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the cambridge history of chri st ianity

EARLY MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITIES,c . 600–c . 1 100

The key focus of this book is the vitality and dynamism of allaspects of Christian experience from Late Antiquity to the FirstCrusade. By putting the institutional and doctrinal history firmlyin the context of Christianity’s many cultural manifestations andlived experiences everywhere from Afghanistan to Iceland, thisvolume of The Cambridge History of Christianity emphasizes theever-changing, varied expressions of Christianity at both local andworld level. The insights of many disciplines, including genderstudies, codicology, archaeology, and anthropology, are deployedto offer fresh interpretations which challenge the conventionaltruths concerning this formative period.

Addressing eastern, Byzantine and western Christianity, itexplores encounters between Christians and others, notably Jews,Muslims, and pagans; the institutional life of the church includ-ing law, reform, and monasticism; the pastoral and sacramentalcontexts of worship, belief, and morality; and finally its culturaland theological meanings, including heresy, saints’ cults, and theafterlife.

thomas f. x . noble is Robert M. Conway Director of theMedieval Institute and Professor of History, University of NotreDame. He previously held positions at Texas Tech University andat the University of Virginia, as well as several prestigious fellow-ships in both the United States and Europe. He has written oredited six books and over thirty book chapters or journal articles.

jul ia m. h . smith is Edwards Professor of Medieval History,University of Glasgow. She is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Soci-ety and has previously taught at Trinity College, Hartford, CT,and at the University of St. Andrews. Professor Smith has writtennumerous journal articles and is the author or editor of four booksincluding, most recently, Europe after Rome: A New Cultural History5 00–1000 (2005).

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-81775-2 - Early Medieval Christianities, c.600-c.II00Edited by Thomas F. X. Noble and Julia M. H. SmithFrontmatterMore information

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the cambridge history of

CHRISTIANITY

The Cambridge History of Christianity offers a comprehensive chro-nological account of the development of Christianity in all itsaspects – theological, intellectual, social, political, regional, global –from its beginnings to the present day. Each volume makes a sub-stantial contribution in its own right to the scholarship of its periodand the complete History constitutes a major work of academicreference. Far from being merely a history of western EuropeanChristianity and its offshoots, the History aims to provide a globalperspective. Eastern and Coptic Christianity are given full consider-ation from the early period onwards, and later, African, Far Eastern,New World, South Asian, and other non-European developmentsin Christianity receive proper coverage. The volumes coverpopular piety and non-formal expressions of Christian faith andtreat the sociology of Christian formation, worship, and devotionin a broad cultural context. The question of relations betweenChristianity and other major faiths is also kept in sight through-out. The History will provide an invaluable resource for scholarsand students alike.

List of volumes:

Origins to Constantineedited by margaret m. mitchell and

fr ances m. young

Constantine to c. 600

edited by august ine cas iday and freder ickw. norri s

Early Medieval Christianities c. 600–c. 1 100

edited by thomas f. x . noble and jul ia m. h . smith

Christianity in Western Europe c. 1 100–c. 1 5 00

edited by mir i rub in and walter s imon

Eastern Christianityedited by michael angold






Reform and Expansion 1 5 00–1660

edited by ronnie po-chia hs ia

Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660–1 81 5

edited by stewart j. brown and timothy tackett

World Christianities c. 1 81 5 –c. 1914

edited by br ian stanley and sher idan gilley

World Christianities c. 1914–c. 2000

edited by hugh m cleod






T H E C A M B R I D G E

H I S TO RY O F

C H R I S T I A N I T Y

*

VO LU M E 3

Early Medieval Christianities,c. 600–c. 1100

*

Edited by

THOMAS F. X . NOB L Eand

JULIA M. H. SMIT H

*Assistant editor

ROBERTA A. BARANOW SK I






cambridge univers ity pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi

Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

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C© Cambridge University Press 2008

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2008

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication dataEarly medieval Christianities, c. 600–c. 1100 / editors, Thomas F. X.Noble, Julia M. H. Smith; assistant editor, Roberta A. Baranowski.

p. cm. – (The Cambridge history of christianity; v. 3)Includes bibliographical references and index.

isbn 978-0-521-81775-2 (hardback)1. Church history – Middle Ages, 600–1500. I. Noble, Thomas F. X. II. Smith, Julia M. H.

III. Baranowski, Roberta A.br252.e27 2008

270.2 – dc22 2007050262

isbn 978-0-521-81775-2 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLsfor external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does notguarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






Contents

List of Illustrations xiList of Maps xii

List of Contributors xiiiPreface xv

Acknowledgments xixAbbreviations xxi

Introduction: Christendom, c. 600 1

peter brown

part iFOUNDATIONS: PEOPLES, PLAC ES, A ND

TRADITIONS

1 · Late Roman Christianities 21

phil ip rousseau

2 · The emergence of Byzantine Orthodoxy, 600–1095 46

andrew louth

3 · Beyond empire I: Eastern Christianities from the Persian to the Turkishconquest, 604–1071 65

igor dorfmann-lazarev

4 · Beyond empire II: Christianities of the Celtic peoples 86

thomas m. charles -edwards

5 · Germanic Christianities 107

lesley abr ams

vii






Contents

6 · Slav Christianities, 800–1100 1 30

jonathan shepard

part i iCHRISTIANITY IN CONFRONTAT ION

7 · Christians and Jews 1 5 9

bat - sheva albert

8 · The Mediterranean frontier: Christianity face to face with Islam, 600–10501 78

hugh kennedy

9 · Christians under Muslim rule 197

s idney h. gr iff ith

10 · Latin and Greek Christians 21 3

t ia m. kolbaba

11 · The northern frontier: Christianity face to face with paganism 230

ian n. wo od

part i i iCHRI STIANITY IN THE SOCIAL A ND POLIT IC A L

ORDER

12 · The Christian church as an institution 249

thomas f. x . noble

13 · Asceticism and its institutions 275

anne-marie helv et ius and michel k aplan

14 · Law and its applications 299

janet l . nelson

15 · The problems of property 327

rosemary morri s

16 · Ideas and applications of reform 345

jul ia barrow

viii






Contents

17 · Churches in the landscape 363

dominique io gna-pr at

part ivCHRISTIANITY AS LIVED EXPER IENC E

18 · Birth and death 383

freder ick s. paxton

19 · Remedies for sins 399

rob meens

20 · Sickness and healing 416

peregr ine horden

21 · Gender and the body 433

lynda l . co on

22 · Sacrifice, gifts, and prayers in Latin Christianity 45 3

arnold angenendt

23 · Performing the liturgy 472

e r ic palazzo

part vCHRISTIANITY: BOOKS AND IDEA S

24 · Visions of God 491

ala in boureau

25 · Orthodoxy and deviance 5 10

e. ann matter

26 · Making sense of the Bible 5 3 1

guy lobr ichon

27 · The Christian book in medieval Byzantium 5 5 4

lesl ie brubaker and mary b. cunningham

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Contents

28 · Saints and their cults 5 81

jul ia m. h . smith

29 · Last Things 606

jane baun

Conclusion: Christendom, c. 1100 625

john h. van engen

Bibliographies 644

Index 803

x






Illustrations

Fig. 1. The orders of clergy, from the Sacramentary of Marmoutier: Autun,Bibliotheque municipale, ms. 19 bis, fol. 1r. page 480

Fig. 2. Exultet roll: Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, ms. Barberini Lat. 592,fol. 1. 484

Fig. 3. Adoration of the Magi; Massacre of the Innocents; Presentation of Christin the Temple: Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France, ms. Gr. 510,fol. 137r. 565

Fig. 4. Gregory of Nazianzus holds his pen and opens his book to the text: Paris,Bibliotheque nationale de France, ms. Gr. 923, fol. 255r. 566

Fig. 5. David, Christ, and the Samaritan woman at the well: Moscow, HistoricalMuseum, cod. 129, fol. 33r. 567

xi






Maps

Map 1. The Christian Mediterranean page xxiiiMap 2. The Christian East xxiv–xxvMap 3. Western Europe xxvi–xxviiMap 4. The Slavic World xxviiiMap 5. The British Isles xxix

xii






Contributors

lesley abr ams, Fellow of Balliol College and Lecturer in the Faculty of History, Univer-sity of Oxford

bat - sheva albert, Professor of Medieval History, Department of General History, BarIlan University

arnold angenendt, Emeritus Professor, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munsterjul ia barrow, Reader in Medieval Church History, School of History, University of

Nottinghamjane baun, Greyfriars Hall and Faculty of Theology, University of Oxfordala in boureau, Centre de recherches historiques, Ecole des hautes etudes en sciences

sociales, Parispeter brown, Rollins Professor of History, History Department, Princeton Universitylesl ie brubaker , Professor of Byzantine Art History; Director, Centre for Byzantine,

Ottoman, and Modern Greek Studies; Associate Director, Institute of Archaeology andAntiquity, University of Birmingham

thomas m. charles -edwards, Jesus Professor of Celtic, University of Oxfordlynda l . co on, Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Arkansasmary b. cunningham, Lecturer, Department of Theology, University of Nottingham;

Honorary Fellow, Institute of Advanced Research in Humanities and Social Sciences,University of Birmingham

igor dorfmann-lazarev, Lecturer in Greek and Oriental Patristics, Department ofTheology and Religion, Durham University

s idney h. gr iffith, Ordinary Professor, Department of Semitic and Egyptian Lan-guages and Literatures, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC

anne-marie helv et ius, Professor of Medieval History, Centre de recherches his-toriques, Universite Paris VIII (Vincennes-Saint-Denis)

peregr ine horden, Professor of Medieval History, Department of History, Royal Hol-loway University of London

dominique io gna-pr at, Centre nationale de la recherche scientifique, Parismichel k aplan, Professeur d’histoire Byzantine, Unite de formation et de recherche

d’histoire, Universite Paris I (Pantheon-Sorbonne)hugh kennedy, Professor of Arabic, School of Oriental and African Studies, Londont ia m. kolbaba , Assistant Professor, Department of Religion, Rutgers Universityguy lobr ichon, Professeur d’histoire du Moyen Age, Universite d’Avignon

xiii






Contributors

andrew louth, Professor of Patristic and Byzantine Studies, Department of Theologyand Religion, Durham University

e. ann matter , William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor, Department of Religious Studies, Uni-versity of Pennsylvania

rob meens, Universitair docent, Instituut Geschiedenis, Universiteit Utrechtrosemary morri s, Visiting Fellow, Department of History, University of Yorkjanet l . nelson, Professor Emerita, Department of History, King’s College Londonthomas f. x . noble, Professor of History, Robert M. Conway Director of the Medieval

Institute, University of Notre Damee r ic palazzo, Professeur d’histoire de l’art du Moyen Age, Directeur du Centre d’etudes

superieures de civilisation medievale, Universite de Poitiersfreder ick s. paxton, Brigida Pacchiani Ardenghi Professor of History, Department of

History, Connecticut Collegephil ip rousseau, Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Early Christian Studies; Director, Cen-

ter for the Study of Early Christianity, The Catholic University of America, Washington,DC.

jonathan shepard, Formerly University Lecturer in History, University ofCambridge

jul ia m. h . smith, Edwards Professor of Medieval History, Department of History,University of Glasgow

john h. van engen, Andrew V. Tackes Chair of Medieval History, Department ofHistory, University of Notre Dame

ian n. wo od, Professor of Early Medieval History, School of History, University of Leeds

xiv






Preface

Christianity arose, spread, and strengthened its claims on people’s lives in theancient world in the period covered by volumes 1 and 2 of the Cambridge Historyof Christianity. Volume 3 treats the history of Christianity during the centuriesusually labeled “early medieval” that stretch from about 600 to about 1100.This long, dynamic, and creative era saw both the consolidation of ancientChristianity’s achievements and dramatic new developments.

One way to grasp the changes and continuities that marked the earlymedieval period is to read the first and last chapters in this volume. Theopening one presents a panoramic view of Christianity in about 600 withoccasional looks into the past and glimpses of the future. The closing chaptertakes a similarly panoramic view in about 1100. In 600 Christianity was stillfundamentally a Mediterranean phenomenon. Almost all its creative centershugged the shores of the inland sea, as did its key administrative sites. The vastmajority of all Christians then alive lived within two hundred miles of the sea.Christianity’s most impressive territorial expansion beyond the Mediterraneanbasin lay in the east and in Africa. Western Europe was just then becomingvisible as a potential site of growth and development. By 1100 Christianity’s cre-ative core was located squarely in western Europe. The rapid and continuousexpansion of Islam had diminished Christianity’s presence in MediterraneanEurope and Africa, as well as in central and western Asia. Islam also consti-tuted a persistent challenge for Byzantium and thus for Orthodox Christianity.Indeed, Byzantium’s reach shortened not only in the eastern Mediterraneanbut also in the north where Avar, Bulgar, and Slav peoples and states chal-lenged historic Byzantine claims. Christianity had meanwhile spread to everycorner of Europe itself, with the exception of some areas lying along the east-ern Baltic. If places such as Antioch and Alexandria had been the intellectualpowerhouses of ancient Christianity, sites such as Winchester, Cologne, Paris,and Chartres were the dominant influences in the centuries on either side ofthe turn of the millennium.

xv






Preface

In the dawning twenty-first century Christianity is very much a world reli-gion, increasingly marginalized in Europe but vigorous on other continents.The early medieval centuries inaugurated a long period when Christianityseemed to be an essentially European phenomenon that in due course wasexported, eventually in both Catholic and Protestant versions, to much ofthe rest of the globe. Today’s congeries of Christianities artfully blend peo-ples, localities, languages, cultures, and historical experiences. That is whatthe Christianities of 600 also looked like, and it is still what they looked likein 1100, albeit the center of gravity had shifted to the north and west and theforces of homogeneity were becoming evident.

This volume is entitled Early Medieval Christianities. The use of the plural isnot meant to deny that all Christians could trace their roots to the Mediter-ranean world of Antiquity, or that they took inspiration from versions of thesame scriptures, or that they worshiped in tolerably similar ways, or that theirchurches shared many legal and institutional features. Instead, the plural sig-nals the futility of speaking in overly generalized terms about an ever-changingreligion that extended from Ireland to Afghanistan, from Norway to Nubia.Christianity transformed every people and culture with which it came intocontact but it was itself transformed by peoples, cultures, antecedent histo-ries, and even by landscapes. The plural, in short, denotes not chaos, confusion,or disunity, but richness, creativity, and complexity.

What is more, Christianity must be understood in a variety of complemen-tary ways that, taken together, again urge the descriptive plural. Christianityis an ecclesial phenomenon everywhere, but it evolved very different kindsof churches and of ecclesiological conceptions to sustain and explain thosechurches. Christianity is also a body of teachings to which people grant vary-ing assents of mind and heart and body. Those positions had to be defined,articulated, and transmitted. In Antiquity they were frequently the occasionof bitter strife. In the early Middle Ages there were fewer doctrinal quarrels,but there were also large bodies of Christians who did not believe all the samethings and who had relatively little to do with each other. Christianity alsoattends the major moments of life from birth to death; it is lived experienceas much as or more than a set of doctrinal formulations. Ancient Christian-ity was a fundamentally urban phenomenon. Cities were not a conspicuousfeature of early medieval Europe. Curiously, however, Christianity retainedstructures, practices, and outlooks that were essentially urban even as it tookroot in what were essentially rural and agrarian societies. Adaptation and localparticularity are equally evident in that respect. No matter what place, time,

xvi






Preface

or topic engages our attention, we cannot usefully reduce Christianity to asingular phenomenon.

An awareness of these basic guiding principles will help the reader to graspthe arrangement of this volume and to see the connective tissue that holdsthe organizational skeleton together. The volume’s first part constitutes ageographical and historical tour of the major, identifiable regions within whichChristianity either extended its ancient achievements or else began anew. Thefirst chapter in this part surveys the late Roman scene and the followingones explore the Byzantine world, the many forms of eastern Christianity,and then Christianity in Slavic, Germanic, and Celtic lands. The volume’snext part addresses explicitly encounters between Christianity and Judaism;Christianity’s confrontation with Islam, both along its expanding frontiersand within the caliphate; meetings between Greek and Latin Christians; and,finally, Christianity’s lengthy engagement with Germanic and Slav paganism.These two sections emphasize the broader political, cultural, and religiousmilieux which helped to shape early medieval Christianities.

The next set of chapters deals with what might be broadly characterizedas institutional issues: ecclesiastical organization, monasticism and asceticism,the making and implementing of law, property and material concerns, ideas ofreform, and locations of cult. Unlike the chapters in the first two parts whichtend to focus on specific regions or incidences of cultural contact, the chaptersin part 3 range widely across all the Christianities included in this volume.They balance a high level of generalization with enough concrete examplesand case studies to make key issues both clear and vivid.

The volume’s fourth part takes up critical themes in the history and practiceof Christianity as a lived experience with particular attention to the sacramentallife of the church and its Christian communities. Its premise is that modes ofworship, ritual, and prayer tell us a good deal about what people believed, orabout what they were expected to believe. Rites that attended birth and deathopen the discussion. Penance, both the practice of penance and ideas of sinand redemption, follows the discussion of baptism and final anointing. Therefollows a treatment of sickness and healing that combines reflections on bothmedical and spiritual remedies. The ensuing chapter explores gender, sexuality,and the body. This chapter permits insights into how writers talked about thepeople, both lay and clerical, who actually were the Christians of the earlymedieval period. The part concludes with a two-fold discussion of worship:the theology behind the celebration of the Eucharistic liturgy, everywherethe church’s central act of worship, and the performance of the liturgy itself,including some discussion of the books needed for that performance.

xvii






Preface

The fifth and last part in the volume treats intellectual and cultural issues thatpertain to both formal learning and to Christianity’s imaginary. The lead chap-ter discusses some of the myriad ways in which early medieval people thoughtand wrote about God. The next addresses “God-talk,” theology, directly byinquiring into doctrinal quarrels. These were fewer in number and intensitythan those in Antiquity and perhaps less deeply rooted in the ordinary experi-ence of most early medieval Christianities. The Bible, always and everywherethe crucial Christian book, or collection of books, is treated in its textual andinterpretive frameworks. Books as objects, with particular attention to thebooks of the eastern Christian tradition, come in for a thorough discussion.Saints, the holy men and women who were thought to have lived exemplarylives, are analyzed for what they can teach us about the aspirations and expec-tations of ecclesiastical elites and ordinary believers. Finally, appropriately, the“Last Things” conclude the volume: How did Christians imagine the otherworld, the world beyond the grave?

Taken overall, this volume presents the reader with the main ways in whichtwenty-first-century scholars imagine the other world of early medieval Chris-tianities. The interpretations offered here can never be definitive: much in thepages which follow challenges and refreshes debates or assumptions that havelong been deeply embedded in the history of Christianity. In reappraising them,the book dislodges some issues from the center of attention and substitutesother, more timely ones for the rapidly changing world of the third Christianmillennium. It is hoped that it will challenge and refresh those who read it, aspreparing it has its editors and contributors.

Thomas F. X. NobleJulia M. H. Smith

xviii






Acknowledgments

Editing this volume has been much more of a collaborative effort than thepresence of the editors’ names on the title page might imply: we acknowledgewholeheartedly the role of all the contributors in helping bring it into being.All have responded graciously to our suggestions about the content and pre-sentation of their chapters, and many have provided us with expert advice andguidance on a wide range of specific details. They have also borne unforeseenand unavoidable delays in the editorial process with good grace and patience,for which both editors are deeply grateful.

This undertaking could not have been realized without the extremely gen-erous financial and practical support of the University of Notre Dame. At NotreDame, the Medieval Institute and Institute for Scholarship in the Liberal Artsjointly defrayed the costs of bringing contributors together from three con-tinents, whilst the McKenna Center provided an ideal environment in whichcolleagues exchanged vigorous and stimulating critiques of each other’s draftchapters. This colloquium enabled the volume to acquire a coherence whicheditorial guidance alone could not have achieved, and the pages which fol-low are an expression of participants’ appreciation of the intellectual stimulusand geniality of those three days. At all stages of the preparation of the bookfrom conference to impeccable typescript in paper and electronic formats,Roberta Baranowski, the Medieval Institute’s Assistant Director, has providedinvaluable administrative support and sub-editorial energy: it is a pleasure toacknowledge publicly our profound debt to her.

Two translators applied their linguistic sensitivity and subject area knowl-edge to original German and French texts from our chapter authors and pro-duced English versions. Dr. Rona Johnston Gordon, University of St. Andrews,provided the translation, from the German, for Professor Angenendt’s chapter.Andrew Irving, University of Notre Dame, translated the chapters by Profes-sors Boureau, Helvetius and Kaplan, Iogna-Prat, Lobrichon, and Palazzo fromthe French.

xix






Acknowledgments

We are equally indebted to all those at Cambridge University Press who havebeen involved with this volume: Kevin Taylor for the invitation to undertakeit; his successor in charge of the Religion desk, Kate Brett, and her assistant,Gillian Dadd, for their generous supply of moral support, practical help andpatient forebearance at all times; and Liz Davey for overseeing productionwith great efficiency. The Press kindly took on responsibility for the index.

In the final stages of production, Christopher Riches, of Riches EditorialServices, meticulously coordinated the correction of the proofs and improvedthe book in many other significant ways. We are immensely grateful for hisexceptional professionalism.

TFXN & JMHS

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Abbreviations

AASS Acta sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur. Ed. J. Bollandus etal. Antwerp and Brussels, 1634–.

Bede, HE Bede. Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. Ed. and trans. B.Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors. Bede’s Ecclesiastical History ofthe English People. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1969.

BMFD Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents: A CompleteTranslation of the Surviving Founders’ Typika and Testaments.Ed. J. Thomas and A. C. Hero, with G. Constable. 5 vols.Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2000.

CC Corpus christianorumCCCM Corpus christianorum continuatio mediaevalisCCSG Corpus christianorum series graecaCCSL Corpus christianorum series latinaCSCO Corpus scriptorum christianorum orientaliumCSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorumDOP Dumbarton Oaks PapersEME Early Medieval EuropeHaddan and A. W. Haddan and W. Stubbs, eds. Councils andStubbs Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland.

3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1869–78.Histoire du Les eglises d’orient et d’occident. Ed. L. Pietri, J.-M. Mayeur,christianisme 3 and B. Beaujard. Vol. 3 in Histoire du christianisme des origines

a nos jours. Paris: Desclee, 1998.Histoire du Eveques, moines et empereurs (610–105 4). Ed. G. Dagron, P.christianisme 4 Riche, and A. Vauchez. Vol. 4 in Histoire du christianisme des

origines a nos jours. Paris: Desclee, 1993.

xxi






Abbreviations

Histoire du Apogee de la papaute et expansion de la chretientechristianisme 5 (105 4–1 274). Ed. A. Vauchez and J. Kl�oczowski. Vol. 5 in

Histoire du christianisme des origines a nos jours. Paris: Desclee,1993.

Mansi Mansi, G. D., ed., Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissimacollectio. 31 vols. Florence, 1759–98; rev. ed. J.-B. Martin andL. Petit. 53 vols. in 60. Paris, 1899–27.

MGH Monumenta Germaniae HistoricaMGH SRG MGH scriptores rerum germanicarumMGH SRM MGH scriptores rerum merovingicarumNCMH 2 The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 2: c. 700–900. Ed.

R. McKitterick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1995.

ODB Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Ed. A. Kazhdan. 3 vols.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

PO Patrologia orientalisPG Patrologia graeca = Patrologiae cursus completus. Series graeca.

Comp. by J.-P. Migne. 161 vols. Paris, 1857–66.PL Patrologia latina = Patrologiae cursus completus. Series secunda

in qua prodeunt patres . . . ecclesiae latinae. Comp. by J.-P.Migne. 221 in 222 vols. Paris, 1844–64.

SC Sources chretiennesSCH Studies in Church History

Note regarding footnote citations

In general, the footnote citation system used in this volume punctuates chapter,page, and volume references as follows: author, title of work volume numberif any, chapter, section within the work, page number from specific edition.E.g., Anonymous, Historia 2, II.ii.3, 346–47. Thus, chapter 2, section 2, part 3 onpages 346–47 in the edition cited in the bibliography of volume 2 of the workentitled Historia by an anonymous author. Unless necessary for clarity, editioneditor/translator names are omitted in the footnotes and provided only in thebibliography. E.g., Anonymous, Historia 2, 25–37 (ed. Smith, 399–401) meanssections 25 to 37 (or, if these are numbered individually, documents 25 to 37)in volume 2 of Historia by Anonymous are found on pages 399 to 401 in theedition by Smith.

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T H R A C E

GREECE

Peloponnese

CreteRhodes

Cyprus

LEBANON

GAZAPALESTINE

EasternDesert

E G Y P T

N U B I A

Re

dS

ea

HI

JA

Z

NABATEA

JudeanDesert

EU

P HR A T E N S I S

M E S OP O

T AM

I A

A S I A M I N O R

GEORGIA

ARMENIA

Lake Van

OSRHOENE

ETHIOPIA (AXUM)

Anatol ian PlateauCAPPADOCIA

CILICIA

Great Caucasus

Tarsus

Korduk MtsP o n t i c M o u n t a i n s

Tigris

Euphrates

Oront

es

Nile

Arsanius

Lamys

Map 2. The Christian East






Basra

Bukhara

Merv

Gundeshapur

Lake Urmia

C

as

pi

an

Se

a

P E R S I A

I R A N

KHUZISTAN

M E D I A

P e r s i a nG u l f

AFGHANISTAN

Qandahar

KIRGHIZSTAN

K H U R AS

AN

B A C T R I A

Zagros Mountains

ALUANK‘(Caucasian

Albania)

Araxes

Small Caucasus

Kura

Seleucia-Ctesiphon

Map 2. The Christian East (continued )






Bre

men

Bra

nden

burg

Bir

ka

a

Dok

kum

Hai

thab

u

Hav

elbe

rg

Hild

eshe

imM

agde

burg

Mec

k

Ham

burg

lenb

urg

Nid

aros

-Tr

ondh

eim

Rib

e

Skar

a

Upp

sala

Utt

rech

t

DE

NM

AR

K

FRIS

IA

HE

LGO

LAN

D

ICE

LAN

D

NO

RW

AY

SW

ED

EN

SA

XO

NY

Ba

ltic

Sea

Iris

h S

eaN

or

th

Se

a

Elbe

Oder

Vist

ula

Weser

Lund

Old

enbu

rg

Mün

ster

Nijm

egen

Xan

ten

Waa

lG

erbs

tedt

Cor

vey

Que

dlin

burg






AP

EN

NI

N

E

S

Aac

hen

Alb

ano

Am

alfi

Ang

ers

Aqu

ileia

Arr

as

Arl

es

Châ

lons

-su

r-M

arne

Att

igny

Aux

erre

Avila

Bar

celo

na

Bay

eux

Bes

anço

n

Bob

bio

Bol

ogna

Bon

n

Can

ossa

Bor

deau

x

Bou

rges

Bre

scia

Bur

gos

Cam

brai

Cap

ua

Car

cass

onne

Car

tege

na

Cha

rtre

s

Châ

lon-

sur-S

aône

Civ

idal

e

Clu

ny

Col

ogne

Com

min

ges

Com

pièg

ne

Con

ques

Cor

bie

Cor

doba

Dijo

n

Ani

ane

Cle

rmon

t

Bro

gne

Bur

abur

g

Cam

aldo

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Cer

dany

a

Cor

ia

Cos

enza

Cue

nca

Cux

a

Dol

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tt

Eln

one

Erf

urt

Elv

ira

Evr

eux

Fare

mou

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s

Farf

a

Feze

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Fran

kfur

t

Frei

sing

Fréj

us

Fuld

a

Gae

ta

Gen

oa

Gel

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Ger

ona

Ghe

nt

Gor

ze

Gra

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Gro

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erra

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Inge

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m

Leon

Laon

Lieb

ana

Léri

ns

Lim

oges

Lors

ch

Lucc

a

Luxu

eil

Lyon

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Mai

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Man

tua

Mar

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Mer

ida

Mer

sebu

rg

Mes

sina

Met

z

Mila

n

Mon

te C

assi

no

Mon

te G

arga

no

Moy

enm

outi

er

Nap

les

Nan

tes

Nar

bonn

e

Neu

ss

Nev

ers

Niv

elle

s

Noy

on

Nur

sia

Orb

ais

Orl

eans

Ost

ia

Otr

anto

Pari

sPa

ssau

Pavi

a Pisa

Poit

iers

Port

o

Prag

uePr

üm

Que

ntov

ic

Que

rfur

t

Qui

erzy

Rav

enna

Reg

ensb

urg

Rhe

ims

Ren

nes

Rie

ti

Rod

ez

Rom

e

Ros

sano

Rou

en

Säbe

n

St A

man

d

St G

all

St O

mer

St W

andr

ille

Salz

burg

Sale

rno

Sant

iago

de C

ompo

stel

a

San

Vinc

enzo

al V

oltu

rno

Sara

goss

a

Sevi

lle

Sens

Silv

a C

andi

da

Sim

anca

s

Sois

sons

Spey

er

Stra

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rg

Stav

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Tao

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a

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Terr

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Thi

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GA

LIC

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AS

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S

Tole

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Tort

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Tort

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Toul

Toul

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Tour

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Trie

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orm

s

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es

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el

Vann

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Veni

ce IST

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Vero

na

Velle

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Verc

elli

Verd

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ürzb

urg

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den

ALE

MA

NN

IAA

NJO

U

AQ

UIT

AIN

E

AU

ST

RA

SIA

BA

VA

RI

A

BE

NE

VE

NT

O

BR

ITTA

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BURGUNDYC

ALA

BR

IA

CA

ST

IL

E

CH

AM

PAG

NE

DA

LM

AT

I A

FLA

ND

ER

S

NO

RM

AN

DY

GA

SCO

NY

L O T H A R I N G I A

NE

US

TR

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SSE

LOM

BAR

DY

NA

VAR

RE

PAPA

L ST

ATE

TU

SCA

NY

SPO

LET

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PRO

VE

NC

E

SEPTIMANIA

AL

PS

CAR

PAT

HIA

NS

TH

UR

ING

IA

PY

RE

NE

ES

VOSGES

Bale

aric

Sea Med

iter

rane

an S

ea

Ad

r i at i c

Se

a

En

glis

h C

ha

nn

el

Dan

ube

Ebro

Duero

Gar

iglia

no

Garonne

Hei

lbro

nn

Rhine

Rhône

Po

Lech

Loire

Mai

n

M euse

Moselle

Neckar

Saal

Saône

Seine

Tiber

Sche

ldt

Bec

Fleu

ryFe

rriè

res

RIO

JA

Mac

on

Map

3.W

este

rnE

urop

e






Cherson

Kolberg

Rügen

Szczecin

GieczGniezno

MogilnoOstrów LednickiPoznán

Miedzyrzecz .

CracowTyniecBOHEMIA

P O L A N D

B U L G A R I A

CRIMEA

HUNGARY

CROATIA

K H A Z A R I AK I E V

POMERANIA

S E R B I A B l a c k S e a

LakeBalaton

Sea of Azov

Lake KubenskoeBeloeOzero

C a r pa

th

ia

ns

B a l k a n s

Arkona

Bialystok

CherShestovitsa

nigov

Vistula

Dyrrachium

Dristr

Constantinople

a

Esztergom

KievBelgorod

Kursk

Larissa

Bitola

Rila

Lubin

Nin

Ochrid

Novgorod

Straits

ofKe

rch

Olomuc

Prague

Patras

Taygetus

Perynia

Volga

Preslav

Prespa

Przemysl

Pskov

Birka

Sirmium

Split

StaraiaLadoga

Thessalonica

VasilevVyshgorod

Wroclaw

Wolin

B al

ti

cS

ea

MORAVIA

PANNONIA

D

AL M

AT I A

E l b e

Don

Gulf of Finland

DravaSava

Danube

D

nieper

LakeLadoga

Smolensk (Gnezdovo)

D O K L J A

Map 4. The Slavic World






Canterbury

Anglesey

Bath

Cork

Dublin

Edinbur

Dunkeld

gh

Exeter

London

Norwich

York

Armagh

Bangor

Carmarthen

Catraeth(Catterick)

ClonmacnoiseClonfert

Clonfertmulloe

Crediton

Dumbarton

Emly

Eynsham St AlbansSt Davids

Sherborne

Rochester

Ripon

Whitby

GLAMORGAN

HexhamJarrowWearmouth

Wenlock

Wells

Glendalough

Iona

Kells

KildareBirr

Lindisfarne

Llandeilo Fawr

Llancarfan

LlandoughLlantwit Major

St TeiloYSTRAD TEWI

Tara

Mungret

E n g l i s h C h a n n e l

N o r t h S e a

I r i s h S e a

Severn Avon

Thames

Shan

non

CORNWALL

BERNICIA

CUMBRIA

DEIRA

DUMNONIA

DYFED

EASTANGLIA

GWYN

EDD

ISLE OF MANI R E L A N D

ORKNEY

HEBRIDES

KENT

M E R C I A

MEATH

(MIDE)

NORTHUMBRIA

POWYS

ULSTERGALLOWAY

WALESSUFFOLK

WESSEX

STRATHCLYDE

NORFOLK

P I C T L A N D

MUNSTER

BRITTANY(ARMORICA)

CONNAUGHT

Map 5. The British Isles




