Calving Assistance Influence the Occurrence of Umbilical Pathologies With Surgical Resolution 2

8/6/2019 Calving Assistance Influence the Occurrence of Umbilical Pathologies With Surgical Resolution 2

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CALVING ASSISTANCE INFLUENCE THE

OCCURRENCE OF UMBILICAL PATHOLOGIES

WITH SURGICAL RESOLUTION

Moscuzza, C. H.*, Milicich, H., Nahum, M. Gutierrez, B. and Alvarez, G.

Surgical and Medical Clinics in Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Buenos Aires University.

Av. Chorroarn 280 (C1427CWO), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail: *[email protected]


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Universidad de Buenos AiresThe objective of this study was to determinatethe incidence of the different diseases whichinvolve the navel and adjacent structures in

calves and its relationship with the calvingcharacteristics.


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Universidad de Buenos Aires

Introduction

Dystocia 50% ofbeefcalves deaths (Bellows et al, 1987)

Dystocic born calves:

higher mortality rates during the first 24 hours postpartum

(Wehrend et al, 2006) 2.4 times more prone to diseases during the first 45 daysoflife, compared with natural delivered calves (Noakes,1997).

Argentina:

losses at birth were 3.4% (beefherds)

losses from birth to weaning were 6.3% (Campero et al,1998).


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Introduction

Umbilical infection rises in a caesarean section due to clamping of theumbilical cord, delaying the normal retraction of the umbilicalstructures.

Omphalitis weakens the adjacent abdominal wall, causing an acquired

umbilical hernia

Congenital umbilical hernias are common genetic component isinvolved.


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Materials and method

Animals:92 calves with umbilical pathologies of surgicalresolution (1998-2005) .

Calves breeds were Holstein (65%), Polled Hereford

(25%) and Aberdeen Angus (10%).Age ranged between two and eight months.

Males: 42.4% and Females: 57.6%.

Calving:

"normal: no human intervention.

"with aid: only manual traction with a maximum of two

operators.

"difficult: correction offetal position before manual traction by

twooperators.


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Materials and method

Presumptive diagnosis: palpation methods before surgery

Classification ofnavel surgical diseases:

anatomical structures affected by the infectious

process.

extension of infection.

macroscopic characteristics of injuries found duringsurgery.


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Navel Surgical Disease Description

First degree omphalophlebitis navel and umbilical vein infection

Second degree omphalophlebitis + presence of abscesses in the

umbilical vein lumen

Third degree omphalophlebitis + liver abscess

Omphaloarteritis navel and umbilical arteries

First degree omphalourachitis navel and one third part of the

urachus-bladder zone

Second degree omphalourachitis the following third

Third degree omphalourachitis the urachus and the urinary bladder

are also compromised.


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Occurrence proportions ofumbilical diseases

with surgical resolution.

Pathology Cases % *

1st degree omphalophlebitis 28 30.4 (a)

2nd degree omphalophlebitis 16 17.4 (ab)

3rd degree omphalophlebitis 5 5.4 (b)

Omphaloarteritis 16 17.4 (ab)

1st

degree omphalourachitis13

14.

1(ab)

2nd degree omphalourachitis 9 9.8 (ab)

3rd degree omphalourachitis 5 5.4 (b)

* Different letters indicate differences in the occurrence proportions of umbilical diseases

Results


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Umbilical pathologies of surgical resolution observed in male andfemale calves related to the calving assistance.


Normal With aid Difficult

M F M F M F

1st degree omphalophlebitis 3 5 8 3 6 9 5 6 11

2nd degree omphalophlebitis 1 3 4 3 3 6 2 4 6

3rd degree omphalophlebitis 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 2 3

Omphaloarteritis 2 2 4 2 4 6 3 3 6

1st degree omphalourachitis 0 2 2 2 3 5 2 4 6

2nd degree omphalourachitis 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 4

3rd degree omphalourachitis 0 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 2

Total 7 14 21 12 21 33 15 23 38

M: male F: female

Results


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Results

Proportion ofcases with first-degree omphalophlebitis (a) exceeded

significantly the proportion of third-degree omphalophlebitis (b) andthird-degree omphalourachitis(b).

(Variance Analysis, Bonferroni Test and multiple comparisons)

Proportions ofcases with the remaining pathologies (ab) didnt differfrom the previous ones.

No differences between males and females.

(Chi-square homogeneity test)

Proportion ofattended calving (77%) was significantly higher thanproportion ofnormal calving. (Sign Test, p


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Discussion

Palpation is considered an important diagnostic tool in umbilicaldiseases but definitive diagnosis is during surgery.

The highest proportion ofumbilical cases with surgical resolution wasfirst-degree omphalophlebitis.

Calving aid level, either by traction or position correction beforetraction, increased the occurrence ofumbilical pathologies withsurgical resolution.

Extemporaneous calving help, especially premature maneuvers, donot allow maturation and regression of the anatomical structures ofthe umbilical cord.


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Conclusions

Problems on newborn help, even under normal calving conditions,may cause umbilical illnesses ofvariable severity.

Calving help and umbilical pathological processes are closely linked.

Human intervention at calving increases the occurrence ofumbilicalpathologies ofsurgical resolution.

A higher obstetrical handling and premature maneuvers increasethe severity ofumbilical diseases.

The umbilical pathology ofhigher occurrence was 1st. degree

omphalophlebitis.



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Calving Assistance Influence the Occurrence of Umbilical Pathologies With Surgical Resolution 2