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Camera Moves

This page outlines the standard types of camera movement in film and video. In the real world, many camera movesuse a combination of these techniques simultaneously.

Crab A less-common term fortrackingortrucking.

Dolly

The camera is mounted on a cart which travels along tracks for a very smooth movement.Also known as a tracking shotortrucking shot.

Dolly Zoom A technique in which the camera moves closer or further from the subject whilesimultaneously adjusting the zoom angle to keep the subject the same size in the frame.

Follow The camera physically follows the subject at a more or less constant distance.Pan Horizontal movement, left and right.Pedestal (Ped) Moving the camera position vertically with respect to the subject.Tilt Vertical movement of the camera angle, i.e. pointing the camera up and down (as

opposed to moving the whole camera up and down).Track Roughly synonymous with the dolly shot, but often defined more specifically as movement

which stays a constant distance from the action, especially side-to-side movement.Truck Another term for tracking or dollying.Zoom Technically this isn't a camera move, but a change in the lens focal length with gives the

illusion of moving the camera closer or further away.

Crabbing Shot

The term crabbing shotis a less-common version oftracking,truckingand/ordollying. These terms are more or lessinterchangeable, although dollying tends to mean in-and-out movement whereas the others tend to mean side-to-sidemovement at a constant distance from the action.

Dolly Shot

Filming The Alamo (2004)

Photo by Sean Devine

A dollyis a cart which travels along tracks. The camera is mounted on the dolly and records the shot as it moves.Dolly shots have a number of applications and can provide very dramatic footage.

In many circles a dolly shotis also known as atracking shotortrucking shot. However some professionals prefer themore rigid terminology which defines dolly as in-and-out movement (i.e. closer/further away from the subject), whiletracking means side-to-side movement.

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Most dollies have a lever to allow for vertical movement as well (known as a pedestal move). In some cases a craneis mounted on the dolly for additional height and flexibility. A shot which moves vertically while simultaneouslytracking is called a compound shot.

Some dollies can also operate without tracks. This provides the greatest degree of movement, assuming of coursethat a suitable surface is available. Special dollies are available for location work, and are designed to work withcommon constraints such as doorway width.

Dollies are operated by adolly grip. In the world of big-budget movie making, good dolly grips command a lot ofrespect and earning power.

The venerable dolly faced serious competition when the Steadicam was invented. Most shots previously onlypossible with a dolly could now be done with the more versatile Steadicam. However dollies are still preferred formany shots, especially those that require a high degree of precision.

Dolly Zoom

A dolly zoom is a cinematic technique in which the camera moves closer or further from the subject whilesimultaneously adjusting the zoom angle to keep the subject the same size in the frame. The effect is that the subjectappears stationary while the background size changes (this is called perspective distortion).

In the first example pictured, the camera is positioned close to the subject and the lens is zoomed out. In the secondshot, the camera is several metres further back and the lens is zoomed in.

The Effect

Dolly zooms create an unnatural effect

this is something your eyes would never normally see. Many peoplecomment on the shot after seeing it for the first time, e.g. "That was weird" or "What just happened there?".

The exact effect depends on the direction of camera movement. If the camera moves closer, the background seemsto grow and become dominant. If the camera moves further away, the foreground subject is emphasized andbecomes dominant.

The effect is quite emotional and is often used to convey sudden realisation, reaction to a dramatic event, etc.

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History

Invention of the dolly zoom is credited to cameraman Irmin Roberts. The technique was made famous by AlfredHitchcock (Vertigobeing the best-known example), and was used by Steven Spielberg in Jaws and ET. Many otherdirectors have used the technique, which brings us to an important warning...

Warning

The dolly zoom is often over-used by junior directors. Many film critics see it as a clich, so be very careful before youuse this technique.

Other Terminology

The dolly zoom is also known as:

Hitchcock zoom

Vertigo zoom or vertigo effect

Jaws shot

Trombone shot

Zolly or zido

Telescoping

Contra-zoom

Reverse tracking

Zoom in/dolly out (or vice versa)

Follow Shot

The Follow shotis fairly self-explanatory. It simply means that the camera follows the subject ot action. The following

distance is usually kept more or less constant.

The movement can be achieved bydollyingortracking, although in many cases a Steadicam is the most practicaloption. Hand-held follow-shots are quite achievable in many situations but are not generally suited to feature filmcinematography.

Camera Pan

Apan is a horizontal camera movement in which the camera moves left and right about a central axis. This is aswiveling movement, i.e. mounted in a fixed location on a tripodor shoulder, rather than adolly-like movement inwhich the entire mounting system moves.

To create a smooth pan it's a good idea to practice the movement first. If you need to move or stretch your bodyduring the move, it helps to position yourself so you end up in the more comfortable position. In other words youshould become more comfortable as the move progresses rather than less comfortable.

Pedestal Shot

Apedestal shotmeans moving the camera vertically with respect to the subject. This is often referred to as "pedding"the camera up or down.

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The term comes from the type of camera support known as a pedestal (pictured right). Pedestals are used in studiosettings and provide a great deal of flexibility as well as very smooth movement. Unlike standard tripods, pedestalshave the ability to move the camera in any direction (left, right, up, down).

Note that a pedestal move is different to a cameratilt, which means the camera is in the same position but tilts theangle of view up and down. In a ped movement, the whole camera is moving, not just the angle of view.

In reality, like most camera moves, the pedestal move is often a combination of moves. For example, pedding whilesimultaneouslypanningand/or tilting.

Camera Tilt

A tiltis a vertical camera movement in which the camera points up or down from a stationary location. For example, ifyou mount a camera on your shoulder and nod it up and down, you are tilting the camera.

Tilting is less common thanpanningbecause that's the way humans work we look left and right more often thanwe look up and down.

The tilt should not be confused with theDutch Tiltwhich means a deliberately slanted camera angle.

A variation of the tilt is thepedestal shot, in which the whole camera moves up or down.

Tracking Shot

The term tracking shotis widely considered to be synonymous withdolly shot; that is, a shot in which the camera ismounted on a cart which travels along tracks.

However there are a few variations of both definitions. Tracking is often more narrowly defined as movement parallelto the action, or at least at a constant distance (e.g. the camera which travels alongside the race track in track & fieldevents). Dollying is often defined as moving closer to or further away from the action.

Some definitions specify that tracking shots use physical tracks, others consider tracking to include hand-held walkingshots, Steadicam shots, etc.

Other terms for the tracking shot includetrucking shotandcrabbing shot.

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Trucking Shot

Truckingis basically the same astrackingordollying. Although it means slightly different things to different people, itgenerally refers to side-to-side camera movement with respect to the action.

The term trucking is not uncommon but is less widely-used than dollying or tracking. Yet another equivalent termiscrabbing.

The example on the right shows a simple, very mobile set of tracks used with a standardtripodto create smoothtrucking shots.

Zoom Shot

A zoom is technically not a camera move as it does not require the camera itself to move at all. Zooming meansaltering the focal length of the lens to give the illusion of moving closer to or further away from the action.

The effect is not quite the same though. Zooming is effectively magnifying a part of the image, while moving thecamera creates a difference in perspective background objects appear to change in relation to foreground objects.This is sometimes used for creative effect in thedolly zoom.

Zooming is an easy-to-use but hard-to-get-right feature of most cameras. It is arguably the most misused of allcamera functions.

Video Camera Zooming

The zoom is the function which moves your point of view closer to, or further away from, the subject. The effect issimilar to moving the camera closer or further away. (It isn't quite the same as moving the camera though. More onthat later.)

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The two most common zoom mechanisms are shown below:

1. Manual zoom (ring). This is a zoom ring on the lens housing

which is rotated manually, typically by the left thumb and index

finger.

Advantages: Speed (you can do super-fast zooms); doesn't

require power (so no drain on your battery).

Disadvantages: More difficult to control; harder to get smooth

zooms.

2. Servo zoom (lever). This is a lever which sits on the lens

housing. It's usually positioned so that when you slide your right

hand into the grip belt, the servo zoom will be sitting under your first two fingers. Pressing the front part of the

lever zooms in, pressing the rear part zooms out. Cheaper cameras usually have a constant zoom speed,

whereas a good servo zoom will have variable speed -- the further you depress the lever, the faster the zoom.

The lever may have labels such as T and W (tele and wide).

Advantages: Easy to use in most situations; nice smooth zooms.

Disadvantages: Uses battery power; may be limited to fixed speeds.

There's an important characteristic of zoom lenses that you should be aware of: The further you zoom in, the moredifficult it is to keep the picture steady. At very long zooms, a tripod is essential. If you're having trouble keeping yourshot steady, it may be possible to move yourself closer to the subject and then zoom out. This way you'll haveessentially the same framing, but much steadier.

Zooming is the function everyone loves. It's easy and you can do lots with it, which is why it's so over-used. The mostcommon advice we give on using the zoom is use it less. It's a great tool in moderation, but when most of your shotsare zooming in and out, your audience will feel nauseous.

As a rule, don't zoom unless there is a reason to. If you want to show both the whole scene as well as some close-updetails, you don't need to have a zoom in. Instead, shoot awide shot, stop recording, zoom in to aclose up, then startrecording again. The result is one shot which cuts cleanly and quickly to another, portraying the same information asa zoom, but more efficiently.

Digital Zoom vs Optical Zoom

There are two types of zoom on a video camera digital zoom and optical zoom. A

camera can have either or both types. The two different types are very different and

the unwary buyer can get caught out badly by not understanding how they work.

Digital Zoom

This is often trumpeted as a big selling point by manufacturers. It's common to see a

large "150X" emblazoned on the side of a camcorder. Video stores are full of naive

customers comparing the digital zoom of different cameras.

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Do not be fooled! Digital zoom is all but irrelevant. It only exists as a marketing ploy

to trap unsuspecting newbies. Ignore this spec completely, and if a salesperson tries to

impress you with it, find another salesperson.

Digital zoom works by magnifying a part of the captured image using digital

manipulation. This is the same as how a graphics program resizes an image to a largersize. The process involves taking a certain number of pixels and creating a larger

image, but because the new image is based on the same number of pixels, the image

loses quality. At small zooms (up to 20x) the loss may not be too noticeable. At large

zooms (up to 100x or more) the quality becomes absolutely terrible.

Some digital zooms use interpolation, which is a way of estimating the value of the

new pixels rather than simply duplicating existing pixels. In theory this should reduce

the loss of quality, but no amount of interpolation will prevent loss altogether.

Remember that digital zoom can be done in post-production with any half-decentediting software, so you really gain nothing by having the camera do it.

Optical Zoom

This is the zoom spec which matters. Optical zoom is provided by the lens (i.e. the

optics) and does not lose image quality. The zoom is provided by a telephoto lens.

Most consumer camcorders come with optical zooms of between 10x and 20x. 10x is

adequate for most applications. More is usually better20x should be ample for all

but the most demanding zoom users.

Camera Angles

The term camera angle means slightly different things to different people but it always refers to the way a shot iscomposed. Some people use it to include allcamera shot types, others use it to specifically mean the angle betweenthe camera and the subject. We will concentrate on the literal interpretation of camera angles, that is, the angle of thecamera relative to the subject.

Eye-Level

This is the most common view, being the real-world angle that we are all used to. It shows subjects as we wouldexpect to see them in real life. It is a fairly neutral shot.

High Angle

A high angle shows the subject from above, i.e. the camera is angled down towards the subject. This has the effect ofdiminishing the subject, making them appear less powerful, less significant or even submissive.

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Low Angle

This shows the subject from below, giving them the impression of being more powerful or dominant.

Bird's Eye

The scene is shown from directly above. This is a completely different and somewhat unnatural point of view whichcan be used for dramatic effect or for showing a different spatial perspective.

In drama it can be used to show the positions and motions of different characters and objects, enabling the viewer tosee things the characters can't.

The bird's-eye view is also very useful in sports, documentaries, etc.

Slanted

Also known as adutch tilt, this is where the camera is purposely tilted to one side so the horizon is on an angle. Thiscreates an interesting and dramatic effect. Famous examples include Carol Reed's The Third Man, Orson Welles'Citizen Kane and the Batman series.

Dutch tilts are also popular in MTV-style video production, where unusual angles and lots of camera movement play abig part.

Dutch Tilt

Dutch Tilt Shot

A Dutch tiltis a camera shot in which the camera angle is deliberately slanted to one side. This can be used fordramatic effect and helps portray unease, disorientation, frantic or desperate action, intoxication, madness, etc.

A dutch tilt can be a static shot, or used with simultaneouspanning,tiltingand/orzooming.

Other Terminology

The Dutch tilt is also known as Dutch angle, German angle, oblique angle, canted angle and even the Batman angle.

Etymology

The Dutch tilt was used a lot in German films of the 1930s and 1940s. This is where the name German angle camefrom. The Dutch term is said to have been a mistranslation of the GermanDeutsch.

Shot Types

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There is a convention in the video, film and television industries which assigns names and guidelines to commontypes of shots, framing and picture composition. The list below briefly describes the most common shot types (clickthe images for more details).

Notes:

The exact terminology varies between production environments but the basic principles are the same. Shots are usually described in relation to a particular subject. In most of the examples below, the subject is the

boy.

See below for more information and related tutorials.

EWS (Extreme Wide Shot)The view is so far from the subject that he isn't even visible. Often used as an establishing shot.

VWS (Very Wide Shot)

The subject is visible (barely), but the emphasis is still on placing him in his environment.

WS (Wide Shot)

The subject takes up the full frame, or at least as much as comfortably possible.

AKA:long shot,full shot.

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MS (Mid Shot)

Shows some part of the subject in more detail while still giving an impression of the whole subject.

MCU (Medium Close Up)

Half way between a MS and a CU.

CU (Close Up)A certain feature or part of the subject takes up the whole frame.

ECU (Extreme Close Up)

The ECU gets right in and shows extreme detail.

Variation:Choker

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7/28/2019 Camera Moves

11/12

Cut-In

Shows some (other) part of the subject in detail.

CA (Cutaway)

A shot of something other than the subject.

Two-ShotA shot of two people, framed similarly to a mid shot.

(OSS) Over-the-Shoulder Shot

Looking from behind a person at the subject.

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7/28/2019 Camera Moves

12/12

Noddy Shot

Usually refers to a shot of the interviewer listening and reacting to the subject.

Point-of-View Shot (POV)

Shows a view from the subject's perspective.

Weather ShotThe subject is the weather. Can be used for other purposes, e.g. background for graphics.

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