STSM of COST Action ES1306-34336

Can volcanic dust suspended from surface soil and deserts pof Iceland be transferred to central Balkan?

šDragana Đorđević, Ivana Tošić, Sanja Sakan, Srđan Petrović, Jelena Đuričić-Milanković, David C. Finger, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserová

*Center of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, ICTM - University of BelgradeStudentski trg 12 – 16, 11001 Belgrade, SERBIA

d dj@ h bdragadj@chem.bg.ac.rs

Iceland: the small island on the mid Atlantic ridge with strong natural catastrophes- floods,- droughts,g- landslides,- storms and- volcanic eruptions

that have devastating impacts on natural and build environment.g pErosions processes on whole Iceland are intensive.

Rangárvellir area

Surface soil samples were collected in the Rangárvellir area in the vicinity of MtSurface soil samples were collected in the Rangárvellir area in the vicinity of MtHekla in southern Iceland (630 N; 200 E; 50m elevation)

Total elements contents of elements in soil we analyzed: Al, As, B, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd,Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Si, Sr, V Zn by ICP/OES, , , , g, , , g, , , , , , , , , , yiCAP-6500 Duo (Thermo Scientific, United Kingdom).

Size segregated aerosols samples were collected in the period from March 2012 tillDecember 2013 Belgrade =44°48’; =20°28’December 2013 Belgrade, =44 48 ; =20 28 .

Low-pressure cascade impactors by Prof. Dr. Berner was used to size segregateaerosols on Tedlar foils

A l f 101 f i h h i d l ll d i h dA total of 101 forty-eight hour integrated samples were collected every sixth day.

Next elements we analyzed: Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Mg,Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, Zn using a Thermo Scientific iCAP Qc ICP-MS (Bremen,G )Germany).

Simultaneous with atmospheric aerosols measurements backward trajectories from Belgrade ( =44°48’; =20°28’) were calculated using Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model.

https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/relief/ETOPO2/ETOPO2v2-2006/ETOPO2v2g/netCDF/

Aerosol measurements in Belgrade in 2012th and 2013th

Sampling site for atmospheric aerosols measurements: Belgrade, =44°48’; =20°28’ (BG)

To investigate the long-range transport of volcanic aerosols from Icelandic deserts of previously settled volcanic ash, as chemical fingerprints next ratios of crustalelements we used:elements we used:

- Ca/Al, - Fe/Al,

K/Al- K/Al, - Mg/Al, - Mn/Al,

- Ca/Fe and - Mg/Fe Kandler et al., 2007; 2009; 2011;

Scheuvens et al., 2011; 2013

Meteorological data is obtained from analysis of the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS).

Backward trajectories at altitudes of 500, 1500, and 5000 m for 101 caseswere traced for 96 h to provide sufficient time to determine transport pathways. p y

We considered trajectories at the level of 1500 m because the transport is described as the most suitable with the trajectories at 1500 m (Vukmirović et al 2004)al., 2004).

The predominant flow regimes are NW (17%) and SW (18%): their direction of approach are over potential source areas (Iceland and Sahara).

Backward air trajectories approaching Belgrade for the arrival height of 1500 m from Iceland

It t 3 ditiIt was set 3 conditions:

1. air masses are passing over Iceland, 2. the characteristic elements ratios in PM are corresponding to volcanic soil in South Iceland and 3 th i i id ith d t t i I l d3. these air masses coincide with dust storm occurrence in Iceland.

It was found 3 events of total 101 cases that met three set conditions:

Characteristic elements ratiosPeriods Air masses Ca/Al Mg/Al Fe/Al Mn/Al Ca/Fe Mg/Fe

6 – 8th August 2012 NW 1.01 0.39 1.46 0.03 0.42 0.3126th – 28th June 2013 NW 0.90 0.32 1.06 0.02 0.39 0.31

18th – 20th September 2013 NW 0.47 1.72 0.08 0.35

SYNOP codes for dust observation in Iceland Corresponding measured episode

2nd August and 8th August 2012: dust storm in North East Iceland 6th – 8th August 2012

20th June 2013: dust storm in South Iceland (Reykjavik)18th June and 26th June 2013: dust storm in North East Iceland

26th – 28th June 2013

8th, 12th and14thSeptember 2013: dust storm in North East Iceland12th 15th 16th and 17th September: dust storm in South Iceland

18th – 20th September 201312th ,15th,16th and 17th September: dust storm in South Iceland

Backward air trajectories approaching Belgrade for the arrival height of 1500 m from SaharaBackward air trajectories approaching Belgrade for the arrival height of 1500 m from Sahara

Characteristic elements ratiosPeriods Air masses Ca/Al K/Al Fe/Al Mg/Al Mn/Al Ca/Fe Mg/Fe

1st – 3rd April 2012 SW 3.48 1.57 0.264th – 6th April 2012 S 0.50 1.15 0.36 0.03 1.50 0.35

24th – 26th August 2012 SW 1.21 0.45 0.03 2.25 0.3417th – 19th October 2012 SW 1.07 0.03 0.52

10th – 12th November 2012 SW 1.22 0.04 0.904th – 6th March 2013 SW 0.51 0.22 0.89 0.39 0.03 0.474 6 March 2013 SW 0.51 0.22 0.89 0.39 0.03 0.47

16th – 18th March 2013 SW 0.49 0.223rd – 5th April 2013 SW 0.10 1.20 0.37 0.03 0.40 0.20

21st – 23rd April 2013 SW 0.35 0.75 0.29 0.49 0.3727th – 29th April 2013 SW 0.31 0.45 0.26 0.48 0.3815th 17th M 2013 S 0 56 0 31 0 4415th – 17th May 2013 S 0.56 0.31 0.4427th – 29th May 2013 S 0.61 0.51 0.03 0.27

8th – 10th June 2013 SW 0.59 0.98 0.31 2.75 0.486th – 8th October 2013 S 0.31 0.29 0.74 0.13

12th – 14th October 2013 SW 1.86 0.30 004 0.03 02717th – 19th November 2013 S 7 1.18 0.2324th – 26th December 2013 S 2.18 0.98 0.48

Kandler et al., 2007; 2009; 2011; Scheuvens et al., 2011; 2013

Temporal variations of elements ratios with episodes of:

I l di d (IC)- Icelandic dust (IC) - North Africa dust (NA)

A composite geopotential height (m) map for days of arrival at Belgrade for trajectories represented for NW air masses p

A composite geopotential height (m) map for days of arrival at Belgrade for trajectories represented for SW air massesrepresented for SW air masses

Conclusion

Central Balkan area is under influence of Icelandic dust originating from resuspendedCentral Balkan area is under influence of Icelandic dust originating from resuspendedvolcanic particles at least 3 % of total air masses affecting central Balkan.

We are gratef l to:We are grateful to:

- Haskolinn Reykjavik - University of Reykjavik, Prof. David C. Finger

- Agricultural University of Iceland, Dr Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserovág y , g

- Soil Conservation Service of Iceland, Gunnarsholt, Dr Guðmundur Halldórsson

Thank you for your attention !Thank you for your attention !