Canadian Approaches toEnergy Efficient Housing

Tony Colantonio

On behalf of Karen PeroActing Director, Sustainable Building and Communities

CanmetENERGY – Ottawa

Natural Resources Canada

Agenda

Canadian Housing Stock

Canadian consumption

habits

Thermal characteristics

Path to Net Zero Energy

Efficiency

Housing – Framework

Discussions

MEC Montreal. Photo Lyse Tremblay

CanadianHousing Stock

Canadian Housing Stock

13.2 million (MB – 0.53 million)

New homes – 190,000 /year.

About 85% of housing stock is

at least 15 years old.

Apartment < 5

storeys

18%

Semi-detached

5%

Row

11%

Single-detached

55%

Mobile

2%Apartment > 5

storeys

9%

Canadian Energy Use

Annual residential energy use is about 1,421PJ (1.35 Quad)

– about $21.3 billion a year. (2008 data)

Annual commercial and institutional building use – 1172 PJ (1.2

Quad) – about $22.6 billion a yearEnergy Use in Canada

(8,545 PJ in 2004)

Commercial,

1172, 14%

Residential,

1421, 17%

Industrial,

3278, 38%

Transportation,

2465, 29%

Agricultural,

209, 2%

Annual Energy Use in Typical Home

Based on the current conventional construction practices

average per household is about 137 GJ - average cost of

$2,100 per household.

Hot water

14%

Space

cooling

3%

Space

heating

63%

Lighting

3%Appliances

17%

Trends in Housing

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

1920

1920-45

1946-60

1961-70

1971-80

1981-90

1991-99

R-2000

NZEH

Ho

usin

g S

tock

Vin

tag

e

Energy Consumption Index (MJ/DD • m2 Floor Area)

1991-08

Energy Related

81% - 600 Mt

Waste Disposal

3.5% - 26 Mt

Agriculture

8.5% - 62 Mt

Industrial Processes

7% - 52 Mt

Canadian GHG Emissions – 2007

Source: NRTEE, Energy Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions

in Canada in 2050, Appendix A Table A-9

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

740 Mt

592 Mt

444 Mt

296 Mt

148 Mt

0 Mt

Source: NRTEE, Energy Related Greenhouse Gas

Emissions in Canada in 2050, Figure 3-4

Energy Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Canada in 2003

by Sector and End Use Allocation

ResidentialFreight TransportationGeneral MfgPower GenerationOil & Gas Industry Export Allocation

Personal TransportationServices (Commercial Institutional)Energy Intensive Mfg, Mining & AgricultureOil & Gas Industry Domestic Allocation

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%Total Industry Urban

Development

Buildings

600 Mt

0 Mt

480 Mt

360 Mt

240 Mt

120 Mt

Thermal CharacteristicsData Analysis from Highly Successful ecoENERGY Retrofits – Homes Program

ecoENERGY Retrofits - Homes

Program reach:

1998 to 2006: 257,400 home evaluations and 176,368 received incentives

2007 to March 2010: 609,260 homes evaluated and 293,710 qualified for

incentives

Program reach – near to a 1 million dwellings evaluated (1 in 8 homes)

Popular with homes built before 1990 – almost 88% of all evaluations

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

Be

fore

19

45

19

45

-19

59

19

60

-19

69

19

70

-19

79

19

80

-19

89

19

90

-19

99

20

00

-20

10

Age Groups

Nu

mb

er

of

Ho

use E

valu

ati

on

s

Retrofit Measures Replace heating system with ENERGY STAR qualified model: 67%

installation of 92% AFUE furnace with energy efficient motor

Add insulation to attic: 27% Insulate basement: 28%

Reduce air leakage (air sealing): 45%

Replace windows, doors with ENERGY STAR qualified units: 35%

Homeowners typically undertake more than one action

Solar DHW ~ 950 installations

GSHP ~ 6,745 installations

0

20

00

0

40

00

0

60

00

0

80

00

0

10

00

00

12

00

00

14

00

00

16

00

00

18

00

00

20

00

00

22

00

00

24

00

00

Total Number of Homes Retrofitted

Basement Upgrades

Attic Insulation

Above-grade Wall Insulation

Air-Sealing

Space Heating and Hot Water

Windows and Doors

Cooling Systems

Heat Pumps (Air and Ground)

Heat Recovery Ventilation

Number of Homes

Average Home Size

The average heated

floor space is

increasing

Since 1960s, house

size has increased by

about 430 sq ft.0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1945 o

r old

er

1946 -

1960

1961 -

1970

1971 -

1980

1981 -

1990

1991 -

pre

sent

Age Groups

Heate

d F

loo

r A

rea,

m2

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Ho

use V

olu

me,

m3

Attic / Roof Insulation

Attic/roof insulation levels

are steadily increasing.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1945 o

r old

er

1946 -

1960

1961 -

1970

1971 -

1980

1981 -

1990

1991 -

pre

sent

Vintage (Year of Construction)

Att

ic/C

eil

ing

In

su

lati

on

(m

2K

/W,

RS

I)

-

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

BC

AB

SK

MB

ON

QC

NB

NF

NS

PE

NT

YK

Eff

ecti

ve I

nsu

lati

on

(m

2K

/W,

RS

I)

Attic/Ceiling

Above-grade Walls

Wall Insulation

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.01945 o

r old

er

1946 -

1960

1961 -

1970

1971 -

1980

1981 -

1990

1991 -

pre

sent

Vintage (Year of Construction)

Ab

ove-g

rad

e W

all

In

su

lati

on

(m

2K

/W,

RS

I)

0.0

0.3

0.5

0.8

1.0

1.3

1.5

1.8

2.0

1945 o

r old

er

1946 -

1960

1961 -

1970

1971 -

1980

1981 -

1990

1991 -

pre

sent

Vintage (Year of Construction)

Belo

w-g

rad

e I

nsu

lati

on

(m

2K

/W,

RS

I)

Airtightness Envelope tightness

indicated in air change per hour at 50 Pa pressure difference.

Houses are becoming more airtight. Shows the trend towards better sealing methods.

The normal natural air infiltration rate dropped from over 0.6 to 0.15.

Necessitates mechanical ventilation.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

141945 o

r old

er

1946 -

1960

1961 -

1970

1971 -

1980

1981 -

1990

1991 -

pre

sent

Vintage (Year of Construction)

Air

tig

htn

ess (

ach

/hr

at

50 P

a p

ressu

re d

iffe

ren

ce

Comparison of Space Heating Energy Use

0

150

300

450

600

750

900

1,050

1,200

1,350

1,5001945 o

r old

er

1946 -

1960

1961 -

1970

1971 -

1980

1981 -

1990

1991 -

pre

sent

Vintage (Year of Construction)

An

nu

al

Sp

ace H

eat

En

erg

y I

nd

ex (

MJ/m

2)

-

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

BC

AB

SK

MB

ON

QC

NB

NF

NS

PE

NT

YK

Sp

ac

e H

ea

tin

g In

de

x

(MJ

/m2

of

flo

or

sp

ac

e)

Strategic vision for housing

To enable Canadian Housing to move towards using Net Zero Energy on an annual basis

Our Goal is Net Zero Energy Our Goal is Net Zero Energy

A home that produces as much energy as it uses on an

annual basis (All energy used in a home, including that

for heating, hot water, ventilation, air conditioning and all

miscellaneous electrical consumption)

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Marketable Innovations and IndustryCapacity for Net Zero

New Communities Self-Sufficient and Sustainable

72-74 (80) 80 (86) 83 (90) 90 (100) 100 (100)

Code

requirement

Industry

capacity

Definition

Path to Net-Zero …

Getting to Net Zero

EnerGuide Rating

En

erg

y C

on

su

mp

tio

n

72 80 90 100Current

Average

New

Construction

R-2000/

EnergyStar

performance

Approx.

Maximum

Performance

w/ Efficiency Alone

Net Zero

Energy

Performance

100%-

67%-

33%-

74

Optimization

Proven Demonstration – New Home

Inspiration — The Minto EcoHome0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

As per OBC-2006

As per OBC-2012

Upgrade Envelope

Reduce Baseloads and Efficient HVAC

Add Solar DHW

Add Solar Combi

Install PV

Overall Energy Use (GJ/Year)

Note: Energy

estimates from ‘as-built’

specifications.

Proven Demonstration – New Home

Inspiration — The Minto EcoHome

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100

EnerGuide Ratings (ERS)

En

erg

y C

on

sum

pti

on

OBC 2006

OBC 2012

Envelope Upgrades

Reduce Base Loads

Solar DHW

Solar Combi

PV

Note: Energy

Estimates from ‘as-

built’ specifications

and without any

cost optimization.

Path to net zero-energy house…

Minimise space heat and hot water loads

How? - passive solar design, insulation levels, airtightness, heat generators…… also consider cooling needs

electricity consumption How? – ventilation systems, appliances, energy and load

management, integrated approaches

Maximise Renewable energy (solar thermal, solar electric, wind,

bio-mass and other) contribution to the house’s heating and electricity supply

Building Envelope

Advanced framing layouts Rationalized framing

Standard sizing and field guides

Well defined training and guides available

Insulation methods

Windows – optimize Solar gains for heating / shades for cooling

Window/wall interface – design details and construction

Attic ceiling – insulation opportunities

Airtightness

Getting to Net Zero…

Efficient Building Envelope

R51 Walls (Double Stud)

R48 Foundation Walls

R90 Ceiling

Triple Glazed Windows (W,S, E)

Quad Glazed Windows (N)

Achieves ERS 86

What to do with thick walls?

Living space – penalty

Ranges from 3% to 9% of living space area

even at a low-cost of $150/sqft - $9K to $30K

real estate cost penlty

So, there is a need for ‘high R-value dense’

insulation materials…

Fiberglass

EPS R36

VIP

Insulation Options

Vacuum Insulation Panel

Wall Mock Up

The Power of Solar

Solar thermal solar electric systems Integration of passive solar design

Active solar systems for DHW & space heating

PV electric supply systems

Improved daylighting (for improved living quality)

Natural cooling and solar/glare control

Clean energy solutions Micro wind generator

Combined heat and power

Getting to Net Zero through Technology Solar Thermal System

Combined home and water heating

High-efficiency flat-plate collectors mounted on a vertical tilt

17 000 litres of water storage in basement for home heating

300 litres of hot water storage for water heating

Result EGH 96

PhotoVoltaic System 28 Sanyo 200 W PV modules

5600 W in bright sunshine

Grid-dependent, exports to grid every

day of the year

No battery bank

Result EGH 100.4

What we do now?Ready for moving towards Net Zero House!

Build houses as energy efficient and solar friendly as possible!

Start with a comprehensive integrated approaches ‘House as a System’ approach provides cost-effective solutions

Engage service providers, trades and owners and various stakeholders

Our challenge is to…

Strategic

Planning

Product

Innovation

Testing

Standards &

Simulation

from relevance through impact to excellence ultimate objective

Marketing

Incentives

Policy

DevelopmentTechnology

Opportunity

NET ZERO

ENERGY

HOMES &

COMMUNITIES

Next Generation of Housing

Approaches

Whole House CMHC’s EQuilibrium™Housing

Regional road to NZE housing studies and demonstrations

Residential electrical audit process

IEA Zero Energy Solar Buildings

Sustainable Housing Technology Roadmap

Model developments to support NZEH

Technologies Next generation technologies with GHG

reduction potential – a comparison

Annual home energy performance –comparing 3 mechanical options

Utility grid peaks – can zoned forced air help mitigate A/C related spikes

Cold climate and solar assisted air source heat pumps

Solar Ready

Vacuum insulation lab & field research

LEEP™ - Local Energy Efficiency Partnerships Initiative

Mechanical PV awnings

Whole Housing Research Areas Strategies and applications of the following technologies

need to be expanded in a whole building context:

Electricity - (load reduction / demand response): Plug loads and equipment/appliance energy reductions;

Lighting (& daylighting), Equipment & Controls;

Strategies for cost-effective exterior shading;

Solar cooling (passive & active shading first): Use of solar heat coincident with highest cooling load;

Absorption, adsorption, and desiccant-based cooling from solar thermal sources;

Community energy networks: Electrical;

Thermal (DES);

Distribution grid may be more important than fuel source.