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Calving Management: The First Step in a Successful Reproductive Program
G.M. Schuenemann, S. Bas, and J.D. Workman
Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine,
College of Veterinary Medicine
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
-- 2013 DCRC Annual Meeting , Indianapolis --
Transition Period: What, How, Why, & When?
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Personnel Training
Dry Off & Late Gestation
Early lactation
Breeding & Lactation
Calving
BCS Nutrition Prior lact history
Twins/Stillbirth BCS Dystocia
BCS Nutrition NEB
VWP
BCS Nutrition NEB
Record-keeping
AI tech
Semen Delivery
DA/Ketosis
Metritis/Edometritis
Sub-Endometritis
Management
Protocols/Procedures Environment
genetics
Health
Immunizations
Synch protocols Diseases
Heat Detection
Environment
Compliance to
Protocols
Record-keeping
Record-keeping
Sire Fertility
Sire
Diseases
Facilities/Design
Milk Fever
RP Mastitis/Lameness
Overcrowding
TMR
TMR
Vit & Minerals
Vit & Minerals
Economics
People
Record-keeping
Economics
Economics
Diagnosis
NS
Data management
Feed Inventory/Delivery
Prevalence of Calving-Related Events in US
18
7.8
12
8.1
4.93.8 4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Metritis RFM Preg Loss
Stillbirth MF DA Ketosis
Pe
rce
nt o
f all
cal
vin
gs
(6-39) (5-15) (8-28) (4-22) (3-8) (1-6) (3-6)
(USDA 2009; Schuenemann et al., 2011, JDS 94:5494-501; Brick et al., 2012, JDS 95:1894-1905; Santos et al., 2010, RDA VII:387-404; Santos et al., 2004, ARS 82:513-535)
Goal:<2%
>90% of Cows in Confinement Systems
(UDDA, 2002; USDA, 2007)
Dairy Herd Performance
Significant genetic (milk yield) and knowledge progress (nutrition, physiology, therapies) during the last 40 yrs
Are we training human resources to meet the management demands of modern dairy cows?
How about facility design?
At the end of the day, PEOPLE performance will
likely determine the RoI ($$$, $$$, $$$)
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Once the cow/heifer is pregnant, calving is the main challenge with implications in the subsequent lactation
and reproductive performance
Cows Leaving the Herd
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Item Reasons
Culling Mastitis
Lamenes
Reproductive problems
Low production (UDDA, 2002; USDA, 2007)
Parturition
Parturition is a process initiated by a cascade of hormonal and physical changes at the end of gestation (~276-279 days in cattle) Three stages:
- Stage I (dilation of birth canal) - Stage II (labor or calf expulsion) - Stage III (passing fetal membranes)
It progresses gradually from one stage to the next!
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
(Noakes et al., 2001; Norman et al., 2009; Schuenemann et al., 2013)
Parturition and Hormone Profile
(Source: Senger 1997; Pathways to pregnancy and parturition)
Normal Calf Delivery
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Estimated values: Forward or Anterior = 96% Backward or Posterior = 4% Multiple calves = 5% Breech = 1%
(Hunter et al., 2013 JDS 96:383)
Backward or Posterior Forward or Anterior
Monitor Calving Progress
Cow is sniffing the newborn calf
Showing feet/nose of the calf
Appearance of the “water bag”
Birth is completed
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Reference Signs and Values for Holstein Cattle
Signs of Normal Births Description References
Appearance of the AS or feet of the calf outside the
vulva Landmark references
Noakes et al., 2001
Schuenemann et al., 2011
Signs of calving progress Evident every 15-20
minutes Schuenemann et al., 2011
Mean time since the appearance of the AS outside
the vulva to birth 70 minutes(*)
Noakes et al., 2001
Schuenemann et al., 2011
Mean time since the appearance of the feet of the
calf outside the vulva to birth 65 minutes(*) Schuenemann et al., 2011
Time that a cow or first-calf heifer is in labor
(abdominal contractions) ≤2 hours
Gundelach et al., 2009
Schuenemann et al., 2011
Frequency of observation At least every 1 hour Schuenemann et al., 2011
(*) The mean times were estimated using the mean + 2 SD (standard deviation)
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Guidelines for Assisted Births
Parturition Begins Normal Birth
Normal presentation, position, and posture
Abnormal presentation, position, and posture
Extraction Possible
Extraction Not Possible
Calf Alive/Dead
Assisted Extraction
Call Your Veterinarian
Gu
idel
ines
fo
r A
ssis
ted
Ext
ract
ion
Correction
No Progress within 30 min
Calf Alive/Dead
No Calving Progress
OBSERVATION
DECISIONS
INTERVENTION
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann) (Adapted from Schuijt and Ball, 1980)
Executing Calving SOPs within Herd
Knowledge Skills Attitude
Personnel
Attitude: the way a person views something or tends to behave towards it
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Personnel and Herd Performance
However, competent workers will often fail to perform
effectively if they have a poor attitude due to conflict, lack of
satisfaction, motivation, or communication
Fully trained and competent workers know what to do and how to do it, and have the
skills and abilities to do the work
Poor attitude will cause low work performance, affecting the overall
herd performance
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
PRIM MULT
Still
bir
th (%
)
Effect of Parity on Stillbirth
(a,bP < 0.05)
a
b
(n=1,403) (n=2,467)
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
(Hunter et al., 2013; JDS 96:383)
1 dairy herd; 3,870 births
0
5
10
15
20
25
Backward Forward
Still
bir
th (%
)
Backward Presentation Increases the Risk for Stillbirth
(a,bP < 0.05) a
b
(n=144) (n=3,726)
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
(Hunter et al., 2013; JDS 96:383)
1 dairy herd; 3,870 births
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 2 3 4
Sti
llb
irth
(%
)
Calving Ease
Effect of Calving Ease on Stillbirth
(a,bP < 0.05)
a
b
(n=128) (n=3,308) (n=180) (n=254)
c
d
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
(Hunter et al., 2013; JDS 96:383)
1 dairy herd; 3,870 births
Effect of Calving Training on Personnel Knowledge Level
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
(Schuenemann et al., 2013 JDS 96:2671-2680)
65.5
86.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
rce
nt C
orr
ect
(%
)
Pre-Tests Post-Tests
(*P < 0.05)
*
18,000 cows 18 herds 70 workers
15.5
6.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Still
bir
th (
%)
a
Pre-Training Post-Training
(*P < 0.05)
*
(Schuenemann et al., 2011; JDS 94:483)
Effect of Personnel Training on Stillbirth
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Unresolved conflicts significantly affect personnel attitude …
Effect of Communication at the Time of Personnel Shift Change on Stillbirth
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
PRIM MULT
Still
birt
h (%
)
(a,bP < 0.05) a
b
(n=853) (n=3017)
2 h 10 h
(1 h before and 1 h after of shift change; 12 h/shift)
(Hunter et al., 2013; JDS 96:383)
Evaluación de la Higiene al Parto: Foto muestra un score 1
(Adaptado de Schreiner and Ruegg 2003; JDS 86:3460–3465)
Score 1: Región del perineo
esta libre de
suciedad/estiércol
(<2% de superficie)
Completamente seca
Score 2: Estiércol/suciedad
es visible alrededor
del perineo
<10% de superficie
Score 3: Región del perineo
moderadamente
cubierta con
suciedad/estiércol
>11-30% de superficie
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
OSU Veterinary Extension Gustavo M. Schuenemann, DVM, MS, PhD
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Effect of Hygiene Score on Metritis
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Score 1 Score 2 Score 3
Ris
k f
or
Me
trit
is (
%)
Hygiene Score at Calving
(Schuenemann et al., 2011; JDS 94:744)
(a,bP < 0.05)
a
a
b
(Ajusted for RP, herd, stillbirth, parity, and CE)
(n=301) (n=117) (n=84)
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Sizing the Close-Up Pen
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Nu
mb
er
of
Bir
ths
Average = 38 births per week Range = 6-54 (or 16% - 142% of weekly average) Guideline: to avoid overstocking, plan for 162 stalls for the close-up period based on max average (140%) births per week (54 births/wk * 3 wks = 162 stalls)
54
6
38 births
(2000-cow herd)
Management of Close-Up Cows
Although “average” births per week is a valuable metric, most producers are faced with calving “ranges”
All these calculations assume cow grouping at dry-off and known “calving date”
Add additional challenges for no-calving dates (bull bred first-calf heifers or cow, missing records, or unknown pregnancy status)
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Additional Factors to Consider
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Season (winter-spring) (Lombard et al., 2007; JDS 90:1751–1760)
₋ Calving rate (# of births per unit of time) (Schuenemann et al., 2013; JDS 96:2671-2680.; Hunter et al., JDS 96:383)
Heat Stress – DMI and calcium balance
Managing groups of cows/first-calf heifers
Cow move and OB intervention (Villettaz Robichaud et al., 2013; Proudfoot
et al., 2013)
Dry Fresh
Far-Off Fresh Close-Up
Colostrum: ~23 g of Calcium (range 8-35 g) (Kehoe et al., 2007 JDS 90:4108-4116; Tsioulpas et al., 2007 JDS 90:5012-5017)
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Serum Ca2+ within 48 h after Calving
(Adapted from Reinhardt et al., 2011; Veterinary J. 188:122–124)
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Is Possible to ID Cow prior to Parturition?
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
6/17/2012 6/18/2012 6/19/2012 6/20/2012 6/21/2012 6/22/2012 6/23/2012 6/24/2012 6/25/2012
Mo
tio
n In
de
x
Cow B - Unassisted
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
6/17/2012 6/18/2012 6/19/2012 6/20/2012 6/21/2012 6/22/2012 6/23/2012 6/24/2012 6/25/2012
Mo
tio
n In
de
x
Cow A - Assisted
Calving
Close-Up Pen Fresh Pen
Close-Up Pen Fresh Pen
Calving
(Titler et al., 2013 JDS 96:646; Titler et al., 2013 JDS 96:647)
(©2013 GM Schuenemann)
The frequency of observation is critical to determining the onset of the AS or feet of the calf outside the vulva and calving progress
These recommendations work best when dairy personnel monitor cows every 1 h around the clock (24/7)
Knowledge, Skills, and Attitude Matter for Effective Team Work
What Makes an Effective Team?
We are looking for a herd manager with PEOPLE skills, team builder (dirt under the nails experience) …
Milking(10)
Pre-partum & Calving (4)
Fresh Cows & Hospital (4)
Feeding(3)
Hoof Trimming(1)
Reproduction(3)
Owner Advisory Team (3)
Maintenance(2)
Cow Pusher & Clean Stall (3)
Herd Manager (1)
Records(1)
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Managing the Working Environment
Personnel: No resources for the tasks Day-off for Christmas or Holliday Pay raise or bonus (incentives) “No-show” worker Want to use cell phone Change of work shift (night vs day) Fix gate/water hose Restroom for women This is not my job! Want break Dryer/washer don’t work …
Owner/Herd Manager: Be on time for your shift “No-show” worker No cell phone or texting while at work Pick up trash/clothing from lockers Improve milking routine Work as a team and communication High SCC and milk quality Keep accurate/readable records SOPs for safety/treatments SOPs for feeding/handling cows-calves Clean, clean, clean! …
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Areas for Consideration
Personnel vision loss/impairment
SOPs with pictures
(Source: http://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/about/resources.htm)
How Text May Look for Personnel with Vision Problems
Areas for Consideration
Benchmark stocking density or # milking cows ―Ag Lenders and financial advisors
Herd managers ―Be knowledgeable and aware of variation with herd
metrics, but also must be able to manage a wide range of personalities and ID/solve personnel issues on a day-to-day basis
Facility design
“I don’t care” factor
…
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Nu
mb
er
of
He
rds
21-day Pregnancy Rate
Pregnancy Rate in Dairy Herds (DMRS 2010; 8,211 herds)
~ 26%
Top 10%
~ 8%
Bottom 10%
>73% of Variation in PR is Due to Management/Environment
(Schuenemann et al., 2013; on-gong study)
What the Top 10% of Dairy Herds Do for their Personnel?
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
Training and re-training programs (personnel, manager, owner) Regular meetings with personnel Monitoring performance of personnel Herd managers focused on managing the working environment (e.g., conflicts, motivation, etc.) Offer incentives based on performance and year of service …
Calving -21 d
Close-Up Cows/Heifers Far-Off
10±3
PD PD
80 110 DIM
Stillbirth/RFM Metritis
Pre-fresh Risk Factors
Preventive Management Practices
Clinical-Behavioral Metrics
Prevention is Key to Control Calving Related Events… Reproduction!
Re
pro
d
Succ
ess
Hypocalcemia Parity (dystocia) BCS at calving Uterine/metab diseases Cyclicity (cysts)
(Pursley et al., 1998; Lucy, 2001; Cerri et al., 2009; Santos, 2010; Giordano et al., 2012; Valenza et al., 2012;
Herlihy et al., 2013; Nascimento et al., 2013) (©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
CL
For Effective Team Work …, We All Have a Job to Do
Award Winner “This Is Not My Job”
(Source: http://myfavouritestuffs.com/that-is-not-my-job/51)
Collaborating dairy farms and personnel
Practicing veterinarians
Graduate and undergraduate students
Drs. W. Shulaw, D. Sanders, and E. Gordon
COBA-Select Sires Research Fellow and the Epperson Scholarship
SARE-NCR Professional Development Program
Acknowledgements
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)
THANK YOU!
Gustavo M. Schuenemann Email: [email protected]; Ph: 614-292-6924
(©2013 G.M. Schuenemann)