmen: across; second acc. obj. of the

compound verb, trndxisse

(et) qurtemesse: that a fourthwas; ind.

discouse; asyndeton, add a conjunction

13 d terti vigili: during the 3rd

watch; from

the 3rd

watch

profectus: deponent PPP, proficscor

14 trnsierat: plpf. trnse

es impedts: those burdened; i.e. with

perhaps supplies, children, and the elderly15 mand(v)runt: entrusted (acc.) to (dat.);

syncopated form for 3rd

pl. pf. mand

17Helvtia

:Helvetian; modifies c

vit

s18 dom exsset: it had departed from home;

abl. place from which; plpf. subjunctive exe,

patrum nostrrum memori: within the

memory of our fathers; vague abl. of time

within; Cassius was defeated in 107 BC

19 sub iugum: under the yoke (of slavery); hence

the English word subjugate

20 svesve: whetheror

quae parsea: which partthis; relativeadjective, the antecedent is ea below

21 popul

R

m

n

: upon; dat. of compoundverb

intulerat: plpf. infer

ea: this (part); demonstative, nom. subject

prnceps: i.e. was the first to pay

22 qu in r: in this matter; in which matter

nn slumsed etiam: not onlybut also

23 ultus est: pf. deponent ulcscor

eiusavum: thegrandfather of his father-in-

law Lucius Piso; eius, his, refers to Caesar;L. Calpurnius Piso is the father of J. Caesars

wife, Calpurnia24 edem proeli: abl. place where

qu Cassium (interfcerant): in which; r

relative cl.; abl. place where; supply main verb

also as the missing verb in the relative clause


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13.1 Hc proeli fact, reliqus cpis Helvtirum ut cnsequ posset,

pontem in Arare faciendum crat atque ita exercitum trdcit. 2. Helvti

repentn eius advent commt, cum id quod ips dibus xx aegerrim

confcerant, ut flmen trnsrent, illum n di fcisse intellegerent, lgts

ad eum mittunt; cuius lgtinis Dvic princeps fuit, qubell Cassin dux

Helvtirum fuerat. 3. Is ita cum Caesare git: s pcem populus Rmnus

cum Helvtis faceret, in eam partem itrs atque ibi futrs Helvtis ubi

es Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset; 4. sn bell persequ

persevrret, reminscertur et veters incommodpopulRmn et prstinae

virttis Helvtirum. 5. Quod imprvsnum pgum adortus esset, cum e

qu

fl

men transissent su

s auxilium ferre n

n possent, n

ob eam rem autsuae magnopere virtt tribueret aut ipss dspiceret. 6. S ita patribus

maioribusque sus didicisse, ut magis virtte quam dol contenderent aut

insidis nterentur. 7. Qur n committeret ut is locus ubi cnstitissent ex

calamitte popul Rmn et internecine exercits nmen caperet aut

memoriam prderet.

1

5

10

15

adorior, -r, -ortus sum: rise up, attack, 2

aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, weary, 1

Cassinus, -m.: of Cassius, 1

consequor, -, sectus: follow after; pursue 3

cr (1): care for, attend to, manage, 1

dspici, -ere, -spex, -spectum: to look down upon, 1

disc, -ere, didic, --: learn, learn how, 1

Dvic, -nis m.: Divico (Helvetian leader), 2

dolus, dolm.: trick, deceit, 1

dux, ducism../f.: leader, guide, chieftain, 2

imprvs: unexpectedly, suddenly, 1

incommodum,n.: inconvenience, unpleasantness, 1

insidiae, -rum, f.: ambush, plot, trap, 2

interneci, -ciaonis f.: massacre, 1


magis: more, rather, 4

magnpere: greatly, very much, 1

ntor, nt, nxus sum: to lean, support, strive, 1

nmen, nminis n.: name, 4

pgus, -m.: district, canton, 3

persequor, -sequ, -sectus sum: follow up, pursue 2

persever (1): to persist, persevere, 1


pristinus, -a, -um: former, previous, earlier 1

prd, ere, did, ditum: bring forth; betray 1

reminiscor, -,: to recall to mind, remember (gen) 1

repentnus, -a, -um: sudden, unexpected, 1

sn: but if, if however, 1

tribu, -ere, -u, -tum: distribute, bestow, assign, 2


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19

1 Hcfact: abl. abs.

reliqusHelvtirum: object of deponent

inf. cnsequwithin the purpose clause

2 pontemfaciendum (esse): thatmust be;

(is) going to be made, passive periphrastic(gerundive + sum) expresses obligation ornecessity, here an inf. in indirect disc.

3 id quod: that which; id is obj. of fcisse

dibus xx: within; abl. of time within

aegerrim: with the greatest difficulty

4 uttrnsrent: (namely) that they crossed

the river; noun result clause, in apposition to id

illumfcisse: that that one; illum is acc.

subj. and refers to Caesar, obj. of the aor. inf. of

faci is id, at the beginning of the cum-clause

n di: within; in contrast to dibus xx5 cuius lgtinis: of which embassy; cuius is a

relative adjectivebell Cassin: in; abl. of time when, i.e. the

war in which Cassius was consul, see I.12

6 Is: this one; i.e. Divico

git: discussed; i.e. engaged, pf. ag

sfaceretitrs (esse)futrs (esse):

that ifwould make,would gowould be; the

beginning of a long ind. disc. aftergit; this

clause is a future-more-vivid condition (s fut.

ind., fut. ind.) in ind. discourse in secondarysequence: impf. subj. faci, fut. inf. e and sum

7 ubiconstituissetvoluisset: where; plpf.subj. (translate as plpf. ind.)

8 snperservrret, reminscertur: or if he

should, let him remember both; + gen. obj.,

a mixed condition, reminscertur is a jussive

subj. where the pres. subjunctive becomes impf.

in secondary sequence

bell persequ: abl. of means and deponent inf.

9 incommod: a euphemism for disaster

10 Quod: because

adortus esset: plpf. deponent; translate as

a plpf. indicative; verbs in subordinate

clauses become subjunctive in ind. disc.

equ: those who; e is nom. sg. of is, ea, id11 sus: to their own (people); dat. ind. object of

ferre

ferre: complementary inf. fer governed by

possent, impf. subj. of possum

ntribueretdspiceret: let him not either

addor look down upon; negative jussive

clauses (originally pres. subj.) become impf.

subj. in secondary sequence

autaut: eitheror

12 suae virtt: to; dat obj. of tribueret

ipss: i.e. the Helvetianssdidicisse: (and) that they; s is acc.

subj. and refers to the Helvetians, the inf. is pf.inf. disc

13 maioribus: ancestors; those greater (in age),

a common meaning for comparative maiors

itaut:sothat they; result clause

magisquam: (they contend) morethan

they contend; verb missing through ellipsis

14 qur:for which reason; by which matter,

an abl. of cause; at the beginning of a queston

Qu r...? means why? or for what reasonn committeret utprderet: let him not

arrange that this place where they had made astand receive its name or pass on a memory

from the calamity of the Roman people and

slaughter of the army; a negative jussive subj.

(secondary seq.) introducing a noun result

clause, Divico threatens a battle that will be as

notorious as the battle of Cassius in 107 BC

cnstitissent: they had made a stand

15 exexercits: a single prepositional phrase

Gerundives

A gerundive, a future passive participle (stem + nd + 1st

& 2nd

decl. endings) agrees with a noun in

case, number, and gender. Though it can be translated many ways: going/about/worthy to be

freed or to be freed, we often employ a gerund-gerundive flip and translate it as a gerund:

Genitive su liberand for freeing themselves

bell inferendcaus for the sake of waging war gen. + caus expresses purpose

Accusative ad nvs reficiends for repairing ships ad + gerundive expresses purposeAblative in petend pce in seeking peace

Passive Periphrastic (gerundive + sum ) expresses obligation or necessity and governs a dative ofagent. Translate it with must or has to or ought in the present and had to in the past.

faciendum esset it had to be done in subjunctive

sibi iter faciendum esse that a journey must be made by him in ind. discourse


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14.1 Hs Caesar ita respondit: e sibi minus dubittinis dr, quod es rs

qus lgt Helvti commemorssent memori tenret, atque e gravius

ferre qu minus merit popul Rmn accidissent: 2. qu s alicuius iniriae

sibi conscius fuisset, nn fuisse difficile cavre ; sed e dceptum, quod

neque commissum s intellegeret qur timret neque sine caus timendum

putret. 3. Quod s veteris contumliae oblvisc vellet, num etiam recentium

inirirum, quod e invt iter per provinciam per vim temptssent, quod

Aedus, quod Ambarrs, quod Allobrogas vexssent, memoriam dpnere

posse? 4. Quod su victri tam nsolenter glrirentur, quodque tam di s

impne iniuris tulisse admrrentur, edem pertinre. 5. Cnsusse enim

de

s immort

l

s, qu

gravius homin

s ex comm

t

ti

ne r

rum doleant, qu

spr scelere erum ulcscvelint, es secundirs interdum rs et diturnirem

impnittem concdere.

6. Cum ea ita sint, tamen, s obsids ab eis sibi dentur, ut ea quae

polliceantur factrs intellegat, et s Aedus d iniris qus ipss socisque

erum intulerint, item s Allobrogibus satisfaciant, ss cum es pacem esse

factrum. 7. Divico respondit: ita Helvtis maioribus sus nstituts esse

ut obsids accipere, nn dare, consuerint: eius re populum Rmnum esse

testem. Hc respons dat discessit.

1

5

10

15

admror, -r, admrtus: admire, wonder at, 1

Ambarr, -rum m.: Ambarr (tribe in N.W. Gaul), 2

cave, -re, cv, cautrum: to beware, be on guard, 1

commemor (1): to mention, relate, 1

commttio, -tinis f.: change, 1

conscius, -a, -um: conscious, witnessing, 1

contumlia, -ae f.: insult, abuse, 1

decipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: catch, deceive, 1

dpon, -ere, -posu, -positum: put down, 1

deus, -m.: god, divinity, deity, 2

difficilis, difficile: hard, difficult, 2diturnus, -a, -um: long-lasting, long, 1

Dvic, -nis m.: Divico (Helvetian leader), 2

dole, -re, dolu: to grieve, suffer, 1

dubittio, -tinis f.: wavering, uncertainty, 1enim: for, indeed, in truth, 3

glrior, -r, gloritus sum: to boast about, glorify, 1

immortlis, -e: immortal, 2

impne: without penalty, unpunished, 1

impnits, -ttis f.: impunity, 1

insolenter: unusually, insolently, 1

nstitu, -ere, -u, -tum: set, establish, 3

interdum: sometimes, now and then, 2

invtus, -a, -um: u

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