Cambridge IGCSE Geography - beck-shop.de€¦ · · 2017-07-07Cambridge IGCSE ® Geography David ... The disadvantages of tourism 156 Case study – Tourism in Kenya 157 Sustainable

Cambridge IGCSE ®

Geography David Davies

Revision Guide

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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-67482-0 - Revision Guide: Cambridge IGCSE ® GeographyDavid DaviesFrontmatterMore information

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1

iii

Introduction vi

Theme 1: Population and settlement

1 Population dynamics 3

World population 3Population density 4The physical/natural factors 6The human factors 8Social factors 8Population structure and the Demographic Transition Model 11The problems of an ageing population 18Migration 19The impact of HIV/AIDS 25Possible problems of growing population 26Population control 26Progress check 29Examination style questions 29Examination style questions for you to try 30

2 Settlement 31

Size, development and function of urban and rural settlements 31Settlement hierarchies 34Spheres of influence 35Land-use zones of urban areas 36The rural-urban fringe 39Problems of urban areas in MEDCs and LEDCs 41Impact of urbanisation on the environment 44Progress check 45Examination style questions 45Examination style questions for you to try 46

Theme 2: The natural environment

3 Plate tectonics 49

The layers of the Earth 49Types of plate boundary/margin 51Earthquakes 52Volcanoes 57

Table of contents






iv

Cambridge IGCSE Geography Revision Guide

Tsunamis 61Progress check 62Examination style questions 62Examination style questions for you to try 64

4 Weathering (Landforms and landscape processes) 65

Weathering and erosion 65Factors influencing the type and rate of weathering 66Progress check 67Examination style questions 68Examination style questions for you to try 68

5 River processes (Landforms and landscape processes) 69

River erosion, transportation and deposition 69The landforms associated with the processes 71Forms of river valleys 71The building of dams on rivers 80River flooding 81Water resources 84Progress check 85Examination style questions 86Examination style questions for you to try 86

6 Marine processes (Landforms and landscape processes) 87

Coastal erosion, transportation and deposition 87Features of coastal erosion 90Features of coastal deposition 92Coral reefs 93Progress check 95Examination style questions 95Examination style questions for you to try 96

7 Weather, climate and natural vegetation 97

Weather stations and the instruments used to measure the weather 97Tropical rainforests 108Tropical deserts 115Progress check 119Examination style questions 119Examination style questions for you to try 120

Theme 3: Economic development and use of resources

8 Agricultural systems 123

The classification of farming or agriculture 123Commercial farming and subsistence farming 125Food shortages and possible solutions 129






Table of contents

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The use of irrigation 134The problem of salination 135Progress check 136Examination style questions 136Examination style questions for you to try 137

9 Industrial systems 138

Types of industry 138Industry as a system 140Factors affecting the location of industry 140The changing location and nature of industry 143Multinational or Transnational Companies (TNCs) 145High technology or Hi tech industries 146Progress check 150Examination style questions 151Examination style questions for you to try 152

10 Leisure activities and tourism 153

Tourism 153The growth of leisure facilities and tourism 154The advantages of tourism 155The disadvantages of tourism 156Case study – Tourism in Kenya 157Sustainable tourism 161National Parks 162Progress check 163Examination style questions 164Examination style questions for you to try 165

11 Energy and water resources 166

Non-renewable and renewable energy resources 166Development and siting of power stations 175Water resources and the impact of water shortages 176Increasing demand on Earth’s resources 178Progress check 179Examination style questions 179Examination style questions for you to try 180

Geographical skills for examination 181

Answers to questions 219

Index 232






vi

IGCSE Geography Revision GuideIntroduction 1IGCSE Geography Revision Guide

Introduction

The purpose of this book is to help you revise for your Cambridge IGCSE Geography examination. The book covers the IGCSE Geography syllabus 0460. Revision and exam techniques play a major part in your level of success in an examination, so remember to start your revision well before the actual examination. Use several short sessions to help build up your knowledge of the subject over a period of time, so that you do not leave too little time to digest and understand the information.

Apart from reading through the text leave yourself time to attempt the questions. This is also a good method of revision and it allows you to do something practical rather than just reading. It may also be useful for you to make your own summary of the topics as you work through them – this can be done on postcard sized cards to allow you to quickly reference the information.

This Guide is divided into 11 sections which follow the order of the topics in the syllabus. At the end of each chapter, there are progress check questions to make sure that you have understood the main points covered by the topic. Following this, there are worked examples which look at probable answers to a question with appropriate comments. Finally, at the end of each topic, there are examination style questions for you to try which will further help you to prepare for examination. Some are from past exam papers and others are in the style of exam questions.

Cambridge International Examinations bears no responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers which are contained in this publication.

Contents

The Examination-style questions, example answers marks awarded and comments in this book are written by the author.

Chapters 1 to 11 provide the information, knowledge and understanding from the content of the syllabus. The Geographical skills section includes the interpretation and analysis of geographical information and the application of graphical and other techniques. Chapter 10 covers the interpretation and analysis of geographical information and the application of graphical and other techniques.






Introduction 1

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The Inter-relationships between the natural environment and human activities are described throughout the first 5 chapters. The environmental risks and benefits, resource conservation and management involved in these systems, activities and resources are described in chapters 6 to 11. Chapter 11 provides preparation in the investigative skills needed for Paper 4 (Alternative to Coursework).

Cambridge IGCSE Geography assessment

All students will take Paper 1 and Paper 2 and then either carry out Coursework for Paper 3 or do the written Paper 4 – Alternative to Coursework. You should check the syllabus for the year that you are taking the paper for examination information and details of the individual papers.

Command words

All exam questions ask you precisely what they want a student to do and to answer. To make this as precise as possible they will use command words in their questions. Students must fully understand the meaning of these words in order to answer a question correctly. There are two very simple instructions to follow when doing the exam, i.e., RTQ and ATQ – Read The Question and Answer The Question. Unfortunately, many students do not do this, so learning the precise meaning of the Command Words used will help enormously in completing Geography examinations successfully. The examples of typical command words which could be used in an IGCSE Geography examinations are:

Annotate – You need to add labels, notes or short comments, usually to a diagram, map or photograph to describe or explain what is on the diagram.

Calculate – Work out a numerical answer. In general, your working should be shown, especially where two or more steps are involved. An example is to work out the Discharge of a River by multiplying two numbers – the Cross Sectional Area X Velocity.

Compare – Write about firstly what is similar and, secondly, what is different about two things. Be careful not to just describe the two things.

Complete – Add the remaining detail or details required to a diagram or sentence.

Contrast – Write about the differences between two things. Again, be careful not to just describe the two things.

Define or State the meaning of – Give the meaning or definition of a word or phrase or ‘What is meant by the following term......?’ This will be something like ‘Hydraulic Action’, ‘Abrasion’, 'Population density' or 'settlement hierarchy'.

Introduction






viii


Describe – Write what something is like or where it is. ‘Describe’ may be used for questions about the resources in the question paper (for example, describe the trend of a graph, the location of a settlement on a map, etc.). It may also be used when you need to describe something from memory (describe what a meander looks like, etc.). It is often used with other command words such as ‘Name and Describe’ (you will have to name a feature and say what it is like), or ‘Describe and Explain’ (you will have to say what it is like and give reasons for it).

Devise or Plan – You will need to produce something like a form or questionnaire.

Draw – This means ‘Make a sketch of......’ This word is often used with a labelled diagram (draw a diagram/illustration with written notes to identify its features).

Explain or ‘Account for.....’ or ‘Give reasons for....’ – You have to write about why something occurs or happens.

Giving your views or Comment on.... – Say what you think about something.

How... – In what way? To what extent? By what means/method? This word may be used with ‘Show how...’ (This means prove how or demonstrate how).

Identify – Pick out something from the information you have been given.

Illustrating your answer – You need to account for something by using specific examples or diagrams. (It is often used with a labelled diagram).

Insert or Label – Put on names or details on a diagram or map.

Justify – Say why you chose something or why you think in a certain way.

List – Identify and name a number of features.

Locate – Find where something is placed on a map or say where something is found on a map or mark it on a map or diagram.

Measure – This normally involves you measuring a distance on a map (make sure you use the scale correctly) or a value off a graph or diagram. You could use a ruler, or the straight edge of a piece of paper and then placing this along the scale line on the map or a ruler, to do this and once you have got a value double check it. This is a common mistake by pupils under exam conditions.

Name – Give the word or words by which a specific feature is known or to give examples which illustrate a particular feature.

Predict – Use your own knowledge and understanding of something to say what will happen in the future. This is often used to say what will happen when a waterfall or a cliff retreats (leaves a gorge or a wave cut platform – but you knew that anyway!).






Introduction 1

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Refer to... or With reference to.... – Write an answer which uses some of the ideas provided in a map/photograph/diagram, etc. or a case study.

State – Write down in brief detail. To refer to an aspect, or something about a particular feature by using short statement or by few words or by a single word.

Study – Look carefully at (usually one of the diagrams or figures in the question paper).

Suggest – Set down your ideas on or knowledge of something. This is often used with the word why (it needs you to give a statement or an explanation in which you refer to a particular feature or features).

Use... or Using the information provided.... – Base your answer on the information given on a map, graph or diagram – make sure that you use the information they give you and then expand on it with your own knowledge if they want you to.

With the help of information in... – Write an answer which uses some of the information provided as well as your own additional material.

What….? – This is used to form a question concerned with some ideas/details/factors.

What differences are shown between A and B? – Use comparative statements to describe the changes involved as A changes to B. Do not just describe what A is and then what B is, try to say what the differences between A and B are.

Where...? – At what place is something found? To what place is something going? From what place has something come from?

Why......? – For what cause or reason has something happened or formed?

The following is reproduced by permission of Cambridge International Examinations.

Syllabus Name and Code Paper and Question Number Month/Year Page in book

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 22 Fig 4 Nov 2011 Page 5 Figure 2



Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 23 Figs 8 and 9 Nov 2010 Page 23 Figures 5 (a and b)

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 1 Fig 1 June 2009 Page 24 Figure 6







Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 13 Fig 5 Nov 2011 Page 89 Figure 3 (a)






x


Syllabus Name and Code Paper and Question Number Month/Year Page in book

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 13 Fig 5 Nov 2011 Page 90 Figure 3 (b)



Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 2 Table 3 June 2008 Page 101 Figure 3













Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 2 Q1 Fig 1 June 2006 Page 183 Figure 1


Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 2 Q1 and 2 inc Fig 2 June 2003 Page 189 Figure 3

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 1 Q1 Fig 1 June 2006 Page 190 Figures 4 and 5

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 2 Q5 inc Fig 8 June 2003 Page 191 Figure 6

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 2 Q6 inc Fig 5 Nov 2004 Page 192 Figure 7

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 2 Q4 inc Figs 5 and 6 June 2006 Page 193 Figures 8 and 9





Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 2 Q5 (c) inc Fig 9 June 2003 Page 196 Figure 14





Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 1 Q2 (b) inc Fig 4 June 2006 Page 201 Figure 19 (a and b)

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 4/43 Q1 Fig 3 Nov 2011 Page 205 Figure 20

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 2 Fig 13 Nov 2002 Page 206 Figure 21 (a)

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 4 Q2 Fig 9 Nov 2008 Page 208 Figure 22

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 4 Q1 Table 1 Nov 2007 Page 210 Figure 23

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 4 Q1 Fig 1 Nov 2007 Page 211 Figure 24

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 4/41 Q2 Fig 8 Nov 2011 Page 214 Figure 25


Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 4 Q2 Figs 7 and 8 June 2007 Page 217 Figure 27

Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 Paper 4 Q1 Table 2 Nov 2005 Page 218 Figure 28







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Cambridge IGCSE Geography - beck-shop.de€¦ · · 2017-07-07Cambridge IGCSE ® Geography David ... The disadvantages of tourism 156 Case study – Tourism in Kenya 157 Sustainable