California Life Science California Life Science Standards Test Prep.Standards Test Prep.

Cell Biology Cell Biology

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GeneticsGenetics

OutlineOutline

Cell BiologyCell Biology• Organelle FunctionsOrganelle Functions• MitosisMitosis• Biological MoleculesBiological Molecules• Semipermeable MembranesSemipermeable Membranes• Cell TypesCell Types• PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

OutlineOutline GeneticsGenetics

• Life CyclesLife Cycles• Gene and TraitsGene and Traits• GenesGenes• DNADNA• MeiosisMeiosis• FertilizationFertilization• Chromosomes and GenderChromosomes and Gender• Punnett SquarePunnett Square• DNA, RNA & ProteinDNA, RNA & Protein

Cell BiologyCell BiologyThe NucleusThe Nucleus

Genetic Information – The DNA – is located in the nucleus.

Cell BiologyCell BiologyMitochondria & ChloroplastsMitochondria & Chloroplasts

Mitochondria release energy from food for the cell to do work.

Chloroplasts capture sunlight for photosynthesis.

Cell BiologyCell BiologyMitosisMitosis

Mitosis is the process that cells use to divide.

One cell splits to produce two identical daughter cells.

Cell BiologyCell BiologyOrganic MoleculesOrganic Molecules

Living organisms are made of Living organisms are made of molecules.molecules.• Major elements in molecules used in Major elements in molecules used in

living organisms.living organisms. CarbonCarbon HydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen PhosphorusPhosphorus SulfurSulfur

Cell BiologyCell BiologyMolecule SizesMolecule Sizes

Small moleculesSmall molecules• WaterWater• SaltSalt• IonsIons

Large moleculesLarge molecules• Carbohydrates (polymers of sugar)Carbohydrates (polymers of sugar)• Fats (polymers of hydrocarbons)Fats (polymers of hydrocarbons)• Proteins (polymers of amino acids)Proteins (polymers of amino acids)• DNA & RNA (polymers of nuceotides)DNA & RNA (polymers of nuceotides)

Cell BiologyCell BiologyCell MembraneCell Membrane

Membranes in cells are semi permeable – they can control what goes through based on size, charge etc.

Cell BiologyCell BiologyCell TypesCell Types

Prokaryotic Cells Bacteria No Nucleus Viruses

Non-living Parasites of living cells

Eukaryotic Cells Plants & Animals Nucleus Membrane bound organielles

Cell BiologyCell BiologyPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Chloroplasts in plants capture sunlight and use that energy along with carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and water (H2O) from the ground to produce sugar (C6H12O6)

GeneticsGeneticsLife CyclesLife Cycles

Sexually reproducing organismsSexually reproducing organisms• DNA for the new individual comes from DNA for the new individual comes from

two parents.two parents.• Each parent contributes half of the DNA Each parent contributes half of the DNA

to the offspring.to the offspring. Asexually reproducing organismsAsexually reproducing organisms

• DNA for the new individual comes from DNA for the new individual comes from one parent.one parent.

• The offspring is genetically identical to, The offspring is genetically identical to, or is a genetic subset of the parent.or is a genetic subset of the parent.

GeneticsGeneticsInherited TraitsInherited Traits

Gene – a piece of DNA that codes for Gene – a piece of DNA that codes for a particular trait.a particular trait.

Inherited traits can be determined by Inherited traits can be determined by one or more genes.one or more genes.• One Gene contributing to one trait.One Gene contributing to one trait.

Blood Type, Flower ColorBlood Type, Flower Color

• Polygenic – many genes contribute to Polygenic – many genes contribute to one trait.one trait.

Eye Color, Hair Color, Skin Color, Body TypeEye Color, Hair Color, Skin Color, Body Type

GeneticsGeneticsGenesGenes

GeneticsGeneticsDNADNA

GeneticsGeneticsMeiosisMeiosis

GeneticsGeneticsFertilizationFertilization

The male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) fuse to form the fertilized egg (zygote).The zygote contains a new combination of alleles from each parent.

GeneticsGeneticsDNADNA

Approximately half of an individuals Approximately half of an individuals DNA comes from each parent.DNA comes from each parent.• 23 chromosomes in the egg23 chromosomes in the egg• 23 chromosomes in the sperm23 chromosomes in the sperm

Combine to form the 46 chromosomes in the Combine to form the 46 chromosomes in the zygote.zygote.

GeneticsGeneticsGenderGender

ChromosomesChromosomes• Humans have 46 chromosomes Humans have 46 chromosomes

arranged in 23 pairs.arranged in 23 pairs.• The first 22 pairs are the autosomes, The first 22 pairs are the autosomes,

and are the same in males and females.and are the same in males and females.• Pair 23 determines gender.Pair 23 determines gender.

XX – FemaleXX – Female XY - MaleXY - Male

GeneticsGeneticsMonohybrid CrossMonohybrid Cross

X - linked X X

X XX XX

Y XY XY

Autosomal R r

R RR Rr

r Rr rr

R – Red Alleler – White Allele

RR – RedRr – Redrr - White

Males only have one X chromosome, so any allele present will be expressed.Females have two X chromosomes, so any dominant will be expressed. In order to express a recessive, a female must have two copies of the allele.

GeneticsGeneticsDNA, RNA & ProteinDNA, RNA & Protein