Cancer and its Relationship

with DietBy: Ashley Rounds

Interesting Facts about Cancer

Red wine contains an antioxidant called resveratrol that can decrease cancer cell growth.

Coffee intake is associated with a decline in breast cancer risk.

People with a BMI over 25 are twice as likely to develop colon cancer.

Nitrites are chemical additives used to preserve and add flavoring to most lunch meats, including cold cuts and hot dogs. Once in the body, they react with body chemicals and turn into cancer-causing carcinogens.

Americans eat more than 20 billion hot dogs per year.

Overview Recently Discussed Cancer definition Types of cancers Dimensions of prevention Foods that Promote Foods that Prevent Objectives EPIC Fruit and vegetables cancer risk study Meat, eggs and dairy products cancer risk study Vegetarians cancer risk study C.A.N.C.E.R. F.O.O.D. F.I.G.H.T.

10 Minute Overview Definition of cancer Types of cancer Types of Tumors Dimensions of cancer Staging of cancer Treatments Food that prevent and promote cancer

Cancer Abnormal cells

Divide uncontrollably

Metastasis

Types of Cancer Carcinoma

-skin-tissues

Sarcoma-bones-fat-muscles

Leukemia-blood forming tissue

Lymphoma-cells of immune system

Dimensions of Cancer Prevention

Physical environment-climate, land use, agriculture

Economics-globalization-increase in processed foods

Social-culture-religion-family/schools

Personal-knowledge-attitude/beliefs

Foods that Promote Cancer

Processed meat

Foods high in fat

Alcohol

Sugar

Foods that Prevent Cancer

Salmon

Fruit and vegetables

Fibrous foods

Mushrooms and black beans

Objectives1. What is EPIC?

2. What tools does EPIC use to conduct their studies?

3. Three facts on C.A.N.C.E.R. F.O.O.D. F.I.G.H.T.

EPIC European Prospective Investigation into

Cancer and Nutrition 23 centers 10 European Countries:

- Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Food frequency questionnaires, diet

history questionnaires, and interviews.

EPIC’s Advantages Multiple populations

Large size- increased study power

Variation in diets -Mediterranean to western

Fruit, vegetables, and colorectal cancer risk: EPIC

High consumption of fruit and vegetables

Possible link to colorectal cancer

~452 thousand

1992-2006

Fruit, Vegetables, and Colorectal Cancer risk

Country Total Participants

Colorectal Cancer Cases

Denmark 55,018 483France 67,992 351Germany 49,494 263Italy 44,512 282Netherlands 36,289 224Norway 35,227 100Spain 40,008 232Sweden 48,689 429United Kingdom 75,526 455

Study Conclusion A higher consumption of fruit and

vegetables can protect against colorectal cancer.

Smokers showed to have if any, a positive association.

Meat, eggs, dairy products and risk of breast cancer: EPIC

~319 thousand women

Ages 20-70

1992-2003

Part of a western diet

Dietary and lifestyle questions

Women and breast cancer cases

Country Total Participants

Breast Cancer Cases

Denmark 28,571 822France 63,088 2272Germany 27,804 457Italy 12,899 103Netherlands 30,239 670Norway 33,250 441Spain 24,789 319Sweden 24,744 648United Kingdom 48,109 820

Total: 319,826 7119

Study Conclusion No consistent association found

High processed meat – modest increase

Butter consumption – increase limited to premenopausal women

Continued studies in role of high temperature cooked meats

Cancer incidence in vegetarians: EPIC

~63 thousand 32% vegetarians United Kingdom 1990’s Questionnaires:

-Do you eat meat?-Do you eat fish?-Do you eat dairy products?-Do you eat eggs?

Cancer incidence in vegetarians vs. non-vegetarians

Cancer Standardized Ratios in Non-vegetarians

Standardized Ratios in Vegetarians

Stomach Cancer 53 13Colorectal Cancer 84 102Cancer of Pancreas

67 85

Lung Cancer 34 26Breast Cancer 107 90Ovarian Cancer 102 94Prostate Cancer 129 106

Study Conclusion Intakes of milk were higher in meat

eaters

Overall incidence of all cancers in vegetarians was less than in meat eaters.

Incidence of colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer was higher in vegetarians than in meat eaters.

C.A.N.C.E.R. F.O.O.D. F.I.G.H.T.

Acronym

Society of Gynecologic Nurse Oncologists

2010

Prevention tips

C.A.N.C.E.R. C-Concentrate on a plant based diet

-nuts, grains, vegetables-high in phytonutrients

A-Avoid alcohol-1 drink a day-5% increase

N-No smoking-increase in lung and mouth cancer

C-Carefully prepare and store foods-stomach cancer decrease

E-Exercise -Protects cancer recurrence-decrease colon, lung, breast cancer-decrease output of estrogen-burn calories = maintain body weight

R-Read and review new and alternative therapies-Soy- help prevent prostate cancer, high doses linked to breast cancer-Flax seed- high fiber, fight breast cancer in elderly women

F.O.O.D.

F-Fruits and vegetables are # 1!-decreased risk in most cancers-mushrooms, apples, tomatoes, onions, garlic

O-Okay for some supplements-1 a day supplements-antioxidant supplements not recommended

O-Okay for some Herbs-Common : cats claw, milk thistle, saw palmetto

D-Drink plenty of fluids-decreased breast cancer risk-tea-inhibits enzymes that activate cancer cells

F.I.G.H.T. F-Fight Fats

-high fat diet = risk of colon cancer-Omega 3 reduce tumor growth-avoid grilling at high temperatures

I- Increase fiber-protect cells from carcinogens-help with weight control

G- Go for Grains- Whole grain- fiber and B Vitamin found in bran

H-Healthy Weight- excess can increase risk of all cancers

T-Tempt your taste buds- cook at home-invest in cook books

Summary A higher consumption of fruit and

vegetables can protect against colorectal cancer.

High processed meat – modest increase in breast cancer.

Incidence of colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer was higher in vegetarians than in meat eaters.

Video from Healthology

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yp6yy03GZ-Y

Quiz What is EPIC?

What tools does EPIC use to conduct their studies?

Three facts on C.A.N.C.E.R. F.O.O.D. F.I.G.H.T.

References Society of Gynecologic Nurse Oncologists

“Fighting Cancer with Food and Nutrition” European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

“Cancer incidence in vegetarians”“Meat, eggs, dairy products and risk of breast cancer”‘Fruit, Vegetables, and colorectal cancer risk”“Diet and Cancer: Where we are, Where we are going”

International Agency for Research on Cancer. France.“Diet and breast cancer”

Nutrition Reviews“Evaluation the links between intake of milk/dairy products

and cancer”

Questions