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Cal-(IT)2
A Brief History of Tomorrow’s Networks
Invited Talk to the
Extreme Networking Workshop
San Diego Supercomputer Center, UCSD
La Jolla, CA
January 8, 2001
Larry SmarrDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering
Jacobs School of Engineering, UCSDDirector, California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology
Cal-(IT)2
• Wireless Access--Anywhere, Anytime• Broadband to the Home and Small Businesses• Vast Increase in Internet End Points
– Embedded Processors– Sensors and Actuators– Information Appliances
• Highly Parallel Light Waves Through Fiber• Emergence of a Planetary Computer
“The all optical fibersphere in the center finds its complement in the wireless ethersphere on the edge of the network.”
--George Gilder
The Emerging Information Power GridA Mobile Internet Powered by a Planetary Computer
Cal-(IT)2
UC San Diego and UC Irvine California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology
• 220 Faculty and Senior Researchers• Layered Structure
– Materials and Devices– Networked Infrastructure– Interfaces and Software– Strategic Applications– Policy
• New Funding Model (4 Years)– State $100M– Industry $140M– Private $30 M– Campus $30M– Federal $100-200M– Total $400-500M
• One of Three Awarded
Cal-(IT)2
VCSEL + Near-field polarizer :Efficient polarization control,mode stabilization, and heat management
Composite nonlinear, E-O, and artificial dielectric materials control and enhance near-field coupling
Near-field coupling between pixels in Form-birefringent CGH (FBCGH)
FBCGH possesses dual-functionalitysuch as focusing and beam steering
Wavelength (m)1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5
Ref
lect
ivit
y
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0TETM
Information I/O through surface wave, guided wave,and optical fiber from near-field edge andsurface coupling
Near-field E-Omodulator controlsoptical propertiesand near-field micro-cavity enhances the effect
+V -V
Angle (degree)20 30 40
TM
Eff
icie
ncy
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Near-field E-O Modulator+ micro-cavity
FBCGH
VCSEL
Near-field E-O coupler
Micro polarizer
Fiber tip
Grating coupler
Thickness (m)0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80
TM
0th
ord
er e
ffic
ienc
y
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
RCWATransparency Theory
Near-field coupling
Nanotechnology Will be Essential for Photonics
Source: Shaya Fainman, UCSD
Cal-(IT)2
High-Port Count, Non-Blocking All-Optical Switch With Nanosecond Switching Speed
Source: Steve Wallach, SC00 Keynote
Chiaro Networking
Cal-(IT)2
Near Term Goal:Build an International Lambda Grid
• Establish PACI High Performance Network– SDSC to NCSA to PSC LambdaNet
• Link to:– State Dark Fiber
– Metropolitan Optical Switched Networks
– Campus Optical Grids
– International Optical Research Networks
• NSF Fund Missing Dark Fiber Links For:– Scientific Applications
– Network Research
Cal-(IT)2
A Model of a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Network
From: Yakov Rekhter, Cisco Fellow
• Can Nest Lambdas or Labels• Can Mix Label Switching Routers and Optical Cross-Connects
See also www.ietf.org/html.charters/mpls-charter.html
Cal-(IT)2
NATUREnet: North American Terabit Users Research and Education Network Proposal
Seattle
Portland
Los Angeles
San Diego(SDSC)
NYC
CERN
SURFnetCA*net4
NTON
NTON
Far East Networks
Far EastNetworks
Source: Tom DeFanti
I-Wire
Working Draft…
Cal-(IT)2
Building a Quantum Network Will Require Three Important Advances
• The development of a robust means of creating, storing and entangling quantum bits and using them for transmission, synchronization and teleportation
• The development of the mathematical underpinnings and algorithms necessary to implement quantum protocols
• The development of a repeater for long distance transmission with the minimum number of quantum gates consistent with error free transmission
DARPA
Cal-(IT)2
Mobile Internet will Take Off This Year
0
200
400
600
800
‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03
Mobile
Internet
Mobile Internet
Su
bsc
rib
ers
(m
illio
ns)
Source: Ericsson
Cal-(IT)2
The Wireless Internet will Transform Computational Science and Engineering
• Teraflop Supercomputers Simulate in Dynamic 3D• Evolving a System Requires Knowing the Initial State• Add Wireless Sensors and Embedded Processors
– Give Detailed State Information– Allows for Comparison of Simulation with Reality
• Critical Software Research Required – Security– Robust Scalable Middleware– Effervescent Architectures– Mobile Code– Resource Discovery– Ad Hoc Networking– SensorNet Simulations
Cal-(IT)2
The High PerformanceWireless Research and Education Network
NSF FundedPI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC
Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO45mbps Duplex Backbone
http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN
Cal-(IT)2
Wireless Antennas Anchor Network High Speed Backbone
http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN
Source: Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC
Cal-(IT)2
Cal-(IT)2 Plans to Add Wireless Sensors to the Southern High Tech Coast
• Adding Wireless Sensors– Hydrological Cycle
– Monitor Pollution– Identify Major
Sources– Evaluate Cleanup
– Earthquakes
– Civil Infrastructure
– Realtime Traffic– Link to GPS and
Vehicle Destination
• Build on NSF funded Net – SDSC, SIO, SDSU
Newport Beach
Mission Bay
San Diego Bay
UCSD
UCI
http://icemaps.des.ucdavis.edu
Cal-(IT)2
The Wireless Internet Adds Bio-Chemical-Physical Sensors to the Grid
• From Experiments to Wireless Infrastructure
• Scripps Institution of Oceanography
• San Diego Supercomputer Center
• Cal-(IT)2
• Building on Pioneering Work of Hans-Werner Braun & Frank Vernon
Source: John Orcutt, SIO
Cal-(IT)2
Bringing the Civil Infrastructure Online
New Bay Bridge Tower with Lateral Shear Links
Wireless Sensor ArraysLinked to Crisis Management
Control Rooms
Source: UCSD Structural Engineering Dept.
Cal-(IT)2
-Telescience-The Brain Data Grid
DukeUCLA
Cal Tech
StanfordU. Of MN
Harvard
NCRR Imaging and Computing Resources UCSD
Cal-(IT)2SDSC
Deep Web
Surface Web
Cyber Infrastructure Linking Tele-instrumentation, Data Intensive Computing, and Multi-scale Brain Databases.
Wireless “Pad” Web Interface
Goal-Form a National Scale Testbed for Federating Large DatabasesUsing NIH High Field NMR Centers
Source: Mark Ellisman, UCSD
Cal-(IT)2
Augmented Reality Requires Overlaying the Physical and Cyber Realities
Source: Virginia Tech/Univ. Illinois, MIT, Univ Washington, UCSD
Cal-(IT)2
Web Interface to Grid ComputingThe NPACI GridPort Architecture
802.11b Wireless
Interactive Access to:• State of Computer• Job Status• Application Codes
Cal-(IT)2
0
4
8
12
16
1997 1999 2001 2003
US
In
sta
lle
d (
Millio
ns
)
DSL
Cable Modems
Broadband Will Connect 30 Million Homes and Small Businesses in Three Years
• PCs Always On• High Bandwidth Access• Corporate Drivers
– Ford Motor Co. is Buying Home PCs for All its Employees
– IBM Is Using SBC to Supply 12,000 Employees with Home DSL Internet Connections
• Stage is Set for Explosion of Internet Computing
– Tie PCs Together as Virtual Megacomputer
Source: Kinetic Strategies Inc., Gilder Technology Report
Pioneer Consulting
Cal-(IT)2
Entropia’s Planetary Computer Grew to a Teraflop in Only Two Years
Deployed in Over 80 Countries
The Great Mersenne Prime (2P-1) Search (GIMPS)Found the First Million Digit Prime
www.entropia.com
Cal-(IT)2
SETI@home Demonstrated that PC Internet Computing Could Grow to Megacomputers
• Running on 500,000 PCs, ~1000 CPU Years per Day– Over Half a Million CPU Years so far!– 22 Teraflops sustained 24x7
• Sophisticated Data & Signal Processing Analysis• Distributes Datasets from Arecibo Radio Telescope
Next Step-Allen Telescope Array
AreciboRadio Telescope
Cal-(IT)2
Companies Competing for Leadershipin Internet Computing
Intel Establishes Peer-to-Peer Working Group
Cal-(IT)2
Coming -- The Grid Physics Network
• Petabyte-scale computational environment for data intensive science– CMS and Atlas Projects of the Large Hadron Collider– Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory– Sloan Digital Sky Survey (200 million objects each with ~100 attributes)
• Paul Avery (Univ. of Florida) and Ian Foster (U. Chicago and ANL), Lead PIs– Largest NSF Information Technology Research Grant– 20 Institutions Involved– $12 million over four years
• Can This Help Drive Extreme Networks?
www.griphyn.org
Cal-(IT)2
Assembling the Planetary Grid
• Internet Provides Connectivity• Web Provides Hyperlinked Document System• Distributed Storage Moves from SAN to NAS• Peer-to-Peer Enables File Storing • Peer-to-Peer Computing Provides CPU Power
• Result--The Distributed Global Computer– Storage everywhere– Scalable computing power– Wireless Interfaces Greatly Outnumber PCs
Cal-(IT)2
Why Will a Million Processor Computer Be Different?
• Individual Processors Running at Gigaflops– One Million Means a Collective Petaflops in early 2000s– One Petaflops is Roughly a Human Brain-Second
– Morovec-Intelligent Robots and Mind Transferral– Koza-Genetic Programming – Kurzweil-The Age of Spiritual Machines– Joy-Humans an Endangered Species?
• Will the Planetary Grid Become Self-– Organizing– Powered– Aware?