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CamberCasterToe
Steering axis inclinationTurning radius
CAMBER Inward or outward
tilt of the wheel at the top when viewed from the front of the car.
It is measured in degrees of a circle.
#2 Pull rule #2 Tire wear
Positive Camber
When camber is positive the tire leans out away from the vehicle at the top.
On both front and rear wheels camber is important.
Negative Camber
When camber is negative the tire leans in toward the car at the top.
Camber Tire Wear
Camber Pull When the camber
is more than ½ degree different from one side to the other, the car will pull or drift.
CASTER Forward or rearward
tilt of the steering knuckle at the top
Measured in degrees of a circle
Provides straight line driving and steering wheel return
#1 Pull rule. Does NOT effect tire
wear
Measuring Caster
Caster is measured in degrees of a circle from true vertical. If the steering knuckle leans toward the rear of the car at the top that is positive caster. If the steering knuckle leans toward the front of the car at the top that is negative caster.
How Caster Works
There are two points of importance:
The point of contact.
The point of lead. The vehicle will
always follow the point of lead.
Effects of Caster If the difference in the caster angle
is more than ½ degree from side to side, the car will pull to the side of the most negative caster.
Caster has no effect on tire wear.
TOE-IN TOE-OUT Toe is the difference
in distance between the front and rear of the front wheels.
Measured in inches, millimeters or degrees.
#1 Tire wearing angle.
Does not effect handling.
Measuring Toe Toe is typically
measured in inches. (fractions of inches)
If it is off, the tires will wear feather edged. Also the steering wheel spoke is usually crooked.
STEERING AXIS INCLINATION
Gives directional stability much like caster
Non-adjustable Only changes
when parts are bent
Very important to check in collision work
TURNING RADIUSor TOE-OUT ON TURNS
Changes radius for inboard and outboard wheel while turning
Non-adjustable Important to check if doing collision work
Vehicle Thrust Line The rear wheels
determine the path of the vehicle. Not the front wheels as commonly thought.
Setting Up the Car Car suspension & steering must be
checked out prior to alignment and repaired.
Pull car on the rack correctly. Set rack on alignment stands. Connect alignment wheel reflectors. Punch in alignment specifications.
Rolling Compensation This runs out the
wheel clamp and measures camber, toe, thrust line and set back.
Checking Caster and S.A.I.
The wheel must be turned to reveal caster and SAI.
Interpreting the results. On the rear, adjust
camber the then toe.
On the front adjust camber, caster and then toe.