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www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00252-4 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian CultureEdited by Nicholas RzhevskyFrontmatterMore information
The Cambridge Companion toModern Russian Culture
Russia’s size, the diversity of its peoples, and its unique geographicalposition straddling East and West have created a culture that is bothinward- and outward-looking. Its history reflects the tension betweenvery different approaches to what culture can and should be, and thistension shapes the vibrancy of its arts today. The highly successful firstedition of this Companion has been updated to include post-Soviettrends and new developments in the twenty-first century. It bringstogether leading authorities writing on Russian cultural identity, itsWestern and Asian connections, popular culture, and the uniqueRussian contributions to the arts. Each of the twelve chapters has beenrevised or entirely rewritten to take account of current culturalconditions, and the “further reading” list brought up to date. The bookreveals, for students, academic researchers, and all those interested inRussia, the dilemmas, strengths, and complexities of the Russiancultural experience.
nicholas rzhevsky is Professor and Chairman of the Department ofEuropean Languages, Literatures, and Cultures at Stony BrookUniversity, State University of New York.
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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00252-4 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian CultureEdited by Nicholas RzhevskyFrontmatterMore information
Cambridge Companions to Culture
The Cambridge Companion to Modern American CultureEdited by Christopher Bigsby
The Cambridge Companion to Modern British CultureEdited by Michael Higgins, Clarissa Smith and John Storey
The Cambridge Companion to Modern French CultureEdited by Nicholas Hewitt
The Cambridge Companion to Modern German CultureEdited by Eva Kolinsky and Wilfried van der Will
The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian CultureEdited by Vasudha Dalmia and Rashmi Sadana
The Cambridge Companion to Modern Irish CultureEdited by Joe Cleary and Claire Connolly
The Cambridge Companion to Modern Italian CultureEdited by Zygmunt G. Baranski and Rebecca J. West
The Cambridge Companion to Modern Latin American CultureEdited by John King
The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture (second edition)Edited by Nicholas Rzhevsky
The Cambridge Companion to Modern Spanish CultureEdited by David Gies
The Cambridge Companion to Victorian CultureEdited by Francis O’Gorman
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00252-4 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian CultureEdited by Nicholas RzhevskyFrontmatterMore information
The Cambridge Companion to
Modern Russian Culture
edited by
Nicholas Rzhevsky
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00252-4 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian CultureEdited by Nicholas RzhevskyFrontmatterMore information
cambridge university press
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City
Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521175586
c© Cambridge University Press 1998, 2012
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the writtenpermission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1998Second edition 2012
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
isbn 978-1-107-00252-4 Hardbackisbn 978-0-521-17558-6 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred toin this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on suchwebsites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00252-4 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian CultureEdited by Nicholas RzhevskyFrontmatterMore information
Contents
List of illustrations viiList of contributors ixChronology xiiiNote on names and transliteration xlv
1 Russian cultural history: introduction 1nicholas rzhevsky
part i cultural identity
2 Language 19dean s. worth and michael s. flier
3 Religion: Russian Orthodoxy 44dmitry s. likhachev
† and nicholas rzhevsky
4 Asia 65mark bassin
5 The West 94timothy westphalen
6 Ideological structures 113abbott gleason
7 Popular culture 135catriona kelly
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vi Contents
part ii literature and the arts
8 Literature 169david m. bethea
9 Art 213john e. bowlt
10 Music 250harlow robinson
11 Theatre 279laurence senelick
12 Film 316nikita lary
Further reading 347Index 368
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Illustrations
4.1 Vasily Ivanovich Surikov: Yermak’s Conquest of Siberia in 1582,1895, oil on canvas. By permission of the State RussianMuseum, St. Petersburg. 71
7.1 Girls using kacheli, a Russian swing, and a seesaw, both popularamusements since medieval times. Russian lithograph, c. 1850.Kelly collection. 142
7.2 “The sirin-bird”: Old Believer watercolor in the style of anengraved lubok, probably early nineteenth century. From Iu.Ovsiannikov, The Lubok (Moscow, 1968). Taylor Institution,Oxford. 148
7.3 Refrigerator magnets, with inscriptions, c. 2009. Rzhevskycollection. 163
9.1 Mikhail Vrubel: Illustration to “Demon,” in MikhailLermontov, Sobranie Sochinenii (Moscow, 1891), pp. 14–15. 219
9.2 Kazimir Malevich: Suprematism (Supremus No. 58), 1916, oil oncanvas, 79.5 × 70.5 cm. State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg. 227
9.3 Vladimir Tatlin: Line drawing of design for the model ofMonument to the III International, c. 1920. First published inNikolai Punin, Pamiatnik III Internatsionala (Petrograd, 1920),unpaginated. 228
9.4 Pavel Filonov: Formula of the Petrograd Proletariat, 1920–1, oil oncanvas, 154 × 117 cm. State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg. 231
9.5 Anonymous designer: Crest of the Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics manufactured for a railroad car, c. 1950, paintedmetal, 13 × 10 cm. Ferris Collection, Institute of ModernRussian Culture, Los Angeles. 236
9.6 Vladimir Ovchinnikov: Basketball, 1978, oil on canvas,60 × 75 cm. Rzhevsky collection. 242
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viii List of illustrations
9.7 Francisco Infante: Artefact: Suprematist Games, 1968, cardboard,tempera, snow. Artist’s collection, Moscow. 246
11.1 Griboedov’s Woe from Wit at the Moscow Maly Theatre in the1850s: L. V. Samarin as Chatsky, Mikhail Shchepkin asFamusov, and G. S. Olgin as Skalozub. Phototype by Panov.Laurence Senelick collection. 283
11.2 Korsh’s Theatre, Moscow, designed by the architect M. N.Chichagov. Laurence Senelick collection. 284
11.3 The last act of Chekhov’s The Three Sisters at the Moscow ArtTheatre, directed by Stanislavsky in the setting by ViktorSimov (1903). Laurence Senelick collection. 286
11.4 Michael Chekhov as Hamlet. Laurence Senelick collection. 29411.5 A Blue Blouse troupe demonstrating “Fordism in the factory.”
Laurence Senelick collection. 29911.6 Act 2 of Armored Train 14–69 at the Moscow Art Theatre (1927).
Laurence Senelick collection. 302
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Contributors
Mark Bassin: Research Professor of the History of Ideas, Center for Balticand East European Studies, Sodertorn University, Stockholm. Authorof Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion inthe Russian Far East; co-editor of Space, Place and Power in Modern Russia:Essays in theNew SpatialHistory; author of essays and articles on Russianperceptions of Asia, the history of geopolitics, and the history ofenvironmentalism in the Slavic Review, American Historical Review,Journal of Modern History, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, and Transactions ofthe Institute of British Geographers. Visiting Professor at the universitiesof Chicago, Copenhagen, and Pau. Former fellow in the Institute forEuropean History (Mainz), Kennan Institute, the Remarque Institute,and the American Academy in Berlin.
David M. Bethea: Vilas Research Professor of Slavic Languages at theUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison and Professor of Russian Studies atOxford University. His numerous studies of Russian poetry, Russianliterary culture, and Russian thought have been recognized by theGuggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for theHumanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, and otherscholarly bodies. Publications include Khodasevich: His Life and Art; TheShape of Apocalypse in Modern Russian Fiction; Joseph Brodsky and theCreation of Exile; The Pushkin Handbook (editor); The Works ofPushkin/Sochineniia Pushkina (general editor), and The Superstitious Muse:Thinking Russian Literature Mythopoetically (selected essays).
John E. Bowlt: Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at theUniversity of Southern California, Los Angeles, where he is alsodirector of the Institute of Modern Russian Culture. He has writtenextensively on Russian visual culture, especially on the art ofSymbolism and the avant-garde, his latest book being Moscow, St.Petersburg. Art and Culture during the Russian Silver Age. Bowlt has also
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x List of contributors
curated or co-curated numerous exhibitions of Russian art, including“A Feast of Wonders. Sergei Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes” at theNouveau Musee de Monte Carlo, Monaco, and the State TretiakovGallery, Moscow; and “El cosmos de la vanguardia rusa” at theFundacion Marcelino Botın, Santander, and the State Museum ofContemporary Art, Thessaloniki. In September, 2010, he received theOrder of Friendship from the Russian Federation for his promotion ofRussian culture in the USA.
Michael S. Flier: Oleksandr Potebnja Professor of Ukrainian Philology,Harvard University. Author of Aspects of Nominal Determination in OldChurch Slavic, essays, articles, and reviews on Slavic synchronic anddiachronic linguistics, and on the semiotics of medieval East Slavicculture. Editor of Slavic Forum: Essays in Slavic Linguistics and Literatureand Ukrainian Philology and Linguistics, co-editor of Medieval RussianCulture, vols. i–ii, Issues in RussianMorphosyntax, The Scope of Slavic Aspect,and The New Muscovite Cultural History. Chair, American Committee ofSlavists. Director, Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University.
Abbott Gleason: Keeney Professor of History Emeritus at BrownUniversity. Past President, American Association for theAdvancement of Slavic Studies. Author of Totalitarianism: The InnerHistory of the Cold War; Bolshevik Culture: Experiment and Order in theRussian Revolution; Young Russia: The Genesis of Russian Radicalism in the1860s; European and Muscovite: Ivan Kireevsky and the Origins ofSlavophilism; essays, articles, and reviews in Journal of InterdisciplinaryHistory, Contemporary European History, Russian Review, Slavic Review,American Quarterly, and The Journal of Modern History.
Catriona Kelly: Professor of Russian, University of Oxford. Author ofPetrushka, the Russian Carnival Puppet Theatre; A History of RussianWomen’s Writing, 1820–1992; Refining Russia: Advice Literature, PoliteCulture, and Gender from Catherine to Yeltsin, and Children’s World: GrowingUp in Russia, 1890–1991. Editor of AnAnthology of RussianWomen’sWriting,1777–1992, and co-editor of An Introduction to Russian Culture Studies, andConstructing Russian Culture in the Age of Revolution.
Nikita Lary: Emeritus Professor, York University, Toronto. Author ofDostoevsky and Soviet Film: Visions of Demonic Realism, and of Dostoevskyand Dickens: A Study of Literary Influence. Chief editor and translator ofThe Alexander Medvedkin Handbook (forthcoming). Author of essays,articles, and reviews in Slavic and East European Journal, Slavic Review,Slavic and East European Arts, Sight and Sound, Canadian Slavonic Papers,Kinovedcheskie zapiski, Eisenstein Rediscovered.
Dmitry S. Likhachev†: Academician, Institute of World Literature,
Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Head, Soviet Culture
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List of contributors xi
Foundation and Deputy, Congress of Russian Deputies. Author andeditor of numerous works on Russian literature and language. Widelyregarded as the primary modern authority and conscience of Russianculture. Advisor on cultural matters to the Soviet and RussianFederation governments.
Harlow Robinson: Matthews Distinguished University Professor,Department of History, Northeastern University. Author of Russians inHollywood, Hollywood’s Russians: Biography of an Image; The Last Impresario:The Life, Times and Legacy of Sol Hurok; Sergei Prokofiev: A Biography; SelectedLetters of Sergei Prokofiev (editor/translator); essays and reviews forRussian Review, Slavic and East European Journal, Slavic Review, MusicalQuarterly, Opera News, Dance Magazine, New York Times, Boston Globe.Radio and television commentator on Russian music and culture.
Nicholas Rzhevsky: Professor and Chair, Department of EuropeanLanguages, Literatures, and Cultures, Stony Brook University, StateUniversity of New York. Author of Russian Literature and Ideology;Modern Russian Theater: A Literary and CulturalHistory; articles and essaysin Encounter, Nation, Modern Drama, Russian Review, Slavic Review, NewLiterary History, and (with Yury Liubimov) an English-language stageadaptation of Crime and Punishment. Editor of An Anthology of RussianLiterature: Introduction to a Culture, and co-editor of Media ><Media,Dramaturgs and Dramaturgy, and Slavic and East European Arts.
Laurence Senelick: Fletcher Professor of Drama and Oratory at TuftsUniversity. Recipient of the St. George medal of the Ministry ofCulture of the Russian Federation. His many books include TheChekhov Theatre: A Century of the Plays in Performance; Serf Actor: The Lifeand Art of Mikhail Shchepkin; Anton Chekhov; National Theatre in Northernand Eastern Europe, 1746–1900: A Documentary History; Gordon Craig’sMoscow Hamlet, and A Historical Dictionary of Russian Theater. He hasedited and translated Russian Dramatic Theory from Pushkin to theSymbolists; Cabaret Performance: Europe 1890–1940; Russian Satiric Comedy;Russian Comedy of the Nikolaian Era, and The Complete Plays of AntonChekhov. His dramatic adaptation of Dead Souls was staged in Boston.
Timothy Westphalen: Associate Professor of Russian and Director ofSlavic and European programs, Department of European Languages,Literatures, and Cultures, Stony Brook University, State University ofNew York. Author of Lyric Incarnate: The Dramas of Aleksandr Blok andeditor and translator of Aleksandr Blok’s Trilogy of Lyric Dramas.Publications include essays and articles in the leading Slavic journalsand The Moscow Times.
Dean S. Worth: Professor, University of California, Los Angeles. PastChair, American Committee of Slavists, member Academic Council of
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xii List of contributors
the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies. President,Western Slavic Association and Vice President, InternationalCommittee of Slavists. Author of fifty-plus publications on Russianculture and approximately 160 on linguistics, Paleosiberianlanguages, and Russian folk poetics.
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Chronology
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
Third to eighth centuriesTribal migrations
Ninth century Ninth centuryc. 750–800 Vikings reach
central Volgac. 862–79 Slavs invite
Riurik, Sineus, Truvor;beg. reign Kiev GreatPrinces
c. 863 Sts. Cyril,Methodius, Glagoliticalphabet
2nd half ninth centuryGreek Teacher’s Gospel
Late ninth century firsttrans. Bible
882 Oleg unites Kiev,Novgorod
Tenth century Tenth century Tenth century907 Oleg attacks
Constantinoplec. tenth century church of
Ilia, Kievc. 955 Olga baptized
Christian faithc. 962 beg. reign Sviatoslavc. 968 Sviatoslav defeats
Bulgarians969 Kiev besieged by
Pechenegs978 Beg. reign Vladimir988 Vladimir accepts
Byzantine Christianity988 Trans. Bible,
liturgical texts, saints’lives
991–6 Assumptionchurch (Tithe); Kiev
(cont.)
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xiv Chronology
(cont.)
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
Eleventh century Eleventh century Eleventh century1015 d. Sts. Boris and Gleb c. 1017 beg. Novgorod First
Chroniclec. eleventh century
znamenny raspev (choralsinging)
1019–54 Reign Yaroslav(“the Wise”)
1036 Sermon of LukaZhidyata
1036 TransfigurationCathedral, Chernigov
1037 Victory overPechenegs
1037–41 St. Sophia, Kiev
c. 1040 first chroniclesKievan Rus’
1045–50 St. Sophia,Novgorod
1046–67 St. SophiaRusso-Byzantinemosaics
c. 1050 Hilarion’s Sermonon Law and Grace
1051 Hilarion, firstMetropolitan Russianorigin
1051–4 Russian Pravda
1056–7 Gospel of Ostromir1061 Kiev troops defeat
Polovtsy (Kumans)1070–88 Archangel
Michael Cathedral,Vydubetsky monastery,Kiev
1073–8 Monastery ofCaves Russo-Byzantinemosaics
1074 d. St. Theodosius(founderKiev-Pecherskymonastery)
1078–93 Reign Vsevolod 1079–85 Boris and Glebc. 1088 Nestor’s Life of
Theodosius1089 Ioann’s Church
Regulation1089–90 Church St.
Michael, Pereslavl’1093–1113 Reign
Sviatopolk, Iziaslav’sson
c. 1093–5 PrimaryCompilation; PrimaryChronicle
1095 Novgorod MonthlyReadings
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Chronology xv
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1096 Polovtsy occupy Kiev 1096–1117 Instructions ofVladimir Monomakh
c. eleventh to twelfthcenturies kriukovye noty(musical notation)
Twelfth century Twelfth century Twelfth centuryc. first half twelfth
century VladimirMother of God icon
1103 Annunciationchurch, Novgorod
1113–25 Reign VladimirMonomakh
c. 1110–13 Nestor’s PrimaryChronicle (Tale of BygoneYears)
1114 d. Monk Alipy1115–23 Cathedral Sts.
Boris and Gleb,Chernigov
c. 1117 Silvester’s secondredaction PrimaryChronicle
1117–19 CathedralNativity of Virgin,Antoniev monastery
1119–20 Cathedral St.George, Yurievmonastery
1136 Novgorod breaksaway from Kiev
1128–57 Synodal copyNovgorod First Chronicle
1128 Spassky monastery,Polotsk
1135–44 ChurchDormition, Kanevo
1140 Kirillovskymonastery beg. nearKiev
1145 Church Sts. Boris andGleb, Smolensk
c. 1150 Church Sts. Borisand Gleb, Kideksh
1152 Church of Savior,Pereslavl’-Zalessky
c. 1152 St. Olaf ’s church,Novgorod
1154–7 Kiev reign YuryDolgoruky, founderMoscow
c. 1158 UspenskyCathedral, Vladimir
1165 Church Intercessionof Virgin on Nerli
1169 Andrei Bogoliubsky,Prince of Vladimir,sacks Kiev
(cont.)
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xvi Chronology
(cont.)
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1170 Novgorod forcesdefeat Suzdal
1174–1212 Vsevolod (“BigNest”) Great Prince ofVladimir
1179 ChurchAnnunciation,Miachino
1185 Igor’s unsuccessfulcampaign againstPolovtsy
1185–92 Church Sts. Peterand Paul, Sinichia hill
c. 1187 Tale of Igor’sCampaign
1190–2 Church St. Basil,Ovruch
c. late twelfth–earlythirteenth centurySupplication of Daniil theExile
1194–7 Cathedral St.Dmitry, Vladimir
1198 Church of Savior,Novgorod
Thirteenth century Thirteenth century Thirteenth century1202–6 Birth of Mother of
God monastery,Vladimir
1216–24 CathedralTransfiguration ofSavior, Yaroslavl’
1222–5 CathedralsNativity of Virgin,St. George,Vladimir-Suzdal
1223 Mongol victory,Kalka river
c. 1223–before 1246 Tale ofRuin Russian Land
1237–40 Mongol invasion.Cities devastated
1237–40 Tale of Battle onRiver Kalka
c. 1239 Tale of Batu’sInvasion
1240 Kiev taken; beg.Mongol “Yoke”;Aleksandr Nevskydefeats Swedes, Nevariver
1242 Aleksandr Nevsky’s“Battle on the Ice”
1252–63 Reign AleksandrNevsky
mid thirteenth centurytrans. Greek Aleksandriia
1263–72 Yaroslav reign inVladimir
1263 Life of Aleksandr Nevsky
1270 Novgorod treatyHanseatic League
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Chronology xvii
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1292 Church St. Nicholason Lipna, Novgorod
Fourteenth century Fourteenth century Fourteenth century1317–22 Reign Yury of
Moscow1326 Metropolitan Peter
moves see to Moscow1326 Uspensky Cathedral,
Moscow Kremlin1328–40 Ivan I (“Kalita”)
1330 Church Savior inForest, MoscowKremlin
1333 Archangel Cathedral,Moscow Kremlin
c. 1335 Sergius ofRadonezh’sTrinity-Sergiusmonastery
1340s Tale of Battle Novgorodwith Suzdal
c. 1340 Birth ofTheophanes the Greek
c. 1350 Icon Savior of FieryEye; AssumptionCathedral, Moscow
1359–89 Reign MoscowPrince Dmitry (“of theDon”)
1361 Church St. TheodoreStratilates, Novgorod
1366 Fire destroys muchof Moscow
1367 Kremlin stone walls,Moscow
1373 Mamai devastatesRiazan
1370–80 Assumptionchurch, Volotovo Field,Novgorod
1374 Church Savior onElijah Street, Novgorod
1377 Laurentian Chronicle1378 Theophanes’s icons
and frescoes, ChurchTransfiguration,Novgorod
1379 Church Nativity ofVirgin, Mikhailitsa
1380 Dmitry defeatsMongols, KulikovoField
1382 Toqtamysh sacksMoscow 1383–4 Church St. John
the Divine,Radokovitsi, Vitka river
(cont.)
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xviii Chronology
(cont.)
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1389–95 Tamerlaneattacks Golden Horde c. 1393 Zadonshchina
(Beyond the Don)1389–1425 Reign Vasily I
Moscow1391 Sergei of Radonezh
dies 1396 d. Stefan of Perm1397 Kirillo-Belozersk
monastery founded1399 Theophanes and
craftsmen decorateCathedral of ArchangelMichael in MoscowKremlin
Fifteenth century Fifteenth century Fifteenth centuryc. 1400 Tale of Battle with
Mamaic. 1400 Uspensky
Cathedral, Zvenigorod1405 Rublev, Theophanes,
Prokhor icons Nativity,Baptism, Transfiguration
1406 Arsenian Editionsaints’ lives
1406 Church Sts. Peter andPaul Kozhevniki,Novgorod
c. 1408 Rublev and Danielthe Black’s Christ inMajesty
c. 1410–22 Rublev’s OldTestament Trinity
1413 Church St. Basil onHillock, Pskov
1415 Epiphanius the Wiseletter to ArchimandriteKiril
c. 1420 Hypatian Chronicle;d. Epiphanius the Wise
1420 Rublev interiorcathedral,Trinity-Sergiusmonastery
1421–2 Church St. John theCompassionate, LakeMiachino
1425–62 Vasily II (“theDark”) 1433 b. Nil Sorsky c. 1430 d. Rublev
1439 Council of Florence1441 First mention
demestvennyi formsinging
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Chronology xix
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1442 PachomiusLogothetes’s RussianChronograph
1448 Russian Churchautocephalous
1450 Icon Battle Suzdal andNovgorod
1453 Fall ofConstantinople
1462–1505 Ivan III (“theGreat”)
1469 Ivan III fails to takeKazan
1470 “Judaizers” heresy,Novgorod
1471 Ivan III attacksNovgorod
1472 Ivan m. SophiaPaleologue
1472–85 Moscow rulesPerm, Rostov,Novgorod, Tver
c. 1474 d. Afanasy Nikitinauthor, Journey beyondThree Seas
c. 1475–1556 Maksim Grek 1475–9 Fioravanti’sAssumption Cathedral,Moscow Kremlin
1480s Catalog ofKirillo-Belozerskliturgical bookscompiled
1484–9 Annunciationchurch rebuilt, MoscowKremlin
1484–90 Ivan III’sNovgorod citadel
1485–1516 MoscowKremlin reconstruction
1491 Ivan III and CrimeanTatars defeat SaraiTatars
1487–91 ArmouryChambers, MoscowKremlin
1496 War with Sweden1497 Code of Ivan III
(Sudebnik)
Sixteenth century Sixteenth century Sixteenth century1500–2 Dionisius and
sons’ frescoes, Ferapontmonastery
(cont.)
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xx Chronology
(cont.)
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1503 Church council;“Possessors”–“Non-Possessors”debate
1505–33 Reign Vasily III 1505 Novy’s newArchangel MichaelCathedral in MoscowKremlin
1508 d. Nil Sorsky1510–14 Cathedral
Intercession Mother ofGod, Suzdal
1515 d. Joseph ofVolokolamsk
1515 TransfigurationCathedral, Khutynmonastery
1518 Maksim Grek arrivesin Moscow
1525 Trial of Maksim Grekfor heresy
1524–5 CathedralSmolensk Mother ofGod; Novodevichyconvent
1529 Church St. Prokopy1530–2 Vasily III’s Trinity
Cathedral,Trinity-Danilovmonastery
1532 Ascension church,Kolomenskoe
1533–8 Regency ElenaGlinskaya
1533–84 Reign Ivan IV(“the Terrible”) 1535–7 Church St.
Nicholas rebuilt, Pskov1536 Church Sts. Boris
and Gleb, Plotnikic. 1540s Macarius’s Chet’i
Minei1547 Sylvestr’s Domostroy 1547 Church Decapitation
John the Baptist,Moscow
c. 1548 Morality plays,Novgorod
1550–1 Hundred ChaptersCouncil (Stoglav)
1550 Peresvetov’s Tale ofSultan Mahmed; Sudebnikissued
1551 Stoglav1552 Kazan taken
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Chronology xxi
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1555 English MoscowTrade Company
c. 1553–1600 CathedralVirgin of Intercessionon Moat (St. Basil’s theBlessed), Red Square,Moscow
1558–83 Livonian War1557 Trinity church, Holy
Ghost monastery,Novgorod
1559–85 DormitionCathedral,Trinity-Sergiusmonastery
1560–3 Athanasius’s Bookof Generations
1560s–70sCorrespondence Ivan IVand Kurbsky
1564 Andrei Kurbskydefects
1564 Fedorov,Mstislavets’s Apostolfirst printed book inMoscow
1565 Ivan introducesOprichnina
1566 Philip becomesMetropolitan
1568 Synod deposesMetropolitan Philip
1568 Psalter printed
1569 Philip strangled1570 Oprichnina overruns
Novgorod1571 Crimean Tatars raid
Moscow1571 Skomorokhi
mentioned NovgorodChronicles
1572 Ivan IV abolishesOprichnina
1575 War with Sweden1580 Swedes invadeNarva;
Ivan kills son Ivan;Poles march to Pskov
1581 Ostrog Bible1582 Yermak conquers
Khanate Siberia1583 End of Livonian War1584–98 Reign Fedor I,
Boris Gudunov regent1589 First Patriarch Iov 1589 Code Tsar Fedor
Ivanovich, regulationskomorokhi
(cont.)
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xxii Chronology
(cont.)
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1591 d. Ivan’s son DmitryUglich
1592–7 Restrictions onpeasant mobility on St.George’s Day
1598 d. Fedor; end Houseof Riurik
c. 1598 Trinity church,Moscow
1598–1605 Reign BorisGudunov
Seventeenth century Seventeenth century Seventeenth century1601–3 Drought, famine,
plague1600 Chudovsky Chet’i
Minei1604 False Dmitry I
invades Russia1605 d. Boris Gudunov;
beg. “Time of Trouble”;reign Fedor Gudunov;killed same year
1605–6 Reign FalseDmitry I
1606–10 Reign VasilyShuisky
1607–10 False Dmitry II1610 Polish forces occupy
Moscow1610–13 Vladislav of
Poland, Tsar elect1611 Swedes occupy
Novgorod1611–12 Armed resistance,
Minin and Pozharsky1613 Beg. Romanov
dynasty, LandedAssembly choosesMikhail
1613 Performancechambers, Moscowcourt
1613–45 Reign Mikhail 1614 Moscow PrintingHouse founded
1615 Kiev religiouspuppet shows
1619–33 Filaret (Mikhail’sfather) patriarch
1628 Dormition church,Uglich
1632 Kiev Academy 1632 Peter Mohyla opensschool in Kiev
1632–4 War with Poland
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Chronology xxiii
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1634–5 Intercessionchurch, Moscow
1635–6 Kremlin TeremPalace
1635–7 Church Sts.Zosima and Savvatii,Zagorsk
1637 Don Cossacks seizeAzov
1639 Moskvitinexpedition reachesPacific
1640 Mohyla publishesPravoslavnoe ispovedanie
1643 Holy Trinity church,Nikitinki, Moscow
1645–76 Reign Aleksei 1645 Mohyla publishescatechism
1646 Census1647 Russian–Polish
alliance against Turks1647–50 Church Prophet
Elijah, Yaroslavl’1648 Ukrainian liberation
war, BoghdanKhmelnitsky
1648 Tsar Aleksei forbidsskomorokhi
1649 Ulozhenie, code oflaws; d. Mohyla
1649–52 Church Nativityof Virgin, Putinki,Moscow
1652 Nikon patriarch1653 Avvakum exiled
1650 Publication ofKormchaia kniga,collection ofecclesiastical law
1649–54 Church IoanZlatoust, Korovniki,Yaroslavl’
1653 Nikon reforms,Nomokanon; psalterpublished by PrintingOffice; Patriarch Nikonheads Printing Office
1654 Beg. Schism (Raskol);Old Believers;Ukrainian Radadeclares allegiance toRussian Tsar
1654 Russians travel toMt. Athos to purchasebooks
1654–7 Russo-Polish War 1654–5 Churchundertakes revision ofChurch texts
1656–61 Russo-SwedishWar
1658 Vasily Likhachev onItalian theatre
(cont.)
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xxiv Chronology
(cont.)
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1659 Pan-Slavist YuryKrizhanich in Moscow
1664 S. Polotsky’s Latinschool (Moscow);Avvakum returns fromexile
1665 Mail serviceestablished
1666–7 Church councildeposes Nikon
1669–71 Stenka Razinrebellions
1669–76 Avvakum’s Life
1672 Birth of Peter (I) 1672 Pastor Gregorystages adaptation Bookof Esther
1673 Ballet Orpheus andEurydice; Tsar Alekseifunds theatre
1676–82 Reign Fedor III,regent Prince VasilyGolitsin
1676 Tsar Fedor evictstheatre from court
1677–8 Polotsky’sMany-Flowered Garden
1678 Ushakov’s Savior NotDone by Hands
1678–83 Potekhin’sTrinity church,Ostankino, Moscow
1680 Polotsky’s RhymedPsalter; Rifmologion
late seventeenth centuryMisery–Luckless–Plight;Shemyaka’s Judgment;Frol Skobeev; SavvaGrudtsyn. d. Polotsky
1679–82 Church St.Nicholas, Kamovniki,Moscow
1682–1725 Reign Peter I“the Great” (initiallywith brother Ivan)
1682 Avvakum burned atstake
1684–93 Epiphanychurch, Yaroslavl’
1687 Greek–Latin–Slavonic Academyopens in Moscow
1687–95 ChurchResurrection inKadashi, Moscow
1690–1704 Church Icon ofSign at Petrovo,Moscow
1695 War withTurkey/Crimean Tatars
1695 Church ofAscension, Suzdal
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Chronology xxv
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1696 Naval fleet; Turkssurrender Azov
1697 First Kamchatkaexpedition
1697–8 Peter travels to theWest
1697–1703 Nativitychurch, Bell Tower,Nizhny-Novgorod
1698 Streltsy revolt 1698–1704 Church St.Anne, Uzkoe, Moscow
1699 Trading companiesformed; Julian calendar
Eighteenth century Eighteenth century Eighteenth century1700 Beg. Northern War
with Sweden1701–3 Foundation St.
Petersburg1701–7 Church Archangel
Gabriel (MenshikovTower)
1702 Kunst’s theatretroupe arrives
1703 First Russiannewspaper Vedomosti(News)
1703 Peter and PaulFortress
1705 Military draftinstituted
1705 Peter I decree oncomedies;Prokopovich’s Vladimir
1706–10 Tsarevna Nataliastages plays
1708 Administrativereforms; provincescreated
1708 New “civil” alphabet
1709 Battle of Poltava;defeat of Swedish army
1710 War with Turkey1711 Senate replaces boyar
duma1712 St. Petersburg new
capital
1711–27 Five printingpresses open St.Petersburg
1711–14 Summer Palace
1712 Imperial court movesto St. Petersburg
1712–33 Trezzini’s Sts.Peter and PaulCathedral, St.Petersburg
1713 Conquest Finland1714 Kunstkammer;
ChurchTransfiguration, Kizhi
(cont.)
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xxvi Chronology
(cont.)
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1714–52 LeBlond,Braunstein, Michetti,Rastrelli’s Peterhof
1715 Aleksandr Nevskymonastery,St. Petersburg
1716–24 Second WinterPalace
1718 Poll tax; judicialreform
1720 Peter I hires Pragueactors
1721 Treaty Nystad; Peteremperor; patriarchateabolished
1722 War with Persia;Table of Ranksinstituted
1723 Treaty gives RussiaCaspian Sea’s southernshores
1722–6 Sts. Peter and PaulCathedral, Kazan
1722–41 Twelve Colleges,Vasilevsky Island,St. Petersburg
1725 Academy of Sciences1725–7 Reign Catherine I1727 Treaty with China;
Bering discovers straitc. 1727 Leshchinsky
theatre, Siberia1727–30 Reign Peter II 1729 b. Volkov, actor1730–40 Reign Anna I 1731–4 Church Sts.
Simeon and Anna1732–8 Admiralty,
St. Petersburg1733 b. Dmitrevsky
1734 Winter PalaceTheatre, St. Petersburg
1735–40 War with Turkey 1735 Trediakovsky’s Newand Brief Method forComposing Russian Verses
1735–9 Korobov’s church,St. Panteleimon
1738 Dance school,St. Petersburg
1739 Tatishchev proposesUrals Europe–Asiadivide
1740–1 Reign Ivan VI1741–61 Reign Elizabeth I 1741–3 Rastrelli’s Summer
Palace1741–50 Rastrelli,
Zemtsov’s AnichkovPalace
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Chronology xxvii
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1743 Lomonosov’s Ode onConquest of Khotina
1743 Musical Rose withoutThorns, St. Petersburgcourt
1744 Russia joins Warsawpact
1747 Sumarkov’s Khorev1748 Lomonosov’s Short
Guide to Rhetoric1748–64 Resurrection
Cathedral, Rastrelli’sSmolny convent
1749 Noblemen’s Corps’production Khorev
1750 Elizabethencourages Russianactors; Yaroslavtroupe’s About Penanceof Sinful Man
1752 Volkov’s Yaroslavperformances; formalactors’ training
1755 Moscow Universityfounded
1754–62 Rastrelli’sWinter Palace
1756 Opera Taniusha1757 Treaty with France,
Austria; Russia invadesPrussia
1757 Lomonosov’s RussianGrammar
1757 Academy of Arts,St. Petersburg
1759 Russian forcesoccupy Berlin
1761–2 Reign Peter III1762–96 Reign Catherine
II (“the Great”)1762 Actors given noble
rank1763 Correspondence
Voltaire–Catherine II1763 d. Volkov
1764 Government takesChurch lands andpeasants; SmolnyInstitute: beg. ofwomen’s education
1766 Trediakovsky’sTilemakhida
1767 Catherine’sLegislative Commission
1768–74 War with Turkey
1769–70 Novikov’s Trutenc. 1770 Fonvizin’s Brigadier
1768–82 Falconet’s BronzeHorseman
1768–85 Rinaldi’s MarblePalace, St. Petersburg
1772 First partitionPoland
1772 M. Popov’s Anyuta;synodal typographyprints znamennyi chants
(cont.)
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xxviii Chronology
(cont.)
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1773 Diderot visits Russia1773–5 Pugachev rebellion
1773 D. Levitsky’swomen’s portraits
1774 Journal MusicalEntertainments
1776 Bolshoi Theatre ofOpera and Ballet;Trutovsky’s collectionfolk songs
1779–89 Moscow News 1779 D. Bortniansky, dir.Imperial Chapel Choir;Dmitrevsky headdramatic school
1780–1801 Cameron’sarchitectural ensemble,Pavlovsk
1782 The Minor; “Felitsa” 1782–6 Cameron’sTemple of Friendship,Pavlovsk
1783 Crimea annexed;Dashkova headsAcademy
1783 Bolshoi KamennyiTheatre
1784 Alaska settled1785 Charter of Nobility
1786 Catherine II’s plays
1784–6 Bazhenov’sPashkov House,Moscow
1787 War with OttomanEmpire
1788 Sweden declares war 1788 b. Shchepkin1790 Radishchev’s Journey
from St. Petersburg toMoscow
1791 Moscow Journal1792 Karamzin’s “Poor
Liza”1794 Kosciusko rebellion1796 Prussian military
reforms1796–1801 Reign Paul I 1797 Karamzin beg. Letters
of Russian Traveler1797 V. L. Borovikovsky’s
Portrait of M. I. Lopukhina1799 b. Pushkin 1799 Kozlovsky’s Statue
of Suvorov, Field ofMars
Nineteenth century Nineteenth century Nineteenth century1800 b. Mochalov
1801–25 Reign Alexander I1802 Creation
government ministries1802–3 Herald of Europe;
A. N. Radishchev’ssuicide
1802 b. Karatygin
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Chronology xxix
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1803 Karamzin’s MarfaPosadnitsa; Discourse onOld and New Style inRussian Language
1804–6 ExpansionCaucasus
1804 b. Glinka1804–18 Martos’s
sculpture Minin andPozharsky, Red Square
1805–6 V. Kruzenshtern’sexpedition
1805 decree institutingimperial theatres
1806–12 War with Turkey 1806–23 Zacharov’sAdmiralty, St.Petersburg
1807 Battle Friedland;Treaty Tilsit
1808 A. ArakcheevDefense Minister
1808–9 War with Sweden,annexation Finland
1808 Zhukovsky’sLiudmila
1809 Krylov’s Fables
1808 Smolny Institute;Didelot’s Zephyr andFlora; Drama News
1810 Lyceum TsarskoeSelo founded
1810 Stock Exchangebuilding, St.Petersburg
1811–16 Collegium ofAmateurs of RussianWord
1811 Voronikhincompletes KazanCathedral
1812 Invasion ofNapoleon; battlesBorodino, Smolensk;Fort Ross, California,founded
1812 First Russianvaudeville,Shakhovskoy’s CossackPoet
1813 Battle Leipzig1814 Russian forces in
Paris1814–15 Vienna Congress1815 Holy Alliance signed 1815 “Arzamas” literary
circle1816 Karamzin’s History of
Russian State (completed1829)
1817 Batyushkov’s DyingTasso
1818 Fatherland Annals 1818 b. Sadovsky1818–58 Montferrand’s
St. Isaac’s Cathedral1819 St. Petersburg
University founded1819 Society of Lovers of
Russian Letters1819–29 Rossi’s General
Staff Building1819–21 Exploration
Antarctica(cont.)
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xxx Chronology
(cont.)
Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture
1820 Ruslan and Liudmila1821 Pushkin’s Prisoner of
Caucasus; b. Dostoevsky1823 Society of Wisdom;
Polar Star1823 V. A. Tropinin’s
Lace-Maker1824 Mnemozyne; Woe from
Wit1824 Maly Theatre,
Moscow becomes statetheatre
1825 Decembrist Revolt1825–55 Reign Nicholas I
1825 Moscow Telegraph;Boris Godunov
1826–8 Russo-Persian War 1827 Moscow Herald 1827 Kiprensky’s Portraitof A. S. Pushkin
1828 b. Tolstoy 1828–32 Rossi’sAlexandrinsky Theatre
1829 Yury Miloslavsky orRussians in 1812
1829–37 Orlovsky’ssculptures of Kutuzovand Barclay de Tolly,St. Petersburg
1830–2 M. SperanskyRussian Code of Laws
1830 Belkin Tales; LittleTragedies
1830–3 Briullov’s Last Dayof Pompeii
1831 Evenings on Farm nearDikanka; Telescope
1832 Briullov’sHorsewoman
1833 S. Uvarov MinisterPublic Education
1833 Eugene Onegin; BronzeHorseman; “Queen ofSpades”
1833 b. Borodin
1834 Herzen-Ogarev circlearrested; KievUniversity founded
1834 Belinsky’s LiteraryReveries
1834–59 Shamil’ rebellionCaucasus
1835 Arabesques; Mirgorod;Masquerade
1836 Captain’s Daughter;Contemporary; InspectorGeneral; “Nose”
1836 Life for the Tsar;Inspector General
1837 d. Pushkin;Lermontov’s “Death ofPoet”; Chaadaev’sApology of Madman
1839 Fatherland Notes 1839 b. Mussorgsky1839–49 Ton’s Bolshoi
Kremlin Palace1840 Hero of Our Time;
Mtsyri; Aksakov’s FamilyChronicle
1840 b. Tchaikovsky
1841 d. Lermontov